McNair Research Journal - University of St. Thomas

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Humanities & Social Sciences twenty-one (21) for youth aging out of supportive services, 2) re-entry for support or services options for youth, 3) higher education requirements providing housing over breaks for homeless youth and youth who age out of care, and 4) coalition of support, working with workforce opportunities that focus on youth transition (YMF). Conclusion In order to create change, it is pivotal to empower youth as they transition onto independent living. There must be reformations made to old policies Bibliography and creation of new creative policies that intend to sort out the number of concerns that pertain to homeless youth. It is important to develop youths’ self-esteem, life skills, social skills, psychological well-being, as well as their school engagement and success as they transition into young adults, future leaders, and constituents of our nation. Arewa, Bobbie Darden, First, Richard J., & Roth, Dee. (1988). “Homelessness: Understanding the Dimensions of the Problem for Minorities.” Social Work; Vol. 33 Issue 2, p120-124, 5p Bantchevska, Denitza. Dashora, Pushpanjali. Garren, Rikki. Glassman, Michael. Slesnick, Natasha. & Toviessi, Paula. (2007). “How to open and sustain a drop in center for homeless youth.” Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, 135 Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States. Center Programs and Services: Minn. Stat. sec. 123A.06 (2007). Dworsky, Amy, Fowler, Patrick J., & Toro, Paul A. (2007) Homeless Youth in the United States: Recent Research Findings and Intervention Approaches. The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/homelessness/symposium07/toro/ Fitzgerald, Michael D. (1995). “Homeless Youths and the Child Welfare System: Implications for Policy and Service.” Child Welfare, May/Jun, Vol. 74 Issue 3, p717-730, 14p Minnesota Coalition for the Homeless. (2008). Helping Unaccompanied Homeless Youth. http://www.mnhomelesscoalition.org/750/youth/#more-750 National Coalition for the Homeless. Homeless Youth: Fact Sheet #13 http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/youth.pdf National Coalition for the Homeless. Education of Homeless Children and Youth: Fact Sheet #10 http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/education.html Overview of homelessness in Minnesota. 2006. Wilder Research. Minnesota: March 2007 Ray, Nicholas. (2006) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth. An Epidemic of Homelessness. New York: national Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute and the National Coalition for the Homeless. http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/HomelessYouth.pdf Runaway and Homeless Youth Act: Minn. Stat. sec. 256K.45 (2007). Safe Harbors Youth and Intervention Project. (2007). Community Needs Assessment. Ramsey County. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act as amended: Title VII, Subtitle B; 42 U.S. Constitution, art. 11431-11435, sec, 11301 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress (February 2007). http://www.huduser.org/publications/povsoc/annual_assess.html Wakhisi, Tsitsi. (1995). Homelessness in black America. Crisis (00111422); Nov/Dec, Vol. 102 Issue 8, p14, 5p, 3bw Acknowledgements Professor Nekima Levy-Pounds Professor Buffy Smith Dr. Lawrence Potter Professor Earl Schwartz Faculty Member Sharon Jaffe Maria Ortiz Homeless Youth Services 46 University of St. Thomas McNair Research Journal
Humanities & Social Sciences A Study of Mother-Son Relationships, Romantic Relationships, and Interpersonal Trust Aubrey Strenger University of St. Thomas - Department of Psychology Abstract This study investigated the relationships among the variables of mother-son relationship quality, romantic relationship quality of that young adult son and his female romantic partner, and interpersonal trust as perceived by his female romantic partner. Participants completed questionnaires regarding their feelings about their mother and/or their romantic partner. Results showed a statistically significant relationship between interpersonal trust that a female experiences for her male romantic partner and romantic relationship quality as perceived by that female. Data obtained from two couples surveyed demonstrate a pattern of results suggesting that romantic relationship quality may be a moderator between mother-son relationship quality and interpersonal trust. Introduction The study of parent-child attachment has been of interest to psychologists for decades. Since the time of Sigmund Freud, the parent-child attachment phenomena has been observed and studied from a psychological perspective. Freud was one of the first in his field of study to recognize the importance of the parental relationship and how it may affect the development of the child. Even more specifically, Freud examined mother-son attachment and how that relationship may play an integral part in the son’s psychological development. Other theoretical frameworks describing parent-child relationships have been developed since the time of Freud, one of the most dominant being the theory of attachment. Many theories have been posed regarding how it is that the parent-child relationship may be related to other aspects of one’s life, in particular, during the period of adulthood. Some theorists have linked the strength or type of attachment formed between a parent and child in adolescence to the child’s ability to have good-quality relationships in adulthood. These theories stem from the findings in attachment