Scanned Document - National Security Agency

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The relatively lax practices concerning the 1876 Code provide additional evidence of the failure to understand foreign interception and intelligence customs. The exciting technology of the electromagnetic telegraph and the telegraph cable spurred the surge of secret writing and codebreaking in the Western world. After a short time, the techniques also hastened the creation of more sophisticated codes and ciphers. It is abundantly evident that secret communications played a fundamental role in American foreign relations, in peace and war, from the XYZ Affair to the intercepted Spanish cables in 1898. Much less is known about U. S. codebreakers during these four generations. Apart from the Civil War efforts of David Homer Bates and his colleagues in the War Department telegraph office, the splendid contributions of Elbridge Gerry, James Lovell, and Charles Keefer in the service of their country, and private efforts by John Hassard, William Grosvenor, and Edward Holden, highlight the history of this challenging and fascinating science. It remained for twentieth-century America, confronting powerful foreign enemies in World War I, and shocked by a devastating enemy attack on Pearl Harbor, to recognize finally the crucial necessity for maintaining secure communications and obtaining foreign intelligence data during war and peace. While our third president, Thomas Jefferson, wrote about the necessity of masking dispatches, a recent president, Ronald Reagan, reminded us about the crucial role of American history, a role that is especially applicable to cryptologic studies: "If we forget what we were, we won't know who we are." And then he added, "I am warning of an eradication of the American memory that could result, ultimately, in an erosion of the American spirit." In preparing this cryptologic study of American history, I was fortunate to receive generous support from many persons who provided me with special assistance, insights, and knowledge about the American cryptologic past. I am especially grateful to David W. Gaddy, whose essays, encouragement, and enthusiasm have enhanced this manuscript. In similar fashion, Henry F. Schorreck offered extremely knowledgeable comments about this
Mahoney, Larry McDonald, Michael Musick, Katherine Nicastro, David Pfeiffer, William Sherman, and John Taylor at the <strong>National</strong> Archives; Louis Fine and Bruce Kennedy at Georgetown University; and Karl Kabelac at the University of Rochester.
Page 2: : This pubhation is distributed FWE
Page 5 and 6: This is an examination of codes and
Page 7 and 8: But why a cyipher between us . . .
Page 9 and 10: Decisive for the security process w
Page 11 and 12: for successful secret communication
Page 13: In the mid-185os, British military
Page 17 and 18: The Dumas Cipher (Partial) v o u l
Page 19 and 20: "Friend Jiitznzjr 's Gwlz ers ": Ja
Page 21 and 22: confusion about the cipher. In writ
Page 23 and 24: prophetic message written in cipher
Page 25 and 26: letter, "Probably CUPID" and agreed
Page 27 and 28: This author's decipherment reads: e
Page 29 and 30: sent the young lady on her way with
Page 31 and 32: Pulling no punches, Church describe
Page 33 and 34: 14,500 men were fit for active duty
Page 35 and 36: I I. ~~"r.:":::;"I(::! ;\ L .-""" ~
Page 39 and 40: July 22/23,1775 Appendix C TO K4JOR
Page 41 and 42: I. Church probably misspelled Stamf
Page 43 and 44: Brewster to Tallmadge or Enoch Hale
Page 45 and 46: Espionage Code Source: Papers of Ge
Page 47 and 48: discover december demolish head hig
Page 49 and 50: negligence 473 novembr 474 necessar
Page 51 and 52: welfare 744 willing 745 winter 746
Page 53 and 54: '5. Tallmadge to Washington, n.p.,
Page 55 and 56: number. Hence, according to the exa
Page 57 and 58: 4. John Jay to MTilliam Bingham, St
Page 59 and 60: touch it with coal dust and you wil
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 7 American Postal Intercept
Page 63 and 64: department of foreign affairs that
Page 65 and 66:
Exactly three months after Livingst
Page 67 and 68:
These creative new code forms in th
Page 69:
Chinese manner, namely, the first l
Page 72 and 73:
3rd. operation to decypher. your co
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1. Robert Patterson to Thomas Jeffe
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Suppose 1 have to cypher this phras
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A Classic American Diplomatic Code
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Notes 1. James Madison to Edmund Ra
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Africa America Against Army Article
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Source: Ralph E. Weber's United Stu
Page 86 and 87:
Aaron Bum's "Cipher Lef ter" An imp
Page 88 and 89:
6 numerous pronouns, verbs, and amo
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the fighting ended? In 1864 Myer ha
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of components of the work is of int
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and also because Trist's cover ende
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fntemal Struggle: The Civil War The
Page 99 and 100:
page and position from the book. Si
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Signal Corps' transmission security
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strongly go ought surely free witho
Page 105 and 106:
BOY GREATLY 1 FOR (BURTON) THE (WIL
Page 107 and 108:
From his headquarters in Nashville,
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P.S, Colonel Stager is the confiden
Page 111 and 112:
To summarize the American experienc
Page 113 and 114:
Seward9s Other Folly: America's Fir
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communications security, especially
Page 117 and 118:
satisfactory to all. Seward promise
Page 119 and 120:
Following the lecture, letters from
Page 121 and 122:
in order to forestall any rumors ab
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November twenty-third, eighteen six
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United States and three times more
Page 127 and 128:
mid-October. However, a reluctant H
Page 129 and 130:
Similar messages came from Paris an
Page 131 and 132:
and his guests, celebrating the tel
Page 133 and 134:
had not written a request for rate
Page 135 and 136:
1867. The source for these cable re
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December 1866, RG 59, M77, Q 8, NA.
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81. Hunt to Seward, the Petition, F
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Because of the expensive 23 Novembe
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This thrifty complex code, designed
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1. Deposition of William Seward, 27
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Chew David Davis Hunt Ralph Norton
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Ellen 5 Nora Edith 6:30 Nina Flora
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"Cipher" Dispatches and the Electio
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Tilden-Hendricks campaign poster 16
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and Republican parties went into th
Page 158 and 159:
publicized in the newspapers, would
Page 160 and 161:
previous business dealings with J.N
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To W. T. Pelton, Portland, Oregon,
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W. T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew, who
Page 166 and 167:
telegrams, the Tribune focused on t
Page 168 and 169:
There were two different keys for m
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Number Code According to Holden, Co
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Other Ciphers English Key A Key B K
Page 174 and 175:
and every honorable sacrifice, but
Page 176 and 177:
16. New York Times, 8 February 1877
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Chapter 21 John H. Haswell: Codemak
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plaintext word or phrase. Then, if
Page 182 and 183:
Honorable Mention for his assistanc
Page 184 and 185:
Chapter 22 The Red Code ofthe Depar
Page 186 and 187:
probably devised by the founder of
Page 188 and 189:
ecoming a telegraph operator in on
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number, ''45202." For the word agai
Page 192 and 193:
DISINCLINES STRODE STRODE ORTHOGRAP
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did not want even one code clerk, l
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1906, China, Microcopy 77, Roll 39,
Page 198 and 199:
U.S. Military Cryptography in the L
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participants were a future chief si
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the idea for better communications
Page 205 and 206:
1899 Blue Code Sheet
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into two, three, and four columns;
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decade earlier, President Woodrow W
Page 211 and 212:
the OfSice of Naval Intelligence. W
Page 213 and 214:
..*..*..m.*..*.....* o*m*o*ooo*m*o*
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