A grammar of Yakkha, 2015

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Diana Schackow. 2015. A grammar of Yakkha (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 7). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/66 © 2015, Diana Schackow Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-11-1 (Digital) 978-3-946234-12-8 (Hardcover) 978-3-946234-13-5 (Softcover) ISSN: 2363-5568 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Diana Schackow, Sebastian Nordhoff, Lennart Bierkandt, Felix Kopecky Proofreading: Slavomir Čéplö, Christian Döhler, Joseph Farquharson, Constantin Freitag, Tom Gardner, Eitan Grossman, Andreas Hölzl, Charles Ka Shing Ko, Linda Lanz, Timm Lichte, Michelle Natolo, Stephanie Natolo, Conor Pyle, Benjamin Saade, Aviva Shimelman, Aaron Sonnenschein, João Veloso Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software: XƎLATEX Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first publication but Language Science Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.
Contents Acknowledgments Abbreviations xi xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims of this grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 How to use the grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 Structure of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 Orthography and transliterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.3 Glossing and further conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.4 Notes on terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.1 Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2 The corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.3 The lexical database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Earlier studies on Yakkha language and culture . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Typological overview of the Yakkha language . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5.1 Phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.2 Word classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.3 Nominals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.4 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5.5 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 The Yakkha language and its speakers 17 2.1 Geographical context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Cultural and historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.1 Kiranti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2 The Yakkha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Genealogical affiliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.4 Sociolinguistic context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.1 Dialectal variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.2 Endangerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Page 1 and 2: A grammar of Yakkha Diana Schackow
Page 3: A grammar of Yakkha Diana Schackow
Page 7 and 8: Contents 5.1.5 Inherent duality . .
Page 9 and 10: Contents 10.2 The functions of the
Page 11 and 12: Contents 14.2 The supine converb -s
Page 13 and 14: Acknowledgments This grammar is a r
Page 15: publish my work at Language Science
Page 18 and 19: Abbreviations pol politeness pl plu
Page 20 and 21: 1 Introduction 1.2 How to use the g
Page 22 and 23: 1 Introduction The category labels
Page 24 and 25: 1 Introduction realization markers
Page 26 and 27: 1 Introduction 1.3.2 The corpus The
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction of the dictionary (u
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction Nouns can be inflect
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction The argument structu
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction (10) a. uŋci=ŋa 3n
Page 36 and 37: 2 The Yakkha language and its speak
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2 The Yakkha language and its speak
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2 The Yakkha language and its speak
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3 Phonology This chapter deals with
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3.1 Phoneme inventory and allophoni
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3.2 Syllable structure b. ca.mha.ci
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3.2 Syllable structure Table 3.8: C
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3.3 The phonological treatment of N
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3.4 Stress assignment Another typic
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3.4 Stress assignment b. luk.ta.ˈk
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3.4 Stress assignment if they attac
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3.5 Morphophonological processes C.
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3.5 Morphophonological processes Af
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3.5 Morphophonological processes Be
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3.5 Morphophonological processes b.
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3.5 Morphophonological processes Ta
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3.5 Morphophonological processes 3.
