Ad Hoc Networks : Technologies and Protocols - University of ...

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Routing with Directional Antennas 221 However, the overhead still remains higher than in DSR using omni-directional communications. Figure 7.10. The Selective Forwarding Optimization Finally, in [5], the authors find that the problems with deafness (a direct consequence of DMAC) remain and the performance of the routing schemes in terms of throughput seem to be poor with regular topologies. With random topologies however, they observe significant gains in throughput in spite of the increase in overhead due to sweeping. 7.4.3 A Joint MAC/Routing Approach In [6], S.Roy et al design a new routing protocol that attempts to compute multiple paths and balance the load across the multiple paths. Directional antennas are assumed. Once the multiple paths are found, it becomes important to choose the right path for a connection since one can get the maximum out of the network if the interference zones created by the transmissions on the path taken a connections were disjoint to the extent possible with the interference zones created by other connections. In order to illustrate this point we refer Figure 7.11. We have two sources and and these nodes want to establish connections with nodes and respectively. For the connection from node to node two distinct routes are feasible. The first is via nodes and and the second via nodes and If the former route is chosen it creates high levels of interference to the second connection that is being routed via nodes and This problem of two paths that can create severe levels of interference to each other is called route coupling. Link state information (in the form of lists) are exchanged in order to facilitate an awareness of the routing
222 Use of Smart Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks activities in the neighborhood. The nodes then choose the paths that are zone disjoint from the paths are already in use. For shorter paths (less than a prespecified hop-count) the zone-disjointness is ignored and the shortest path is simply chosen. However, a more careful assessment is made for longer paths. The policy is thus chosen since the increase in path length when computing zone disjoint paths for nodes that are close to each other is significant and may in fact increase the levels of interference experienced by connections that start later. 7.4.4 Remarks Figure 7.11. Route Coupling In order to efficiently use directional or smart antennas a unified MAC/Routing approach is needed. The exchange of information between how transmissions are scheduled and how routes are chosen are tightly coupled. Methods that can overcome problems with regards to tracking mobile terminals and that can overcome deafness are needed. As pointed out in [5] the use of directional antennas can provide significant benefits; however, in some scenarios, if proper care is not taken, the use of these antennas can in fact cause a degradation in performance. 7.5 Broadcast with Directional Antennas In mobile ad hoc networks, it is often required to send a broadcast packet to all nodes in the network. This is called network-wide broadcasting or simply broadcasting in the literature. For example, several route discovery protocols assume that there is a method by which packets can be propagated with infor-
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and F
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Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks
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List of Figures 1.1 Internet in the
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List of Figures xiii 6.3 COMPOW com
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List of Figures xv 9.1 9.2 An IDS a
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List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
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Contributing Authors Samir R. Das i
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Preface Wireless mobile networks an
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Acknowledgments xxiii We wish to ex
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Chapter 1 AD HOC NETWORKS Emerging
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Introduction and Definitions 3 coul
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Introduction and Definitions 5 Secu
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 tunis
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 9 The d
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 11 Figu
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Design Challenges 13 example of cro
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Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols
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Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
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Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
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Conclusions 21 1.6 Conclusions This
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Chapter 2 COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROTO
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Performance of collision avoidance
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Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
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Conclusion 59 In the first part of
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Conclusion 61 [13] [14] [15] [16] [
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Chapter 3 ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
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Flooding 65 vector and link state p
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Flooding 67 centralized approximati
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Proactive Routing 69 status of each
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Proactive Routing 71 Topology Broad
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On-demand Routing 73 reply packets
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On-demand Routing 75 during the lin
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Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Location-based Routing 81 to find a
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Location-based Routing 83 Figure 3.
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Concluding Remarks 85 relative meri
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Concluding Remarks 87 [14] [15] [16
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Concluding Remarks 89 [42] [43] [44
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Chapter 4 MULTICASTING IN AD HOC NE
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Introduction 93 The mobility of the
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Classifications of Protocols 95 red
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Multicasting Protocols 97 this sect
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Multicasting Protocols 99 as close
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Multicasting Protocols 101 In ODMRP
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Multicasting Protocols 103 hoc netw
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Multicasting Protocols 105 A member
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Multicasting Protocols 107 Figure 4
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Broadcasting 109 “talk” to a ra
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Broadcasting 111 broadcasted packet
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Protocol Comparisons 113 are cluste
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Overarching Issues 115 is user data
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Overarching Issues 117 and RTS/CTS
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Chapter 5 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 125 Modifie
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 127 mechani
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 129 timeout
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 131 to freq
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 133 Figure
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Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
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Modified TCP 137 MAC layers without
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Modified TCP 139 Figure 5.6. TCP-EL
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TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions 1
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol 147 in it
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Figure 5.
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Summary 151 References [1] [2] [3]
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Chapter 6 ENERGY CONSERVATION Robin
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Page 196 and 197: Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Page 200 and 201: Idle-time Energy Conservation 175 a
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Page 204 and 205: Idle-time Energy Conservation 179 k
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Page 212 and 213: Idle-time Energy Conservation 187 c
Page 216 and 217: Conclusion 191 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Page 218 and 219: Conclusion 193 [33] [34] [35] [36]
Page 222 and 223: Chapter 7 USE OF SMART ANTENNAS IN
Page 224 and 225: Smart Antenna Basics and Models 199
Page 226 and 227: Medium Access Control with Directio
Page 242 and 243: Routing with Directional Antennas 2
Page 244 and 245: Routing with Directional Antennas 2
Page 248 and 249: Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Page 252 and 253: Summary 227 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Page 254 and 255: Chapter 8 QOS ISSUES IN AD-HOC NETW
Page 256 and 257: Introduction 231 The concept of ad-
Page 258 and 259: Physical Layer 233 The 802.11a stan
Page 260 and 261: Medium Access Layer 235 neighbors,
Page 262 and 263: Medium Access Layer 237 Figure 8.5.
Page 264 and 265: QoS Routing 239 where is the number
Page 266 and 267: QoS at other Networking Layers 241
Page 268 and 269: Inter-Layer Design Approaches 243 8
Page 270 and 271: Conclusion 245 are specifically des
Page 272 and 273: Conclusion 247 [13] S. Mangold, S.
Page 274 and 275: Chapter 9 SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC
Page 276 and 277: Potential Attacks 251 attacks, such
Page 278 and 279: Attack Prevention Techniques 253 9.
Page 280 and 281: Intrusion Detection Techniques 255
Page 290 and 291: Conclusion 265 an important and sti
Page 294 and 295: Index Ad hoc network multicast rout
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