studies that suggest mental models of attachment formed during infancy/childhood can manifest themselves in working models for attachment in adult romantic relationships. Over the years, there has also been a strong interest in male-female romantic relationships, including the dynamics within and their overall quality. Previous research has provided valuable insight into the multifaceted nature of male-female romantic relationships as well as the necessary components of good-quality romantic relationships. However, there is still much uncovered ground when it comes to the exploration of the factors linked to maintaining good-quality relationships. Previous studies have only begun to analyze what it is that makes for a good-quality romantic relationship, including the characteristics that are deemed to be desirable in a romantic partner. In the results of prior studies, aspects such as “trust” are consistently found to be the most highly valued and important characteristics of a desirable romantic partner. Trust is also believed to be one of the fundamental components of a good-quality relationship. Despite the previous, independent research performed in the areas of mother-son attachment, the quality of an adult romantic relationship, and interpersonal trust, not enough is understood in terms of the relationship between all three of these variables. The purpose of the present study is to uncover the underlying relationships among these variables in an effort to better understand how attachment plays an integral role in the development and success of male-female romantic relationships. University of St. Thomas McNair Research Journal Aubrey Strenger Relationship Quality and Interpersonal Trust Literature Review One of the fundamental pieces to the puzzle of attachment theory is the notion of the secure base. First proposed by Bowlby (1980), the secure base concept explains that when infants/children develop a relationship with their parent, they also develop secure base behavior. This behavior is exhibited when the child calls upon the caregiver to provide protection or nourishment. In doing so, the child comes to recognize expectations of their own behavior as well as the parents’ likely behavior and/or responsiveness in various situations. Repeated exposure to and experiences with the parent result in the child forming automatic secure base behaviors that no longer require conscious reappraisal. In forming these secure base behaviors, the child’s expectations for themself and for their parent(s) develop into an internal working model for the functioning of interpersonal relationships. This internal working model serves as the basis for the child’s understandings of attachment relationships (Bowlby, 1980). What is understood so far is the largely accepted view that working models for attachment are formed during infancy/childhood and are based upon the relationships the child has with their parent(s) (Bowlby, 1980; Hamilton, Waters, & Weinfield, 2000; Steele, 2004). However, internal working models for attachment may remain intact not just throughout one’s childhood, but also throughout the entire span of one’s adulthood (Ainsworth, 1989; Bowlby, 1980; Collins & Read, 1990, Crowell, Fyffe, Gao, Pan, Treboux, & Waters, 2002; Steele, 2004). Eventually, as a child develops, if they have not formed a healthy or secure attachment to their parent(s), they will also be less apt to carry out goodquality, secure relationships with others in adulthood (Birtchnell, 1993). Many theories have elaborated on Bowlby’s original secure base concept for parent-child attachment. Some of these theories are centered towards the concept of mother-child attachment relationships. Specifically, researchers have examined the importance of mother-child attachment and how it may be related to the child’s emotional/cognitive development (Flouri, 2003). Previous research shows that, indeed, mother-child attachment serves as a primary basis for the child’s secure base behavior. Mother-child attachment has also been shown to be a major source for the development of the child’s internal working model of attachment relationships (Ainsworth, 1989). In terms of relationships with romantic partners in adulthood, mental representations of working models for attachment formed via mother-child attachment play a vital role in helping an individual understand their romantic relationships (Bowlby, 1980; Ainsworth, 1989; Collins, & Read, 1990). Despite previous research findings, there has not been a widely accepted approach with respect to mother-child attachment as it relates to romantic relationships the child has in adulthood (Ainsworth, 1989; Flouri & Buchanan, 2002). For this reason, more research must be conducted to allow for a more in-depth understanding of how mother-child relationships relate to romantic relationships in adulthood. Theorists have been continually analyzing the numerous elements of good-quality, romantic relationships. It has been observed that, in general, people tend to exhibit clear preferences for certain characteristics in romantic partners and relationships (Cottrell, & Neuberg, 2007). Interpersonal trust is a concept often mentioned in congruence with love and romantic relationships. Furthermore, trust is an essential part of a child’s ability to develop attachment relationships and secure base behavior with their parent (Bowlby, 1980; Cassidy, 2001; Mikulincer, 1998). Of the existing research regarding the issue of interpersonal trust, findings conclude that trust is definitely one of the most esteemed 47
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