Praca Dyplomowa - Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing - AGH

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2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Review of similar projects THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Over the time, there were done similar projects concerning documentation of cultural heritage. Some of them were more precise and some were more generalized. For instance in paper 3D Color Imaging For Cultural Heritage Artefacts Hess and Robson (Hess and Robson, 2010) are showing how to use 3D laser scanners and close range photogrammetry for this purpose, they also made some comparison. In the paper An Optical Three-dimensional Measuring Techniques for a Detailed Non-contact Data Acquisition…Floth and Breuer (Floth and Breuer, 2010) are showing mostly laser scanning techniques for data acquisition and process chain. However, in the What is the Future of Metric Heritage Documentation and Its Skills? (Blake, 2010) Blake is focused on future software that could be used for cultural heritage preservation. He describes new methods and shows that online web – based software may be future. In some projects, referring to paper works, the same software has been used. For example speaking of ImageMaster – photogrammetry software, was used by (Wojtas, 2010) in Offthes-helf Close-range Photogrammetry Software for Cultural Heritage Documentation at Stonehenge. She also used PhotoModeler Scanner for this purpose and she also made camera calibration. Nevertheless, it must be mentioned, that she used PI-3000 which is previous version of Topcon ImageMaster. She tested this software on Stonehenge rock. Also, (Kochi et al.) in PC-based 3D Image Measuring Station With Digital Camera…, used PI – 3000 software. Their case of study was historical ruins of Parthenon but also Hdriaphooroi – statues. What is more, (Chmielewski and Szulwic) in Niemetryczne zdjęcia cyfrowe w fotogrametrii bliskiego zasięgu w systemie Topcon PI-2000, Chmielewski and Szulwic also used the same software, however their test object was architectural building, but Kazanaa (Kazanaa, 2010) , used the software on the old fountains abbey stone (English heritage). These methods were applied for non-metric commercial cameras and make process automatic and easy to use. For the modelling of the telamon in the archaeological museum ImageMaster was also applied in connection to laser scanning data – using TOF ZScan system of Menic Software - (Brutto and Spera, 2011). In the same combination as in the project ImageMaster and the same scanner Konica Minolta is used by Barnett (Barnett et al.) while Recording Prehistoric Rock Art. PiCalib software for camera calibration from Topcon was also used in Master Theses supervised by Ph.D. Regina Tokarczyk at University of Science and Technology (AGH, Kraków) (Pawlak and Pulchny, 2009), but also in (Jędrzejek and Łącka). Some experiments with PhotoModeler Scanner have made Alyilmaza with others (Alyilmaza et al., 2010) during Measurement of Petroglyphs (Rock of Arts…), where the objects of interest were drawings on the rock like Qobustan petroglyphs. From laser scanning, mentioned before, Konica Minolta was also used for a purpose by Barba (Barba et al., 2011). They used this scanner with Tele lens for documentation of artefact from the Roman period, found in Spanish city Merida. For modelling, visualisation and texture they used Geomagic and Photoshop. Geomagic, software that is able to handle point clouds from laser scanning and make models was applied by (Akca et al.) in Recording and modeling of cultural heritage objects with coded structured light projection systems and other similar papers, done by the same persons, where objects: Weary Herakles, the Khmer Head, Herakles Farnese - sculptures , Lady 6
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND praying painting were used for documentation. They mentioned that they had used optoTOP- HE and optoTOP-SE, Breuckmann GmbH, systems for 3D digitalization, acquisition, and recording. Moreover, they compared two similar applications: Geomagic and Polyworks, which both seems to be good. Though, (Tucci et al., 2011) in Effective 3D Digitization of Archeological Artifacts… also used Geomagic for documentation of small heritage objects. They used triangulated based laser scanner NextEngine‟s 3D Scanner HD, which is generally used for surveying small and medium objects. Bigger artifacts were scanned by Z-Scan by Menci Software photogrammetric system. Texture was captured simultaneously. For small objects handheld laser scanner seems to be very convenient and easy to use. Bonfanti with others (Bonfanti et al., 2010) used such a scanner – HandyScan 3D model HZ, which is triangulated based LiDAR system. For modelling and visualisation RiscanPro and 3D Reshaper were applied in their project. There is much more photogrammetric software available on the market, or laser scanners, which use triangulated based system for small objects surveying. Clorama software from 3Dixpplorer is one of the photogrammetric software which is able to reconstruct 3D