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3.5 Morphophonological processes of
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3.5 Morphophonological processes Th
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3.5 Morphophonological processes Ta
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3.5 Morphophonological processes An
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4 Pronouns, demonstratives, quantif
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5 The noun phrase The class of noun
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5.1 Noun formation and properties o
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5.2 Nominal inflectional morphology
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5.3 Relational nouns In all the pos
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5.4 The structure of the noun phras
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6 Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives
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6.1 Adjectives b. kha this cuwa bee
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6.1 Adjectives Table 6.1: Color ter
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6.2 Comparison, equation and degree
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6.2 Comparison, equation and degree
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6.3 Adverbs 6.3.1 Manner adverbs de
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6.3 Adverbs Table 6.4: Further temp
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6.3 Adverbs Table 6.6: Adverbs deri
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6.4 Reduplication, triplication and
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7 The geomorphic orientation system
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7.1 Introduction between the /u/-fo
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7.2 Demonstratives 7.2 Demonstrativ
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7.2 Demonstratives uphill downhill
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7.2 Demonstratives uphill downhill
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7.3 Adverbs rocks of a group of roc
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7.3 Adverbs b. ɖhakani=be basket=l
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7.3 Adverbs we=ppa=ʔlo! exist[3sg;
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7.3 Adverbs from these adverbial fo
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7.4 Postpositions Table 7.5: Geomor
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7.5 Motion verbs ‘Having met uphi
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.1: Over
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8 Verbal inflection apparently havi
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8 Verbal inflection plays a role in
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8 Verbal inflection with augmented
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.8: Chin
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8 Verbal inflection 8.2 Person, num
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.11: Ind
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8 Verbal inflection sion, since it
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8 Verbal inflection Slot 5 is occup
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8 Verbal inflection The 1984 data a
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8 Verbal inflection The marker -ka
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8 Verbal inflection 1A 2A 3A 1P 2P
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8 Verbal inflection 8.4 Tense and a
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8 Verbal inflection features, and t
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8 Verbal inflection undergo elision
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8 Verbal inflection laʔlo? ctr.exc
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8 Verbal inflection agent in all sc
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8 Verbal inflection (34) a. haku fr
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8 Verbal inflection b. yapmi=ci per
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.17: Non
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.19: Sim
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.21: Sim
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8 Verbal inflection 8.5.1 The subju
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8 Verbal inflection e. lem-nhaŋ-ne
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8 Verbal inflection 8.5.2 The Optat
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8 Verbal inflection imperatives, an
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8 Verbal inflection b. heʔnaŋ whe
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.28: Per
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8 Verbal inflection (51) a. kaniŋ
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8 Verbal inflection haci, stating t
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8 Verbal inflection Table 8.30: Per
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8 Verbal inflection in =niŋ(a) (co
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9 Noun-verb predicates Table 9.1 pr
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9 Noun-verb predicates for instance
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9 Noun-verb predicates be intoxicat
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9 Noun-verb predicates 9.2.1 Subfra
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9 Noun-verb predicates In class (d)
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9 Noun-verb predicates (13) a. ka 1
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9 Noun-verb predicates Table 9.3: T
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9 Noun-verb predicates The experien
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9 Noun-verb predicates thakt-u-ci-g
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9 Noun-verb predicates b. uŋ 3sg l
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10 Complex predication variability,
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10 Complex predication Criterion (a
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10 Complex predication material is
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10 Complex predication V2s can also
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10 Complex predication Table 10.1:
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10 Complex predication (11) a. kind
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10 Complex predication b. am-di-me-
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10 Complex predication The verb so
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10 Complex predication Table 10.3:
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10 Complex predication (27) a. wand
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10 Complex predication b. a-ma 1sg.
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10 Complex predication b. cuncula C
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10 Complex predication Such predica
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10 Complex predication (46) a. u-la
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10 Complex predication b. ʈebul=be
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10 Complex predication (55) ghak al
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10 Complex predication c. umaŋache
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10 Complex predication With telic v
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10 Complex predication (68) a. heʔ
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10 Complex predication (71) a. liŋ
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11 Transitivity predicate, 2 P stan
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11 Transitivity b. nda 2sg nu-ga=na
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11 Transitivity 11.1.5 The standard
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11 Transitivity b. a-laŋ=ci 1sg.po
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11 Transitivity the ditransitive ve
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11 Transitivity b. haku now nhaŋto
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11 Transitivity (20) a. ŋ=ga 2sg.p
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11 Transitivity waeʔ=na. be[3sg;np
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11 Transitivity 11.2 Valency altern
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11 Transitivity There are border ca
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11 Transitivity b. gagri=be pot=loc
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11 Transitivity c. ka 1sg[erg] picc
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11 Transitivity (39) a. uŋ=ŋa 3sg
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11 Transitivity ablative in my reco
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11 Transitivity b. (kaniŋ) 1pl[erg
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11 Transitivity (51) a. menuka=le M
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11 Transitivity not marked for plur
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11 Transitivity Table 11.1: Antipas
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11 Transitivity lut-a-by-a=na. tell
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11 Transitivity (63) a. uŋ=ŋa 3sg
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11 Transitivity something at anothe
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11 Transitivity If the beneficiary
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11 Transitivity action is performed
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11 Transitivity (80) a. *ka 1sg[erg
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11 Transitivity one noun phrase are
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11 Transitivity (88) a. ka 1sg[erg]
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11 Transitivity (92) m-ba=ŋa 2sg.p
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12 Simple clauses As pointed out in
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12.2 Constituent order 12.2 Constit
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12.3 Illocutionary functions 12.3 I
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12.3 Illocutionary functions (11) a
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12.3 Illocutionary functions Argume
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12.3 Illocutionary functions men=na
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12.4 Flexible agreement b. ka 1sg i
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13 Nominalization and relativizatio
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13.2 Participant nominalization (S/
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13.2 Participant nominalization (S/
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13.3 The nominalizers =na and =ha ~
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13.4 Correlative clauses If the obj
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13.4 Correlative clauses Correlativ
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14 Adverbial clause linkage Table 1
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14 Adverbial clause linkage In the
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14 Adverbial clause linkage b. maŋ
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14 Adverbial clause linkage Negatin
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14 Adverbial clause linkage 14.4 In
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14 Adverbial clause linkage cog-wa.
