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General Washington wrote to the Continental Congress on 5 October, relating the Church incident and requesting an appropriate change to Article XXVIII. On 7 November the death penalty was added as a punishment for espionage, but it could not be applied retroactively to Church. So the doctor languished in prison. Two years later, Sir William Howe, who had replaced General Gage, gave de facto admission of Church's guilt by offering a prisoner exchange for the doctor. The Massachusetts government, which was at the time responsible for Church's confinement, agreed. But public outcries kept him in jail. Finally, in 1780, Congress exiled Dr. Church to the West Indies. The small schooner on which he sailed was never heard from again, presumably lost at sea.19 Thus ended the new nation's first experience in cryptology. It was, even for its day, a primitive exercise in cryptanalysis. David Kahn wrote of the incident: "Across the Atlantic [from Europe], cryptology reflected the free, individualistic nature of the people from which it sprang. No black chambers, no organized development, no paid cryptanalysts. But this native cryptology, which had much of the informal, shirtsleeve quality of a pioneer barn-raising, nevertheless played its small but helpf~ll role in enabling the American colonies to assume among the powers of the earth their separate and equal stati~n.""~ Ralph Weber put it more simply: "American codebreakers had achieved their first victory in reading correspondence and detecting a Tory spy." "' I. Appendix A contains a photocopy of the enciphered letter from the George Washington collection, provided by the Manuscript Diklsion, Library of Congress. 2. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Seribner's Sons, 1951)~ Vol. 3, 542. 3. Willard M. Wallace, Appeal to Arms: A Military History of the American Revolution (New York: QuadrangleIThe New York Times Book CO., 1951), 50. 4. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from tlze Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931-1944), Vol.4, lo. 5. John Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1959), 17, wrote, "Thomas Jefferson used more cipher in his personal than in his official correspondence." 6. Freeman, 548. 7. Quoted in Bakeless, 17. 8. Freeman, 548. 9. Ibid., 541(i). Appendix B contains a photocopy of the deciphered text of the letter from the George Washington collection, provided by the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. lo. William F. Friedman, The Friedman Lectures, 1963, (SRH-ooq), 37. 11. Bakeless,ll. 12. William F. Friedman and Lambros D. Callimahos, Military Cryptanalytics - Part I (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency, April 1956), SRH-273, 30. 13. Appendix C contains a transcribed text of Church's letter, \yith punctuation, paragraphing, and annotation added. 14. Quoted in Freeman, 550. 15. Quoted in ibid., 551. 16. Encyclopedia Americana, International Edition (New York: Americana Corporation, i975), Vol. 1, 722 (41111053) and Wallace, 46(371/1054). 17. Bakeless, 19, claims Church magnified the numbers of Americans in uniform, but does not give what the actual figures were. Washington's officers, who knew the real figures, reckoned that the numbers could have reflected the truth disguised with an agreed-upon additive. Church may also have simply overstated the number of troops he sawT, a common shortcoming. Bakeless believes Church, as a medical doctor, would have had no access to MTashington's troop strength reports. Wallace, 50, states that only
14,500 men were fit for active duty when Washington took over command in July 1775. 18. Church was imprisoned, first in Connecticut, then in Massachusetts, both at the direction of the Continental Congress. The available historical record also showed that Church was being held for court martial and civil trial, but nothing was found to indicate he was in fact ever formally convicted in a court of law. 19. Neither the fate nor the name of Church's mistress is known. 20. David Kahn, The Codebreakers (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1967). 174. 21. Weber, United States Diplomatic Codes and Ciphers 1775-1938, 23.
Page 2: : This pubhation is distributed FWE
Page 5 and 6: This is an examination of codes and
Page 7 and 8: But why a cyipher between us . . .