shapes from pictures. Pictran or iWitness may be used in example for camera calibration, but they are not able to create a mesh. There are also some open source softwares, available even via internet, which are able to create 3D models from pictures. It is believed these types of software are the future. They are low cost and they do not require very specific photographs. The user does not have to know photogrammetric principles and all the calculations are made in one step. The results of course are worse than using other software and there is very little info about the accuracy. However, in many cases this might be enough. Deseilligny and Clery (Deseilligny and Clery, 2011) tested one of these software – Apero and Micmac. Also, Balestrinia and Guerra (Balestrinia and Guerra, 2011) used Arc3D for 3D reconstruction. On the market there are also visible Autodesk Project PhotoFly and Photosynth which are also open source licensed and produce point cloud or mesh, or both 2.2 Photogrammetry Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs. By using photographs it is possible to determine geometric properties of objects by specific measurements and computations. It is possible to create three dimensional models as well. By proper calculation, camera station for each photograph may be described. From intersection of light rays from each photo position of 3D point may be obtained. For this purpose usually bundle adjustment with least-squares optimization is applied. Photogrammetry can be dated to the mid-nineteenth century and words may be explained as: Photo – light Gram – drawing Metry – measurement 2.2.1 Aerial Photogrammetry The camera is mounted in an aircraft and is usually pointed vertically towards the ground. Multiple overlapping photos of the ground are taken as aircraft flies along a flight plan. These 7
Page 1 and 2: Praca Dyplomowa Temat pracy: Badani
Page 3 and 4: wcześniej aplikacje. Nie mniej jed
Page 5: NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This ma
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Nidaros
Page 15 and 16: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project backgrou
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION Generally, the sculptu
Page 19: 1.4 Structure of the report INTRODU
Page 23 and 24: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND For computat
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.5 Coordinate systems THEORETICA
Page 27 and 28: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Computed fea
Page 29 and 30: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Total correc
Page 31 and 32: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The collinea
Page 33 and 34: Where: Solving the normal equations
Page 35 and 36: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND features fro
Page 37 and 38: 2.3.3 Triangulation-based measureme
Page 39 and 40: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Hand-held sc
Page 41 and 42: 2.4.2 CAD models THEORETICAL BACKGR
Page 43 and 44: 3.2.2 Lens: Canon 28mm f/2.8 INSTRU
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 Three-dimensional digitizing 3.
Page 47 and 48: INSTRUMENTS AND SOFTWARE � Geomag
Page 49 and 50: EXPERIMENT compression. RAW file co
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Page 53 and 54: EXPERIMENT Figure 4.3 Textured mesh
Page 55 and 56: EXPERIMENT In the project there wer
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Page 59 and 60: EXPERIMENT � Choose one scan; it
Page 61 and 62: EXPERIMENT � Artec software autom
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RESULTS, COMPARISSON AND ANALYSIS N
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RESULTS, COMPARISSON AND ANALYSIS I
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6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION DISCUSS
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION change pe
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Figure 6.
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Akca, D., Gru
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REFERENCES Gruen, A., Huang, S.T.,
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http://www.konicaminolta.eu/. Nidar
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APPENDIXES 73
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APPENDIXES 75
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Quality APPENDIXES Photographs Tota
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APPENDIXES Application PhotoModeler
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APPENDIXES A. 4 Comparison of 3D di
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APPENDIXES A. 5 Comparison of softw
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APPENDIXES Application Konica Minol
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APPENDIXES Application Geomagic Qua
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APPENDIXES Application Geomagic Qua
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APPENDIXES Kochi, N., Ito, T., Noma
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