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affairs - when knowledge of the plans and actions, strengths and weaknesses, of one party by another could well thwart the young republic - it was natural to return to forms of cryptography recalled from the Revolutionary experience: the dictionary code, nomenclators, simple cipher. No formal documentation of official American government cryptography is known to have been recorded - indeed, governments and regimes have traditionally been reluctant to publicize such activities. There is little evidence that American leaders were acquainted with what we now view as the classics on the subject of cryptography, although exceptions cannot be dismissed. Historically, what was learned through cryptanalysis of another's communications has had an effect on one's own cryptography. One might speculate that what was learned through experience by government clerks or officials was passed on through "on-the-job training" and occasional notes of instruction, and some of the latter do exist. Around the turn of the eighteenthlnineteenth century, an impressive treatise of some 35,000 words was generated by an English surgeon for an encyclopedia. Written around 1807, it was another decade before Dr. William Blair's article "Cipher" appeared in a volume of the serially-issued Cyclopedia, edited by Abraham Rees in London, and an American edition subsequently appeared. In his The Codebreakers (1967), David Kahn rightly characterized the Blair piece as "the finest treatise in English on cryptology," until army lieutenant Parker Hitt's little military manual appeared in 1916. Blair distilled the essence of the art and science of cryptology from the ancients (along with an impressive bibliography for the time) and offered the results of his own study and deductions. Surely the encyclopedia piece must have been read by some in government service, yet no firm evidence of the fact, or of its influence, has been found, apart from its having been used as a training manual by the army's signal corps (or Signal Service) in the post- Civil War years. (See chapter 14.) Perhaps it would be expecting too much to find it cited (although it is known to have been a source for Edgar Allan Poe, who, in turn, is cited by others). Dr. Weber's examples also show the influence of communication technology - the postal card, the telegraph, and the transatlantic cable - on American cryptography. Cost becomes a more dominant consideration for the government than security when electrical communications are introduced (perhaps with the exception of the Civil War years, when the War Department set up its own U.S. Military Telegraph). Manual or mechanical devices began to appear in connection with cryptography - Jefferson's well-known "wheel" or cylinder cipher is an example. By the end of the period, mechanical devices have become more sophisticated, and the age of electromechanical devices and machines is just ahead. David W. Gaddy
But why a cyipher between us . . . there may be matters merely personal to ourselves, and tvhicki require the cover of a cypher more than those of any other character. This last purpose, and others which we cannot for[e]see rnay render it convenient & advantageous to have at hand a mask for whatever may need it. President Thomas Jefferson to Robert Livingston, 1802 Almost two months after the declaration of war against Spain in 1898, the following coded dispatch, cabled to the secretary of state from the American minister in Madrid, arrived at the White House in Washington, D.C.: CABLE. .2 W Z SX 115 Govt ... PARIS Via French. June 13th'98-550p DAY, Secretary Washington. Is [sic] my confidential letter seventh 41502 22417 37577 of the 48994 instant hy [sic] I fully explain minister for foreign english mail 23790 the wish of 35793 affairs [Mr. Hanotauxl bring about treaty of peace to 19084 [I50841 42628 his willingness to lend unofficially and 37334 55468 30177 himself 58145 1571451 and in a friendly action which may lead 37709 manner to any desired 18807 37988 32075 to that result says he can the [sic] ambassador 46077 he now 40986 [48986113990 place the 17625 in contact with madrid if I am authorized to talk here 22224 38084 [331841 37040 12858 5 1522 with him he armistice will be 57169 on the subject 32631 supposed 191 1242[sicl 50867 suggested asked means of opening negotiations 59715 or 18948 as a 31480 [31489] 46418 43406 but cannot be conceded spain believes that of course 16491 261 14 now 53804 he 12675
Page 2: : This pubhation is distributed FWE
Page 5: This is an examination of codes and
Page 9 and 10: Decisive for the security process w
Page 11 and 12: for successful secret communication
Page 13 and 14: In the mid-185os, British military
Page 15 and 16: Mahoney, Larry McDonald, Michael Mu
Page 17 and 18: The Dumas Cipher (Partial) v o u l
Page 19 and 20: "Friend Jiitznzjr 's Gwlz ers ": Ja
Page 21 and 22: confusion about the cipher. In writ
Page 23 and 24: prophetic message written in cipher
Page 25 and 26: letter, "Probably CUPID" and agreed
