THE DOVER CHRONICLE VOL 2

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THE DOVER CHRONICLE - OCTOBER 2023 VOL. 2 MEAT MANUFACTURED - WHAT THIS MEANS In a world grappling with challenges of a rapidly burgeoning population and resource depletion, the innovation of cultivated meat offers a potential solution. This promising approach enables production of a sustainable, yet nutritious protein source without the negative environmental effects of traditional livestock farming. FOR THE PLANET. Imagine. As the sun rises in a once lush and verdant forest, the melody of birdsong is drowned out by the deafening roar of machinery. The trees have been severed by chainsaws, and now lay on the ground, robbed of their majestic beauty. A major advantage of cultivated meat lies in the potential it holds to generate nutritious meat using less land, as space does not need to be cleared to make space for farming. Moreover, cattle farming contributes to methane emissions through the process of enteric fermentation which occurs in the rumen of cattle. Cultivated meat, therefore, can ameliorate issues such as deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, both major contributors to climate change. In addition, increasing the level of agricultural output through cultivated meat has the potential to act as an effective solution to achieve ‘Sustainable Development Goal 2 - zero hunger’. This is significant considering that the demand for meat is projected to double by 2050 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), 2019). In addition, ethically, cultivated meat is advantageous as harm is not inflicted upon animals. Consequently, vegetarians and vegans concerned about animal welfare may be open to eating labgrown meat. A new farm has recently surfaced in the culinary world, in which the boundaries of traditional meat production have been transgressed and rewritten. However, this farm is like no other, for it does not feature vast fields or grazing animals, but instead embraces a ground-breaking concept: cultivated meat. This farm is a laboratory. Its sterile rooms and gleaming equipment are the soil in which the seeds of innovation are planted. Here, scientists transform into pioneering cultivators, Despite the plethora of benefits on a global armed with the foresight to reshape the scale, there remain drawbacks to this future of food production. Like skilled approach. The production costs of farmers, they nurture and tend cells that cultivated meat are much greater than that hold the potential to grow into meat. In this of conventionally produced meat. This farm, the ‘seeds of innovation’ are animal makes it unaffordable for many customers, cells, the very building blocks of life. This which discourages them from purchasing. sample of cells is placed in a nutrient-rich In addition, there is uncertainty around ‘soil’ which emulates the optimal consumer acceptance due to concerns environment needed for growth. The regarding safety, taste and idea of it being growth of the cells is constantly monitored ‘unnatural’. Furthermore, whilst cultivated to ensure that they are sufficiently meat presents as a more sustainable nourished to replicate the complex approach to meat production, the full structure of animal tissues, enabling them environmental impact is currently being to multiply over time. The scientists ensure researched. that the cells undergo differentiation into Arguing that we must be for or against muscle cells, like how a farmer guides the cultivated meat is just setting up a false growth of the animals. As a result, the dichotomy: in reality, we must strike while cultivated meat blossoms into its final the iron is hot and utilise this food form, resembling conventional meat. technology to revolutionise global food Lastly, the final product is processed production whilst managing the challenges. further to enhance taste and texture. - Nina Donau
THE DOVER CHRONICLE - OCTOBER 2023 VOL. 2 HOT HO’OLEILANA ABLAZE! And the galaxies come in over time as the stars form, eventually displaying the more familiar glittering sky of jewels. All this, from Jim Peebles, the US/Canadian astrophysicist, astronomer, and cosmologist, theorised in the 1970s. A round of applause for the groundbreaking discovery! Of course, he later received a physics Nobel prize in 2019. Ho’oleilana: “sent murmurs of awakening” is of an old Hawaiian creation chant. That’s the new name for the shocking and surprising, completely unexpected discovery of a new ‘bubble’ of galaxies. Spreading around a billion light years, it's 100,000 times wider than the Milky Way. Despite that, it is still called the ‘nearby universe’, being roughly 820 million light years away. “We were not looking for it; it was so huge it spilled to the edge of the sector of the sky we were analyzing,” says astronomer Brent Tully from the University of Hawai’i. It is truly a spectacular science feat to achieve seeing Ho’oleilana, lying approx. 820 million light years away. Excitingly, Ho’oleilana comprises of previously discovered galaxies like the Harvard/Smithsonian Great Wall, encompassing the Coma Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Sloan Great Wall. The Boötes Cluster inhabits the centre, and the famous Boötes Void calls the Ho’oleilana home as well. So, how does a BAO (stands for Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, aka ‘bubble’) form? During the first 400,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe was that of a melting pot of plasma, much like the internal ‘organs’ of the Sun (very hot). Within the plasma, electrons would be separated from their nucleus. Despite the harsh radiation attempting to push matter apart, higher density regions would collapse under gravity. This battle between gravitation and radiation made the plasma oscillate or ripple outwards. After the universe stopped being plasma (so, basically, cooler), the shapes fixed, creating enormous threedimensional ripples – what you see now. ‘Ho’oleilana. As you can see, it encompasses many (famously) previously discovered galaxies.’ (Earthysky.org) What does this tell us about cosmotology now? The Ho’oleilana raises questions on the perceived expansion rate of the universe – currently, the estimations are between 67 to 74 kilometres per second, but researchers have detected that Ho’oleilana have a faster expansion rate – around 74.7 to 76.9 kilometres per second. This further tangles up the question of the actual expansion rate of the universe...we’re all curious, but scientists and researchers say that further research and careful observations are needed for us to truly understand and unlock the infinite mysteries the universe holds. Ruth Zhao
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