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14 Adverbial clause linkage (23) ch
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14 Adverbial clause linkage As for
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14 Adverbial clause linkage c. a-pu
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14 Adverbial clause linkage ŋ-uŋ-
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14 Adverbial clause linkage Since c
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14 Adverbial clause linkage Example
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14 Adverbial clause linkage Purpose
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14 Adverbial clause linkage marking
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14 Adverbial clause linkage paŋ=be
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14 Adverbial clause linkage lam-me-
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14 Adverbial clause linkage 14.12 C
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14 Adverbial clause linkage n-thakt
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15 Complementation Table 15.1 provi
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15 Complementation Infinitival comp
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15 Complementation Table 15.3: Argu
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15 Complementation c. na this mamu=
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15 Complementation (10) a. nda 2sg
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15 Complementation has the role of
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15 Complementation n-leŋ-me-n=n=em
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15 Complementation referred to as t
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15 Complementation b. nna that ceŋ
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15 Complementation As for the agree
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15 Complementation Table 15.8: Comp
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15 Complementation c. khaʔniŋgo,
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15 Complementation reference, e.g.,
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15 Complementation may embed propos
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15 Complementation Another use of b
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15 Complementation cok-ma-sy-a=na d
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15 Complementation as contrastive f
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15 Complementation c. jalangaja, Ja
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16 Connectives on the text level ce
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16 Connectives on the text level 16
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17 Discourse particles and interjec
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Appendix
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Appendix A: Texts (5) nna that lamd
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Appendix A: Texts waghui chicken_dr
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Appendix A: Texts (30) ka 1sg tu-ŋ
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Appendix A: Texts (41) maŋcwa=le w
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Appendix A: Texts (2) canuwa Canuwa
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Appendix A: Texts (14) manhoŋ othe
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Appendix A: Texts ŋ-ga-ya-by-a-ma.
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Appendix A: Texts As they had gone
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Appendix A: Texts (47) yapmi=ci per
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Appendix A: Texts (58) uŋci-niŋwa
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Appendix A: Texts om leks-a=niŋa,
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Appendix A: Texts Saying: ‘Please
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Appendix A: Texts (90) wasik rain t
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Appendix A: Texts (6) nhaŋ and_the
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Appendix A: Texts (18) hoŋkhaʔla
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Appendix B: Yakkha kinship terms Ow
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Appendix C: Index of Yakkha formati
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marker function section meN- negati
Page 587 and 588:
References Aikhenvald, Alexandra J.
Page 589 and 590:
References Bickel, Balthasar. 2008.
Page 591 and 592:
References Butt, Miriam. 2010. The
Page 593 and 594:
References van Driem, George. 1993b
Page 595 and 596:
References Gaenszle, Martin. 2002.
Page 597 and 598:
References Haspelmath, Martin. 2004
Page 599 and 600:
References König, Ekkehard. 1993.
Page 601 and 602:
References math & Bernard Comrie (e
Page 603 and 604:
References Peterson, John. 2010. A
Page 605 and 606:
References Schlemmer, Grégoire. 20
Page 607:
References Witzlack-Makarevich, Ale
Page 610 and 611:
Name index 309, 336, 354, 366, 382,
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Name index Thurgood, Graham, 488 To
Page 614 and 615:
Subject index ablative, 12, 97, 126
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Subject index emphatic particle, 38
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Subject index 160, 171, 205, 216-21
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Subject index valency alternations,
Page 622:
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