Oscillations, Waves, and Interactions - GWDG

Oscillations, Waves and Interactions, pp. 107–138
edited by T. Kurz, U. Parlitz, and U. Kaatze
Universitätsverlag Göttingen (2007) ISBN 978–3–938616–96–3
urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-verlag-1-05-1
Active control of sound and vibration
History – Fundamentals – State of the art
Dieter Guicking
Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Email: guicking@physik3.gwdg.de
Abstract. In a narrow sense, coherent active control of sound and vibration is the cancellation
or (less often) enhancement by superposition of an antiphase or in-phase additional
signal, usually from an external source of sound or vibration. The historical development of
the technologies are outlined, the fundamentals under aspects of physics, signal processing
and algorithms are treated, and the current states of research and applications are reviewed,
more or less systematically sorted. Related fields such as adaptive optics, active flow control,
and control of nonlinear dynamical systems are also included. Active control of sound and
vibration in a wider sense, the incoherent superposition, aimed at sound power enhancement
etc., is not considered in this survey.
1 Introduction
The concept of cancelling unwanted sound or vibrations by superimposing a compensation
signal exactly in antiphase is not new. In acoustics, most of the early
publications in this field are patent applications, showing that technical applications
were considered possible. However, for a long time experiments were nothing more
than laboratory demonstrations which were smiled at as curiosities, far from reality.
Only modern electronics made technical applications feasible.
The situation was different with the compensation of low-frequency mechanical
vibrations; these techniques were used in practise at a very early stage. In the following,
an overview is given of the historical development, technical realisations, and
present research activities.
2 Active noise control (ANC)
2.1 Early investigations
The first experiments on the superposition of sound fields were presumably made in
1878 by Lord Rayleigh [1]. He describes under the heading “Points of Silence” how
he scanned, with his ear, the interference field produced by two electromagnetically