A grammar of Yakkha, 2015

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Abbreviations Linguistic abbreviations 1,2,3 person (1>3: first acting on third person, etc.) A most agent-like argument of a transitive verb abl ablative add additive focus aff affirmative alt alternative aux auxiliary verb ben benefactive B.S. Bikram Sambat calendar, as used in Nepal caus causative cl clause linkage marker com comitative comp complementizer compar comparative compl completive cond conditional cont continuative cop copula ctmp cotemporal (clause linkage) ctr contrastive focus cvb converb du dual emph emphatic erg ergative excl exclusive excla exclamative G most goal-like argument of a three-argument verb gen gsr hon hort rep ign imp incl inf init ins insist int irr itp loc mddl mir nativ nsg nc n.a. n.d. neg Nep. nmlz npst opt P genitive generalized semantic role honorific hortative reportative marker interjection expressing ignorance imperative inclusive infinitive initiative instrumental insistive interjection irrealis interruptive clause linkage locative middle mirative nativizer nonsingular non-countable not applicable no data negation Nepali nominalizer non-past optative most patient-like argument of a transitive verb
Page 1 and 2: A grammar of Yakkha Diana Schackow
Page 3 and 4: A grammar of Yakkha Diana Schackow
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgments Abbreviati
Page 7 and 8: Contents 5.1.5 Inherent duality . .
Page 9 and 10: Contents 10.2 The functions of the
Page 11 and 12: Contents 14.2 The supine converb -s
Page 13 and 14: Acknowledgments This grammar is a r
Page 15: publish my work at Language Science
Page 19 and 20: 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims of this gra
Page 21 and 22: 1.2 How to use the grammar Nepali l
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 How to use the grammar A simila
Page 25 and 26: 1.3 Data sources Figure 1.1: My mai
Page 27 and 28: 1.3 Data sources Table 1.2: Text ge
Page 29 and 30: 1.5 Typological overview of the Yak
Page 35 and 36: 2 The Yakkha language and its speak
Page 37 and 38: 2.1 Geographical context Khandbari
Page 39 and 40: 2.2 Cultural and historical backgro
Page 49 and 50: 2.3 Genealogical affiliation The ri
Page 51 and 52: 2.3 Genealogical affiliation Chaura
Page 53 and 54: 2.4 Sociolinguistic context yet. Ba
Page 55 and 56: 2.4 Sociolinguistic context 2.4.2 E
Page 57: 2.4 Sociolinguistic context munity
Page 60 and 61: 3 Phonology /a/. In contrast to oth
Page 62 and 63: 3 Phonology Table 3.3: Yakkha conso
Page 64 and 65: 3 Phonology 3.1.3.2 Marginal conson
Page 66 and 67:
3 Phonology Table 3.5: The glottal
Page 68 and 69:
3 Phonology apparent from the curre
Page 70 and 71:
3 Phonology cua, respectively, for
Page 72 and 73:
3 Phonology they are at the end of
Page 74 and 75:
3 Phonology Table 3.9: Nepali loans
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3 Phonology Table 3.11: Default str
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3 Phonology tives and adverbs like
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3 Phonology 3.5 Morphophonological
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3 Phonology Some environments conta
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3 Phonology (19) a. ŋkhyanna. /N-k
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3 Phonology Another exception to th
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3 Phonology cal rules to the pictur
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3 Phonology Suffix sequences of the
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3 Phonology pattern. Examples (33a)
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3 Phonology Another process produci
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3 Phonology c. sok.khuba /soʔ-khub
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3 Phonology can be observed in redu
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3 Phonology Table 3.17: The inserti
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3 Phonology b. tun.dum.cim.ŋha /tu
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4 Pronouns, demonstratives, quantif
Page 107 and 108:
4.2 Possessive pronouns and nominal
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4.2 Possessive pronouns and nominal
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4.3 Demonstratives Other Kiranti la
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4.3 Demonstratives f. ŋkha that kh
Page 115 and 116:
4.3 Demonstratives b. nhaŋ and_the
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4.4 Indefinite reference may also m
Page 119 and 120:
4.5 Quantifiers, numerals and numer
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Page 123 and 124:
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4.6 Interrogative proforms Numeral
Page 127 and 128:
4.6 Interrogative proforms c. isa w
Page 129:
4.6 Interrogative proforms tae-ka=n
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5 The noun phrase khuma referring t
Page 134 and 135:
5 The noun phrase Table 5.2: Sub-co
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5 The noun phrase (3) siŋ=ga tree=
Page 138 and 139:
5 The noun phrase 5.1.4 The count/m
Page 140 and 141:
5 The noun phrase (8) a-tokcali=ci
Page 142 and 143:
5 The noun phrase (11) a. ŋkha tho
Page 144 and 145:
5 The noun phrase Table 5.4: Case m
Page 146 and 147:
5 The noun phrase (15) a. na this a
Page 148 and 149:
5 The noun phrase (20) a. phu=na wh
Page 150 and 151:
5 The noun phrase Belhare, Chintang
Page 152 and 153:
5 The noun phrase (28) a. kolenluŋ
Page 154 and 155:
5 The noun phrase c. khokpu=ga fig=
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5 The noun phrase lative =haŋ upon
Page 158 and 159:
5 The noun phrase b. […] […] ya
Page 160 and 161:
5 The noun phrase b. limbu=ci=ga=nu
Page 162 and 163:
5 The noun phrase b. nna=khaʔla, t
Page 164 and 165:
5 The noun phrase b. heko=ha other=
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5 The noun phrase purposive infinit
Page 168 and 169:
5 The noun phrase so-ŋ=niŋa=go lo
Page 170 and 171:
5 The noun phrase ordinate and embe
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5 The noun phrase c. uŋci 3nsg hip
Page 174 and 175:
5 The noun phrase n-darokt-u. 3pl.A
Page 176 and 177:
5 The noun phrase (74) a. nna that
Page 178 and 179:
6 Adjectives and adverbs results in
Page 180 and 181:
6 Adjectives and adverbs red’, in
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6 Adjectives and adverbs (8) a. nna
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6 Adjectives and adverbs (11) a. gu
Page 186 and 187:
6 Adjectives and adverbs (17) u-la
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6 Adjectives and adverbs b. li=na b
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6 Adjectives and adverbs Table 6.5:
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6 Adjectives and adverbs chemci-che
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6 Adjectives and adverbs d. heko=na
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6 Adjectives and adverbs Table 6.12
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7 The geomorphic orientation system
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8 Verbal inflection This chapter de
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8.1 Stem formation Table 8.2: Templ
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8.1 Stem formation CVn stems, which
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8.1 Stem formation This group conta
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8.1 Stem formation Table 8.7: Augme
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8.1 Stem formation 8.1.2 Morphophon
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8.2 Person, number and syntactic ro
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8.3 Polarity In the person marking
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8.3 Polarity choice of which suffix
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8.4 Tense and aspect marking Table
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8.4 Tense and aspect marking n-yuks
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8.4 Tense and aspect marking (26) a
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8.4 Tense and aspect marking same p
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8.4 Tense and aspect marking This t
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8.4 Tense and aspect marking (see (
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8.5 Mood 8.4.6 Tense/aspect paradig
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8.5 Mood Table 8.18: Simple past, p
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8.5 Mood Table 8.20: Simple past pa
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8.5 Mood Table 8.22: Perfect paradi
Page 269 and 270:
8.5 Mood Table 8.23: Subjunctive pa
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8.5 Mood Table 8.24: Nonpast subjun
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8.5 Mood Table 8.25: Optative, thir
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8.6 Periphrastic honorific inflecti
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8.7 The inflection of the copulas i
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8.7 The inflection of the copulas s
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8.7 The inflection of the copulas (
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8.8 Further markers tumhaŋ=ŋa Tum
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8.9 Non-finite forms (57) a. khic-a
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9 Noun-verb predicates This chapter
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9.1 Simple noun-verb predicates Tab
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9.1 Simple noun-verb predicates Fab
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9.2 Experiencer-as-possessor constr
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Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
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10 Complex predication This chapter
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10.1 Formal properties As mentioned
Page 311 and 312:
10.1 Formal properties corresponden
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10.1 Formal properties Furthermore,
Page 315 and 316:
10.2 The functions of the V2s is tr
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10.2 The functions of the V2s c. a-
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10.2 The functions of the V2s Table
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10.2 The functions of the V2s There
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10.2 The functions of the V2s To wr
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10.2 The functions of the V2s it le
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10.2 The functions of the V2s b. po
Page 329 and 330:
10.2 The functions of the V2s Lexic
Page 331 and 332:
10.2 The functions of the V2s momd-
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10.2 The functions of the V2s (44)
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10.2 The functions of the V2s The m
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10.2 The functions of the V2s The V
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10.2 The functions of the V2s (57)
Page 341 and 342:
10.2 The functions of the V2s d. ka
Page 343 and 344:
10.2 The functions of the V2s c. uc
Page 345 and 346:
10.2 The functions of the V2s 10.2.
Page 347 and 348:
11 Transitivity This chapter deals
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11.1 Frames of argument realization
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Page 365 and 366:
11.2 Valency alternations 11.2.1.1
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11.2 Valency alternations e. a-chya
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11.2 Valency alternations highest o
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11.2 Valency alternations remains w
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11.3 Transitivity operations altern
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11.3 Transitivity operations (44) a
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11.3 Transitivity operations 11.3.1
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11.3 Transitivity operations b. nhe
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11.3 Transitivity operations As for
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11.3 Transitivity operations and cu
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11.3 Transitivity operations underi
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11.3 Transitivity operations b. ka
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11.3 Transitivity operations with t
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11.3 Transitivity operations (74) a
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11.3 Transitivity operations neithe
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11.3 Transitivity operations 11.3.5
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11.3 Transitivity operations n-ja-y
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11.3 Transitivity operations differ
Page 401:
11.3 Transitivity operations Table
Page 404 and 405:
12 Simple clauses Tibeto-Burman. Th
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12 Simple clauses (5) a. hoʈʌl=be
Page 408 and 409:
12 Simple clauses (9) a. ca-i-ŋ=na
Page 410 and 411:
12 Simple clauses 12.3.3 Imperative
Page 412 and 413:
12 Simple clauses one of the interj
Page 414 and 415:
12 Simple clauses (22) a. ŋ=ga 2sg
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12 Simple clauses The second type i
Page 418 and 419:
13 Nominalization and relativizatio
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Page 442 and 443:
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14 Adverbial clause linkage 14.1 In
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14.1 Introduction Table 14.2: Adver
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14.2 The supine converb -se The sub
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14.2 The supine converb -se the end
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14.3 Infinitival purpose clauses in
Page 455 and 456:
14.5 The simultaneous converb -saŋ
Page 457 and 458:
14.5 The simultaneous converb -saŋ
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14.6 The negative converb meN…le
Page 461 and 462:
14.7 Comitative clause linkage in =
Page 463 and 464:
14.7 Comitative clause linkage in =
Page 465 and 466:
14.8 Conditional clauses in bhoŋ d
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14.8 Conditional clauses in bhoŋ (
Page 469 and 470:
14.9 Purpose clauses in bhoŋ 14.9
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14.10 Sequential clause linkage and
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Page 475 and 476:
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14.11 Concessive clauses in =hoŋca
Page 479 and 480:
14.13 Counterfactual clauses in =ni
Page 481 and 482:
15 Complementation Yakkha has a num
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15.1 Infinitival complement clauses
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15.2 Inflected complement clauses (
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15.2 Inflected complement clauses e
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15.2 Inflected complement clauses (
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15.2 Inflected complement clauses c
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15.2 Inflected complement clauses b
Page 517 and 518:
16 Connectives on the text level Th
Page 519 and 520:
16.3 Adversative connectives (3) ŋ
Page 521 and 522:
17 Discourse particles and interjec
Page 523 and 524:
17.1 Topic (1) a. uk=ka=go 3sg.poss
Page 525 and 526:
17.1 Topic (5) a. imin how lak-m=ha
Page 527 and 528:
17.2 Focus and emphasis (8) a. sump
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17.2 Focus and emphasis the related
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17.2 Focus and emphasis (16) a. ca-
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17.2 Focus and emphasis (21) a. are
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17.3 Epistemic, evidential and mira
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17.3 Epistemic, evidential and mira
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17.4 Exclamatives point in the time
Page 541 and 542:
17.4 Exclamatives b. wa-ni exist[3s
Page 543 and 544:
17.5 Further particles mit-wa-m=ha.
Page 545:
17.6 Interjections (45) a. ka=ca 1s
Page 549 and 550:
Appendix A: Texts The owl and I Thi
Page 551 and 552:
The owl and I (13) nhaŋa and_then
Page 553 and 554:
The owl and I (24) nhaŋa and_then
Page 555 and 556:
The owl and I naʔ-ya-masa-ŋ. leav
Page 557 and 558:
The Namthalungma rocks ŋ-wa-ya-ŋa
Page 559 and 560:
The Namthalungma rocks (8) na=go th
Page 561 and 562:
The Namthalungma rocks (19) heko=ha
Page 563 and 564:
The Namthalungma rocks (32) them-ma
Page 565 and 566:
The Namthalungma rocks sadhai=ca, a
Page 567 and 568:
The Namthalungma rocks (52) pahiro
Page 569 and 570:
The Namthalungma rocks yaŋ-kheʔ-m
Page 571 and 572:
The Namthalungma rocks Now about wh
Page 573 and 574:
The Namthalungma rocks (85) na this
Page 575 and 576:
The Linkha man’s bet with the sun
Page 577 and 578:
The Linkha man’s bet with the sun
Page 579 and 580:
Appendix B: Yakkha kinship terms Th
Page 581:
In-laws akoŋmanamma spouse’s mot
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix C: Index of Yakkha formati
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Appendix C: Index of Yakkha formati
Page 588 and 589:
References Bickel, Balthasar. 1997a
Page 590 and 591:
References Bickel, Balthasar, Goma
Page 592 and 593:
References DeLancey, Scott. 2002. R
Page 594 and 595:
References Ebert, Karen H. 1999a. N
Page 596 and 597:
References Grierson, George A. 1909
Page 598 and 599:
References Hopper, Paul J. & Elizab
Page 600 and 601:
References Letuchiy, Alexander. 200
Page 602 and 603:
References Michailovsky, Boyd. 2003
Page 604 and 605:
References Russell, Andrew J. 1997.
Page 606 and 607:
References Thurgood, Graham. 1984.
Page 609 and 610:
Name index Aikhenvald, Alexandra J.
Page 611 and 612:
Name index Linkha, Ram Kumar, 10 Lo
Page 613 and 614:
Language index Bantawa, 20, 26 ∗
Page 615 and 616:
Subject index 433, 437, 443, 445, 4
Page 617 and 618:
Subject index irrealis particle, 51
Page 619 and 620:
Subject index reportative, 192 ∗
Page 621 and 622:
Subject index 603
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