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tivity under the czarist government); he can feel “total revulsion for the

Jewish past”33: but still, the devastation will destroy the Jew, even though

he has already disappeared. How does a Jew by birth if not by conviction,

not a messiah, get off the cross?

As Andrei Sinyavsky, a Soviet dissident, writes in The Russian Intelligentsia,

“From my point of view, Russian anti-Semitism represents a kind

of alienation of evil. It is a popular, mythic, almost fairy-tale notion that

the people cannot be bad. Our people are good. They are our people. But

some outsiders have wormed their way into the government, and they are

to blame for everything. ”34 Cold-war antagonism allows the western

democracies to infer that the Soviets, regardless of their form of government,

are primitive, savage, mentally and morally simple; whereas in November

1969, enraged over growing public hostility to the U. S. massacre

at My Lai, Richard Nixon said over and over again to an aide, “Its those

dirty rotten Jews from New York who are behind it. ”33 He meant the outrage,

not the massacre. One concerned him; the other did not.

In the U. S. some fifty years earlier, the exclusion of Jews from colleges

was, said a spokesman from Yale University, because Jews were “a foreign

body in the class organism. ”36 So, foreign or nativist, in government or in

media or in the academy, Soviet or U. S., there are ideas of good people

and bad people— and the Jews are among the bad people, sometimes so

bad that they are likened to parasites and crawling things. In England in

1190 Jews, “besieged by a fanatical Christian mob, ”37 committed mass

suicide, and a century later were expelled from the country. In Seville in

1391 four thousand Jews were murdered in a riot; within a few months

another fifty thousand were killed throughout Spain. In 1941-1942,

185, 000 Jews were deported to a wilderness in Romania, and “in this obscure

and remote theater of the war, the [Romanian] army murdered

every one of these people, stripping them naked, and shooting them in

subzero temperatures. On a few occasions, when soldiers were low on bullets,

they shot only the adults and buried the children live. ”38 Seville in

1391, a remote patch of Romania 1941-1942: why? Really: why?

Even after the genocide of World War II, Jews were still pogrommed,

the best-known event being in Kielce, Poland, where, after the war, there

were two hundred living Jews out of what had been a population of

thirty thousand: “Violence erupted when a nine-year-old shoemakers

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