Page 9 and 10: Decisive for the security process w
Page 11 and 12: for successful secret communication
Page 13 and 14: In the mid-185os, British military
Page 15 and 16: Mahoney, Larry McDonald, Michael Mu
Page 17 and 18: The Dumas Cipher (Partial) v o u l
Page 19 and 20: "Friend Jiitznzjr 's Gwlz ers ": Ja
Page 21 and 22: confusion about the cipher. In writ
Page 23 and 24: prophetic message written in cipher
Page 25 and 26: letter, "Probably CUPID" and agreed
Page 27 and 28: This author's decipherment reads: e
Page 29 and 30: sent the young lady on her way with
Page 31: Pulling no punches, Church describe
Page 35 and 36: I I. ~~"r.:":::;"I(::! ;\ L .-""" ~
Page 39 and 40: July 22/23,1775 Appendix C TO K4JOR
Page 41 and 42: I. Church probably misspelled Stamf
Page 43 and 44: Brewster to Tallmadge or Enoch Hale
Page 45 and 46: Espionage Code Source: Papers of Ge
Page 47 and 48: discover december demolish head hig
Page 49 and 50: negligence 473 novembr 474 necessar
Page 51 and 52: welfare 744 willing 745 winter 746
Page 53 and 54: '5. Tallmadge to Washington, n.p.,
Page 55 and 56: number. Hence, according to the exa
Page 57 and 58: 4. John Jay to MTilliam Bingham, St
Page 59 and 60: touch it with coal dust and you wil
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 7 American Postal Intercept
Page 63 and 64: department of foreign affairs that
Page 65 and 66: Exactly three months after Livingst
Page 67 and 68: These creative new code forms in th
Page 69: Chinese manner, namely, the first l
Page 72 and 73: 3rd. operation to decypher. your co
Page 74 and 75: 1. Robert Patterson to Thomas Jeffe
Page 76 and 77: Suppose 1 have to cypher this phras
Page 78 and 79: A Classic American Diplomatic Code
Page 80 and 81: Notes 1. James Madison to Edmund Ra
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Africa America Against Army Article
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Source: Ralph E. Weber's United Stu
Page 86 and 87:
Aaron Bum's "Cipher Lef ter" An imp
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6 numerous pronouns, verbs, and amo
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the fighting ended? In 1864 Myer ha
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of components of the work is of int
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and also because Trist's cover ende
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fntemal Struggle: The Civil War The
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page and position from the book. Si
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Signal Corps' transmission security
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strongly go ought surely free witho
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BOY GREATLY 1 FOR (BURTON) THE (WIL
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From his headquarters in Nashville,
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P.S, Colonel Stager is the confiden
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To summarize the American experienc
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Seward9s Other Folly: America's Fir
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communications security, especially
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satisfactory to all. Seward promise
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Following the lecture, letters from
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in order to forestall any rumors ab
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November twenty-third, eighteen six
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United States and three times more
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mid-October. However, a reluctant H
Page 129 and 130:
Similar messages came from Paris an
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and his guests, celebrating the tel
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had not written a request for rate
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1867. The source for these cable re
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December 1866, RG 59, M77, Q 8, NA.
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81. Hunt to Seward, the Petition, F
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Because of the expensive 23 Novembe
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This thrifty complex code, designed
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1. Deposition of William Seward, 27
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Chew David Davis Hunt Ralph Norton
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Ellen 5 Nora Edith 6:30 Nina Flora
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"Cipher" Dispatches and the Electio
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Tilden-Hendricks campaign poster 16
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and Republican parties went into th
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publicized in the newspapers, would
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previous business dealings with J.N
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To W. T. Pelton, Portland, Oregon,
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W. T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew, who
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telegrams, the Tribune focused on t
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There were two different keys for m
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Number Code According to Holden, Co
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Other Ciphers English Key A Key B K
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and every honorable sacrifice, but
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16. New York Times, 8 February 1877
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Chapter 21 John H. Haswell: Codemak
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plaintext word or phrase. Then, if
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Honorable Mention for his assistanc
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Chapter 22 The Red Code ofthe Depar
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probably devised by the founder of
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ecoming a telegraph operator in on
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number, ''45202." For the word agai
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DISINCLINES STRODE STRODE ORTHOGRAP
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did not want even one code clerk, l
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1906, China, Microcopy 77, Roll 39,
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U.S. Military Cryptography in the L
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participants were a future chief si
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the idea for better communications
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1899 Blue Code Sheet
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into two, three, and four columns;
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decade earlier, President Woodrow W
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the OfSice of Naval Intelligence. W
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..*..*..m.*..*.....* o*m*o*ooo*m*o*
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