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A grammar of Yakkha, 2015

A grammar of Yakkha, 2015

A grammar of Yakkha, 2015

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Contents<br />

3 Phonology 41<br />

3.1 Phoneme inventory and allophonic rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />

3.1.1 Vowel phonemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />

3.1.2 Diphthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />

3.1.3 Consonant phonemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />

3.2 Syllable structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

3.3 The phonological treatment <strong>of</strong> Nepali and English loans . . . . . 55<br />

3.4 Stress assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />

3.5 Morphophonological processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />

3.5.1 Voicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />

3.5.2 The prefixation <strong>of</strong> underspecified nasals . . . . . . . . . 68<br />

3.5.3 Vowel harmony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />

3.5.4 Operations to avoid adjacent vowels . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />

3.5.5 Consonants in sonorous environment . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />

3.5.6 Assimilations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />

3.5.7 Operations involving nasals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />

3.5.8 Nasal copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />

4 Pronouns, demonstratives, quantifiers, numerals, interrogatives 87<br />

4.1 Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />

4.2 Possessive pronouns and nominal possessive inflection . . . . . 88<br />

4.2.1 Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />

4.2.2 Possessive prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />

4.2.3 Obligatory possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />

4.3 Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />

4.3.1 Proximal, distal and anaphoric deixis . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />

4.3.2 Demonstrative adverbs and quantifiers . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />

4.4 Indefinite reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />

4.5 Quantifiers, numerals and numeral classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />

4.5.1 Quantification, size and degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />

4.5.2 Numerals and classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105<br />

4.6 Interrogative pr<strong>of</strong>orms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />

5 The noun phrase 113<br />

5.1 Noun formation and properties <strong>of</strong> lexical nouns . . . . . . . . . 113<br />

5.1.1 Lexical nominalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<br />

5.1.2 Compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />

5.1.3 Proper nouns and teknonymy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119<br />

5.1.4 The count/mass distinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />

iv

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