Ad Hoc Networks : Technologies and Protocols - University of ...

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Multicasting Protocols 97 this section, we present several multicasting protocols proposed specifically for the mobile ad hoc networks. 4.3.1 Multicast operations of AODV (MAODV) As the multicast protocol associated with AODV [13], MAODV [14] uses the conventional tree-based approach for multicast routing. Besides the routing table, each node maintains a Multicast Route Table (MRT) to support multicast routing. A node adds new entries into the MRT after it is included in the route for a multicast group. Each entry records the multicast group IP address, group leader IP address, group sequence number and next_hops (neighbors on the multicast tree). Each multicast group also needs its own sequence number in order to indicate the freshness of a multicast route, which is maintained by the group leader. When a node wishes to join a multicast group and it does not know who is the leader, it broadcasts a RREQ packet with destination field set as the group ID address. If it does not receive a RREP before timing out, it will retry for certain number of times. Subsequent unsuccessful attempts would mean that there are no other members of the group within its connected portion of the network. In such cases, it assumes the group leadership. It initializes the group sequence number to one, and broadcasts a Group Hello packet across the network periodically with step-wise incremented sequence number. Every node keeps record of who is the leader of which group by promiscuously listening to RREPs. Thus, if it want to join a group, it may have the address of the leader. If it also has a route to the leader in its routing table, it can unicast the join RREQ to the leader directly. Otherwise, it will broadcast the join RREQ packet. If a member node loses its route to the group, it broadcasts a normal RREQ when it want to send data to the group. If a node receives a join RREQ, it can reply if it is a router on the group’s multicast tree and it holds a group sequence number that is high enough, while the group leader always can reply join RREQ. RREP is unicasted, and the
98 Multicasting in Ad Hoc Networks responding node updates its MRT accordingly. RREP contains the last known group sequence number, address of group leader, and a special field called Mgroup_Hop. This field is initialized to zero. When a node on the path to the source node receives the RREP, it increases its Mgroup_Hop field, and updates to its multicast route table. When the source node receives the RREP, it can determine the hop distance to the nearest router on the group’s tree, and a new branch of the tree is also built at the same time. Moreover, the whole multicast tree is gradually built up while branches are added one by one. When a node on the tree receives a packet targeting its group address, it will multicast the packet to all its neighbors on the tree. To ensure loop-free property, it is necessary to make sure only one router on the tree responds the join RREQ. If multiple responses do arrive, the source node should accept only one. All the other responses will be ignored and finally invalidated by expiration timers. Figure 4.2. Multicast join operation of MAODV. When a member decide to leave its group, and if it is not a leaf node in the multicast tree, it must continue to serve as a router. If it is a leaf node, it will have only one immediate neighbor. The node unicast a leave message to that neighbor and clears all information about the group in its tables. The neighbor, upon receiving the message will update its neighbor list as well. If it is not a member and it becomes a leaf node after the pruning, it will start its own pruning by doing the same. So the pruning stops when either a group member or a non-leaf node is reached. Multicast tree links may break due to node mobility or timer expiration, and this will be detected by both end nodes of the link. But only the downstream node will be responsible for the repair. To repair, it broadcasts a join RREQ with destination address set as group leader and Mgroup_Hop field set to its distance from the leader. The last known group sequence number is also included. To restrict the effects, the TTL field of the RREQ is set to a small value. If no reply is received before the time out period, the retrials will be network wide broadcasts. The nodes that can respond to this RREQ are those that are at least
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and F
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Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks
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List of Figures 1.1 Internet in the
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List of Figures xiii 6.3 COMPOW com
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List of Figures xv 9.1 9.2 An IDS a
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List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
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Contributing Authors Samir R. Das i
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Preface Wireless mobile networks an
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Acknowledgments xxiii We wish to ex
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Chapter 1 AD HOC NETWORKS Emerging
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Introduction and Definitions 3 coul
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Introduction and Definitions 5 Secu
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 tunis
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 9 The d
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 11 Figu
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Design Challenges 13 example of cro
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Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols
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Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
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Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
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Conclusions 21 1.6 Conclusions This
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Chapter 2 COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROTO
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Performance of collision avoidance
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Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
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Page 84 and 85: Conclusion 59 In the first part of
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Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
Page 90 and 91: Flooding 65 vector and link state p
Page 92 and 93: Flooding 67 centralized approximati
Page 94 and 95: Proactive Routing 69 status of each
Page 96 and 97: Proactive Routing 71 Topology Broad
Page 98 and 99: On-demand Routing 73 reply packets
Page 100 and 101: On-demand Routing 75 during the lin
Page 102 and 103: Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
Page 104 and 105: Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
Page 106 and 107: Location-based Routing 81 to find a
Page 108 and 109: Location-based Routing 83 Figure 3.
Page 110 and 111: Concluding Remarks 85 relative meri
Page 112 and 113: Concluding Remarks 87 [14] [15] [16
Page 114 and 115: Concluding Remarks 89 [42] [43] [44
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 4 MULTICASTING IN AD HOC NE
Page 118 and 119: Introduction 93 The mobility of the
Page 120 and 121: Classifications of Protocols 95 red
Page 124 and 125: Multicasting Protocols 99 as close
Page 126 and 127: Multicasting Protocols 101 In ODMRP
Page 128 and 129: Multicasting Protocols 103 hoc netw
Page 130 and 131: Multicasting Protocols 105 A member
Page 132 and 133: Multicasting Protocols 107 Figure 4
Page 134 and 135: Broadcasting 109 “talk” to a ra
Page 136 and 137: Broadcasting 111 broadcasted packet
Page 138 and 139: Protocol Comparisons 113 are cluste
Page 140 and 141: Overarching Issues 115 is user data
Page 142 and 143: Overarching Issues 117 and RTS/CTS
Page 144 and 145: Conclusions and Future Directions 1
Page 146 and 147: Conclusions and Future Directions 1
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 5 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
Page 150 and 151: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 125 Modifie
Page 152 and 153: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 127 mechani
Page 154 and 155: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 129 timeout
Page 156 and 157: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 131 to freq
Page 158 and 159: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 133 Figure
Page 160 and 161: Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
Page 162 and 163: Modified TCP 137 MAC layers without
Page 164 and 165: Modified TCP 139 Figure 5.6. TCP-EL
Page 166 and 167: TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions 1
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol 147 in it
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Figure 5.
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Summary 151 References [1] [2] [3]
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Chapter 6 ENERGY CONSERVATION Robin
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 175 a
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 177 T
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 179 k
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 181 F
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 185 t
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 187 c
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Conclusion 191 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
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Conclusion 193 [33] [34] [35] [36]
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Conclusion 195 [59] [60] [61] [62]
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Chapter 7 USE OF SMART ANTENNAS IN
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Smart Antenna Basics and Models 199
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Medium Access Control with Directio
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Routing with Directional Antennas 2
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Summary 227 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
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Chapter 8 QOS ISSUES IN AD-HOC NETW
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Introduction 231 The concept of ad-
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Physical Layer 233 The 802.11a stan
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Medium Access Layer 235 neighbors,
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Medium Access Layer 237 Figure 8.5.
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QoS Routing 239 where is the number
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QoS at other Networking Layers 241
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Inter-Layer Design Approaches 243 8
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Conclusion 245 are specifically des
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Conclusion 247 [13] S. Mangold, S.
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Chapter 9 SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC
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Potential Attacks 251 attacks, such
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Attack Prevention Techniques 253 9.
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Intrusion Detection Techniques 255
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Conclusion 265 an important and sti
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Conclusion 267 [24] [25] [26] [27]
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Index Ad hoc network multicast rout
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