Page 27 and 28: This author's decipherment reads: e
Page 29 and 30: sent the young lady on her way with
Page 31 and 32: Pulling no punches, Church describe
Page 33 and 34: 14,500 men were fit for active duty
Page 35 and 36: I I. ~~"r.:":::;"I(::! ;\ L .-""" ~
Page 39 and 40: July 22/23,1775 Appendix C TO K4JOR
Page 41 and 42: I. Church probably misspelled Stamf
Page 43 and 44: Brewster to Tallmadge or Enoch Hale
Page 45 and 46: Espionage Code Source: Papers of Ge
Page 47 and 48: discover december demolish head hig
Page 49 and 50: negligence 473 novembr 474 necessar
Page 51 and 52: welfare 744 willing 745 winter 746
Page 53 and 54: '5. Tallmadge to Washington, n.p.,
Page 55 and 56: number. Hence, according to the exa
Page 57 and 58:
4. John Jay to MTilliam Bingham, St
Page 59 and 60:
touch it with coal dust and you wil
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 7 American Postal Intercept
Page 63 and 64:
department of foreign affairs that
Page 65 and 66:
Exactly three months after Livingst
Page 67 and 68:
These creative new code forms in th
Page 69:
Chinese manner, namely, the first l
Page 72 and 73:
3rd. operation to decypher. your co
Page 74 and 75:
1. Robert Patterson to Thomas Jeffe
Page 76 and 77:
Suppose 1 have to cypher this phras
Page 78 and 79:
A Classic American Diplomatic Code
Page 80 and 81:
Notes 1. James Madison to Edmund Ra
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Africa America Against Army Article
Page 84 and 85:
Source: Ralph E. Weber's United Stu
Page 86 and 87:
Aaron Bum's "Cipher Lef ter" An imp
Page 88 and 89:
6 numerous pronouns, verbs, and amo
Page 90 and 91:
the fighting ended? In 1864 Myer ha
Page 92 and 93:
of components of the work is of int
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and also because Trist's cover ende
Page 97 and 98:
fntemal Struggle: The Civil War The
Page 99 and 100:
page and position from the book. Si
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Signal Corps' transmission security
Page 103 and 104:
strongly go ought surely free witho
Page 105 and 106:
BOY GREATLY 1 FOR (BURTON) THE (WIL
Page 107 and 108:
From his headquarters in Nashville,
Page 109 and 110:
P.S, Colonel Stager is the confiden
Page 111 and 112:
To summarize the American experienc
Page 113 and 114:
Seward9s Other Folly: America's Fir
Page 115 and 116:
communications security, especially
Page 117 and 118:
satisfactory to all. Seward promise
Page 119 and 120:
Following the lecture, letters from
Page 121 and 122:
in order to forestall any rumors ab
Page 123 and 124:
November twenty-third, eighteen six
Page 125 and 126:
United States and three times more
Page 127 and 128:
mid-October. However, a reluctant H
Page 129 and 130:
Similar messages came from Paris an
Page 131 and 132:
and his guests, celebrating the tel
Page 133 and 134:
had not written a request for rate
Page 135 and 136:
1867. The source for these cable re
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December 1866, RG 59, M77, Q 8, NA.
Page 139 and 140:
81. Hunt to Seward, the Petition, F
Page 141 and 142:
Because of the expensive 23 Novembe
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This thrifty complex code, designed
Page 145 and 146:
1. Deposition of William Seward, 27
Page 147 and 148:
Chew David Davis Hunt Ralph Norton
Page 149 and 150:
Ellen 5 Nora Edith 6:30 Nina Flora
Page 151 and 152:
"Cipher" Dispatches and the Electio
Page 153:
Tilden-Hendricks campaign poster 16
Page 156 and 157:
and Republican parties went into th
Page 158 and 159:
publicized in the newspapers, would
Page 160 and 161:
previous business dealings with J.N
Page 162 and 163:
To W. T. Pelton, Portland, Oregon,
Page 164 and 165:
W. T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew, who
Page 166 and 167:
telegrams, the Tribune focused on t
Page 168 and 169:
There were two different keys for m
Page 170 and 171:
Number Code According to Holden, Co
Page 172 and 173:
Other Ciphers English Key A Key B K
Page 174 and 175:
and every honorable sacrifice, but
Page 176 and 177:
16. New York Times, 8 February 1877
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Chapter 21 John H. Haswell: Codemak
Page 180 and 181:
plaintext word or phrase. Then, if
Page 182 and 183:
Honorable Mention for his assistanc
Page 184 and 185:
Chapter 22 The Red Code ofthe Depar
Page 186 and 187:
probably devised by the founder of
Page 188 and 189:
ecoming a telegraph operator in on
Page 190 and 191:
number, ''45202." For the word agai
Page 192 and 193:
DISINCLINES STRODE STRODE ORTHOGRAP
Page 194 and 195:
did not want even one code clerk, l
Page 196 and 197:
1906, China, Microcopy 77, Roll 39,
Page 198 and 199:
U.S. Military Cryptography in the L
Page 200 and 201:
participants were a future chief si
Page 202 and 203:
the idea for better communications
Page 205 and 206:
1899 Blue Code Sheet
Page 207 and 208:
into two, three, and four columns;
Page 209 and 210:
decade earlier, President Woodrow W
Page 211 and 212:
the OfSice of Naval Intelligence. W
Page 213 and 214:
..*..*..m.*..*.....* o*m*o*ooo*m*o*
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