Open Access e-Journal Cardiometry - No.15 November 2019

Speeding up the post-loading recovery
This process is favored both by the above mentioned
processes and the specific role of mitochondria
during recovery. An increased rate of flow of substrates
in the Krebs cycle and, in particular, especially favorable
conditions for the oxidation of succinate, stimulate
not only the oxidative phosphorylation, but triggers a
powerful energy-dependent reverse transfer of restorative
equivalents in respiratory chain and the supply of
hydrogen from mithochondria to the cytosol. These
restorative equivalents are required to provide all types
of synthesis and the removal of an excess of ammonia,
which is a by-product upon intensified performance
by the brain, the heart, the skeletal muscles and other
organs and tissues. Moreover, it is just the succinate
activation of the mitochondrial energetics that stimulates
the removal of the post-loading excess of calcium
ions and increases the capacity of mithochondria and
reticula to accumulate calcium. The removal of excessive
intracellular calcium is an absolutely necessary
phenomenon for maximizing the completeness of the
proper myocardial relaxation in diastole, eliminating
the contractures of skeletal muscles at after-load rest
and restoring the depot of energy substrates in cells.
Lowering the threshold of regulatory signal
sensing
It is an essential element of the succinate action,
since it promotes increasing the sensitivity, accuracy
and coordination, when processing information signals
of the feed-forward and feed-back of the central
nervous and neuroendocrine systems as well as the periphery.
Repeatedly recorded are the increases in accuracy
and coordination of the motor reactions to visual
and auditory signals after taking the succinate-containing
substances. An improvement in the functions
of the hypothalamus-hypophysis regulation of endocrine
tissues: the thymus, the adrenal cortex, the reproductive
glands, the chromaffin tissue responsible
for noradrenaline and adrenaline release, has been
shown. As a result, realized is an anti-stress effect,
normalizing the hormonal status, and even an anti-aging
effect on the organism as a whole. Economization
and acceleration of the release of acetylcholine quanta,
when transmitting signals in intermediate synapses of
the nervous system, have been demonstrated.
The most important consequence of improving the
sensitivity and accuracy of the regulatory systems is a
reduction in energy expenditures and an increase in
the energy efficiency. Let us make just one example. In
order to maintain the stable loading on the cardiovascular
system upon receiving succinate-containing biologically
active additive (BAA), neither an increase in
heart rate (HR) nor a significant rise in arterial pressure
(AP) are required. Moreover, at rest or during a
fixed or even a limit exercise, observed is a heart rate
decrease and prevention of a sharp rise in AP, when
taking a single dose of the substances or when taking
them systematically.
An integral effect of increasing the accuracy of the
regulation and the economization of the energy consumption
is displayed by the fact that avoided or excluded
is the exhausting mobilization of the available energy
resources and that the post-loading recovery at different
level is accelerated: from the central nervous system
and the neuroendocrine apparatus up to the functional
activity and repairing of the actuating organs.
Normalization of concert action and
maintenance of activity of GABAergic and
glutamatergic systems
It is the orchestra conductor of the organism performers
represented by the nervous system and the human
body as a whole. It is provided by a smart combination of
the specific action of low succinate concentrations and
the ammonia ions. Depending on the initial concerted
activity of the systems, the excitation & activation effects
or sedative up to somnolent effects may predominate
after receiving BAA. In most cases, at the level of the organism,
the effect of BAA is characterized as a soft sympathotonic
action of the succinate-containing substance,
similar to small doses of adrenalin. Finally, the magnitude
and the target of the effect are predetermined by the
actual organism state: the degree of preparedness and
conditioning, the intensity and type of a load submitted,
the level of fatigue, as well as the function-, constitutionand
gene-related features of an individual.
Conclusions required for practical use of the material
contained herein:
1. Succinate is the only Krebs cycle substrate which is
capable of oxidizing under hypoxia and thus maintaining
the aerobic production of ATP in mitochondria
under reduced partial pressure of oxygen in tissues.
2. Removal of excessive intracellular calcium is an absolutely
mandatory requirement for maximizing the completeness
of the proper myocardial relaxation in diastole,
eliminating the contractures of skeletal muscles at post-load
rest and restoring the depot of energy substrates in cells.
Issue 15. November 2019 | Cardiometry | 31