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▼ SCOPE | HISTORICAL FEATURE lost the battle of Waterloo. During his formative teenage years, the country was under the strict right-wing regime of Charles X. The year after his arrival as a student in Paris, he watched the violent riots that deposed Charles and established the July Monarchy of Louis Phillipe. Gavarret lived through the 1848 revolution and the coup d’état of 1852, which created the second Empire under Napoleon III. He survived the siege of Paris, the subsequent commune, and observed its bloody suppression and the formation of the Republic. At each swing of the political pendulum, academic positions, being public appointments, were potentially under threat. Pouillet, for example, lost his professorship at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in 1852 when he refused to swear allegiance to the Emperor. Gavarret’s name is nowhere linked to political activity and he was able to gain the approval of each new administration. Decorated with the Legion d’honneur in 1847, towards the end of the July Monarchy, he was made an Officer of this order in 1862 during the second Empire, and finally raised to Commander in 1882 by the Republic. Liberal by inclination, the only reference linking his name to a political event occurred at the start of the 1867 academic year. Some students, objecting nominally to changes in the opening ceremony, started singing the Marseillaise as he entered the lecture hall. The row continued and, after an hour, Gavarret reportedly looked at his REFERENCES 50 | SEPTEMBER 2012 | SCOPE watch and left. It seems that this demonstration was directed towards the establishment rather than against him. GAVARRET’S LATER LIFE During his early life Gavarret remained single. Eventually, on 14th September 1860, he married Eudoxie Binesse de Saint-Victor, a lady in her late 30s from an aristocratic family. They set up home in rue de Grenelle on the Left Bank, and became part of Parisian society. Affable and replete with anecdotes, told with manners of speech from his southern childhood, Gavarret presided over many Saturday night soirees with ‘the ladies of medical assistants who were seeking professorships’. 5 In 1873 he was appointed to review the preparatory medical schools, with a view to recommending those appropriate for upgrading, and 6 years later became the inspectorgeneral for higher medical education. He continued writing, contributing articles on popular science to the Moniteur universel and compiling all 17 physics definitions in the Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales. Still active in his 70s, he became President of the Academy of Medicine in 1882, and presided over the revision of the French pharmacopoeia in 1884. He retired in 1885 and was subsequently awarded an honorary professorship. He was replaced by Charles-Marie Gariel (1841–1924). 1,13 His death came on 30th August 1890, whilst on holiday with a friend, and only 5 months after that of his wife. 1 Gariel C-M. Médecine. In École polytechnique. Livre du centenaire 1794–1894, 1897; Vol. 3: 394–408. 2 Corlieu A. Centenaire de la Faculté de médecine de Paris (1794–1894). Ch IV: Chaire de Physique. 1896. 3 Laborde M. Le professeur Gavarret. Bull Soc d’Anthropologie de Paris, 4th ser, 1890; 1: 645–51. 4 Huth E. Jules Gavarret’s Principes Généraux de Statistique Médicale. J R Soc Med 2008; 101: 205–12. 5 Beyneix A. Le professeur Jules Gavarret (1809–1890) et l’application des méthodes mathématiques et physiques à la médecine. Bull Acad Natle Med 2001; 185: 1327–35. 6 Gavarret J. Principes généraux de statistique médicale. Paris, 1840. 7 Andral G. An Essay on the Blood in Disease. Translated by Meigs & Stillé. Philadelphia, 1844. His high academic status ensured a legacy for medical physics “ ” GAVARRET’S CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICAL PHYSICS The nineteenth century saw extraordinary advances in science, technology and medicine. By his appointment as the only full professor of medical physics in France at that time, Gavarret was placed in a unique position to develop and clarify this new discipline. It is difficult to fault him. He gained considerable respect from his medical colleagues as an outstanding communicator and for his ability to explain difficult concepts of physics without compromising scientific integrity. He understood that a medical physicist must constantly keep abreast of developments in physics and mathematics, which for him included Poisson’s statistics, the optics of Gauss, and insights into acoustics and energy conservation from Helmholtz, and be prepared to understand these in depth in order to apply them and explain them to his medical colleagues. His high academic status ensured a legacy for medical physics both in his own highly-respected department and elsewhere in France. 14,15,16 Within a decade of his death, the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity permanently cemented the relationship between medicine and physics in a way that would probably not have surprised him. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Francis Duck is Honorary Consultant Medical Physicist in the Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering at the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust and visiting professor at the University of Bath. Email: f.duck@bath.ac.uk 8 www.scopeonline.co.uk/pages/articles/history/history.shtml 9 Duck F. A history of medical physics – Adolf Fick and physiological physics. Scope June 2012: 50–54. 10 Gavarret J. Physique Médicale – de la Chaleur Produite par les Êtres Vivants. Paris, 1855. 11 Gavarret J. Télégraphie Électrique. Paris, 1861. 12 Gavarret J. Acoustique Biologique – Phénomènes Physiques de la Phonation et de l’Audition. Paris, 1877. 13 Desplats V, Gariel C-M. Nouveaux Éléments de Physique Médicale. Paris, 1870. 14 Gréhant N. Manuel de Physique Médicale. Paris, 1869. 15 Wundt W, Monoyer F. Traité Élémentaire de Physique Médicale. Paris, 1871. 16 Lefèvre J. Manuel de Physique Médicale. Paris, 1889.
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