Ad Hoc Networks : Technologies and Protocols - University of ...

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Performance of collision avoidance protocols 31 Figure 2.2. Markov chain model for a node The limiting probability i.e.‚ the long run probability that the channel around node is found idle‚ can be obtained by: Noting that and we obtain The relationship between and is then: In the above equation‚ the probability that a node starts successfully a four-way handshake in a time slot‚ is yet to be determined. The states of a node can be modeled by a three-state Markov chain‚ which is shown in Figure 2.2. In Figure 2.2‚ wait is the state when the node defers for other nodes or backs off‚ succeed is the state when the node can complete a successful fourway handshake with other nodes‚ and fail is the state when the node initiates an unsuccessful handshake. For simplicity‚ we regard succeed and fail as the states when two different kinds of virtual packets are transmitted and their lengths are:
32 Collision Avoidance Protocols Figure 2.3. Illustration of “hidden” area Obviously‚ the duration of a node in wait state is Because by assumption collision avoidance is enforced at each node‚ no node is allowed to transmit data packets continuously; therefore‚ the transition probabilities from succeed to wait and from fail to wait are both one. To derive the transition probability from wait to succeed‚ we need to calculate the probability that node successfully initiates a four-way handshake with node at a given time slot when they are at a distance apart. Before calculating we define to be the area that is in the hearing region of node but outside the hearing region of node i.e.‚ the interfering region “hidden” from node as the shaded area shown in Figure 2.3. has been shown in [8] to be: where Then can be calculated as: where = Prob.{ transmits in a slot}‚ = Prob.{ does not transmit in the time slot}‚ = Prob.{none of the terminals within R of transmits in the same slot}‚ = Prob.{none of the terminals in transmits for slots The reason for the last term is that the vulnerable period for an RTS is only and once the RTS is received successfully by the receiving node (which can then start sending the CTS)‚ the probability of further collisions is assumed to be negligibly small.
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and F
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks
Page 12 and 13: List of Figures 1.1 Internet in the
Page 14 and 15: List of Figures xiii 6.3 COMPOW com
Page 16 and 17: List of Figures xv 9.1 9.2 An IDS a
Page 18 and 19: List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Page 20 and 21: Contributing Authors Samir R. Das i
Page 22 and 23: Preface Wireless mobile networks an
Page 24 and 25: Acknowledgments xxiii We wish to ex
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 AD HOC NETWORKS Emerging
Page 28 and 29: Introduction and Definitions 3 coul
Page 30 and 31: Introduction and Definitions 5 Secu
Page 32 and 33: Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 tunis
Page 34 and 35: Ad Hoc Network Applications 9 The d
Page 36 and 37: Ad Hoc Network Applications 11 Figu
Page 38 and 39: Design Challenges 13 example of cro
Page 40 and 41: Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols
Page 42 and 43: Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
Page 44 and 45: Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
Page 46 and 47: Conclusions 21 1.6 Conclusions This
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROTO
Page 50 and 51: Performance of collision avoidance
Page 70 and 71: Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion 59 In the first part of
Page 86 and 87: Conclusion 61 [13] [14] [15] [16] [
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
Page 90 and 91: Flooding 65 vector and link state p
Page 92 and 93: Flooding 67 centralized approximati
Page 94 and 95: Proactive Routing 69 status of each
Page 96 and 97: Proactive Routing 71 Topology Broad
Page 98 and 99: On-demand Routing 73 reply packets
Page 100 and 101: On-demand Routing 75 during the lin
Page 102 and 103: Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
Page 104 and 105: Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Location-based Routing 81 to find a
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Location-based Routing 83 Figure 3.
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Concluding Remarks 85 relative meri
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Concluding Remarks 87 [14] [15] [16
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Concluding Remarks 89 [42] [43] [44
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Chapter 4 MULTICASTING IN AD HOC NE
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Introduction 93 The mobility of the
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Classifications of Protocols 95 red
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Multicasting Protocols 97 this sect
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Multicasting Protocols 99 as close
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Multicasting Protocols 101 In ODMRP
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Multicasting Protocols 103 hoc netw
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Multicasting Protocols 105 A member
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Multicasting Protocols 107 Figure 4
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Broadcasting 109 “talk” to a ra
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Broadcasting 111 broadcasted packet
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Protocol Comparisons 113 are cluste
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Overarching Issues 115 is user data
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Overarching Issues 117 and RTS/CTS
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Chapter 5 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 125 Modifie
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 127 mechani
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 129 timeout
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 131 to freq
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 133 Figure
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Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
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Modified TCP 137 MAC layers without
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Modified TCP 139 Figure 5.6. TCP-EL
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TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions 1
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol 147 in it
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Figure 5.
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Summary 151 References [1] [2] [3]
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Chapter 6 ENERGY CONSERVATION Robin
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 175 a
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 177 T
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 179 k
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 181 F
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 185 t
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 187 c
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Conclusion 191 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
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Conclusion 193 [33] [34] [35] [36]
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Conclusion 195 [59] [60] [61] [62]
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Chapter 7 USE OF SMART ANTENNAS IN
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Smart Antenna Basics and Models 199
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Medium Access Control with Directio
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Routing with Directional Antennas 2
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Summary 227 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
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Chapter 8 QOS ISSUES IN AD-HOC NETW
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Introduction 231 The concept of ad-
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Physical Layer 233 The 802.11a stan
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Medium Access Layer 235 neighbors,
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Medium Access Layer 237 Figure 8.5.
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QoS Routing 239 where is the number
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QoS at other Networking Layers 241
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Inter-Layer Design Approaches 243 8
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Conclusion 245 are specifically des
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Conclusion 247 [13] S. Mangold, S.
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Chapter 9 SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC
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Potential Attacks 251 attacks, such
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Attack Prevention Techniques 253 9.
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Intrusion Detection Techniques 255
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Conclusion 265 an important and sti
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Conclusion 267 [24] [25] [26] [27]
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Index Ad hoc network multicast rout
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