Ad Hoc Networks : Technologies and Protocols - University of ...

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Conclusions 21 1.6 Conclusions This book offers a solid background in ad hoc network protocols and technologies from which students and researchers can spring forward and attack future challenges in the field. Among these future challenges for further probing we mention: 1 2 3 4 Wired and wireless interconnection: the 4G architecture will consist of the interconnection of various wireless technologies with each other and with the wired infrastructure. An important issue will be to interconnect ad hoc network islands with the wired network. For example, the interconnection of ad hoc Campus networks via the Internet in such a way that the ad hoc network users are unaware of the wired network. Critical issues will be scalability, transparency and smooth handoff. Backbone network: scalability is the major limitation to large scale deployment of ad hoc networks. One way to solve the problem is to use the existing infrastructure (eg, Internet, satellites, etc). If there is no infrastructure, an important research direction is the use of mobile backbone nodes. Sensor integration with the ad hoc network: today, sensor networks are developed and deployed with unique protocols and radio technologies suitable for low energy operations and for the unique processing needs of sensor nets - low energy, in-network processing, propagation of alarms to collection centers. The information collected and processed by the sensor fabric must often be relayed remotely to decision centers via an ad hoc network. For example, in a heavily instrumented battlefield UAVs and UGVs may be dispatched to extract information from the sensor fields and make it available in the ad hoc network. This will require careful coordination of sensor and network protocols. For example, content based addressing instead of IP addressing will be the norm. Exploiting mobility: node mobility if attacked in brute force mode can be a serious obstacle to scalability, security and QoS support. However, mobility can be exploited to make our job easier. The advantages of accounting for group mobility were already exposed in sect 3.2.1 of this chapter (LANMAR protocol). Other important benefits are in epidemic diffusion of indices and “last encounter” routing. Motion prediction can also assist in making georouting more efficient. Similarly, the presence of high performance access points (eg, infostations or backbone nodes) on a node’s trajectory may encourage to delay a data transfer instead of transmitting the data immediately to low power neighbors.
22 Ad Hoc Networks 5 Motion privacy: security in wireless networks today mainly addresses the protection of content and the defense from active attacks (internal or external). An insidious passive attack that has mostly passed unnoticed is the location and motion privacy attack. A mobile node may not wish others to track its location or motion. Yet, the mere use of the most popular routing protocols (e.g., AODV, OLSR, DSR etc) can easily give away all the position and motion information to a “passive” intruder which (being passive) will never be caught! This is particularly critical for covert operations in the battlefield or in urban emergencies. The key to protection is to embed security in our MANET protocols directly. The above is just a small sample of the problems that lie ahead and await you after you muster the content of this book. Enjoy the reading and be prepared for ever greater challenges. References [1] [2] [3] M. Gerla, X. Hong, and G. Pei. Landmark routing for large ad hoc wireless networks. Proceeding of IEEE GLOBECOM 2000, Nov. 2000. G. Pei, M. Gerla, and T. W. Chen. Fisheye state routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceeding of ICDCS 2000 workshops, Apr. 2000. C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat. Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. Proceeding of the ACM SIGCOMM’94, Sep. 1994.
Page 2 and 3: AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
Page 4 and 5: AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and F
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks
Page 12 and 13: List of Figures 1.1 Internet in the
Page 14 and 15: List of Figures xiii 6.3 COMPOW com
Page 16 and 17: List of Figures xv 9.1 9.2 An IDS a
Page 18 and 19: List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Page 20 and 21: Contributing Authors Samir R. Das i
Page 22 and 23: Preface Wireless mobile networks an
Page 24 and 25: Acknowledgments xxiii We wish to ex
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 AD HOC NETWORKS Emerging
Page 28 and 29: Introduction and Definitions 3 coul
Page 30 and 31: Introduction and Definitions 5 Secu
Page 32 and 33: Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 tunis
Page 34 and 35: Ad Hoc Network Applications 9 The d
Page 36 and 37: Ad Hoc Network Applications 11 Figu
Page 38 and 39: Design Challenges 13 example of cro
Page 40 and 41: Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols
Page 42 and 43: Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
Page 44 and 45: Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROTO
Page 50 and 51: Performance of collision avoidance
Page 70 and 71: Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion 59 In the first part of
Page 86 and 87: Conclusion 61 [13] [14] [15] [16] [
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
Page 90 and 91: Flooding 65 vector and link state p
Page 92 and 93: Flooding 67 centralized approximati
Page 94 and 95: Proactive Routing 69 status of each
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Proactive Routing 71 Topology Broad
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On-demand Routing 73 reply packets
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On-demand Routing 75 during the lin
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Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Location-based Routing 81 to find a
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Location-based Routing 83 Figure 3.
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Concluding Remarks 85 relative meri
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Concluding Remarks 87 [14] [15] [16
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Concluding Remarks 89 [42] [43] [44
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Chapter 4 MULTICASTING IN AD HOC NE
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Introduction 93 The mobility of the
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Classifications of Protocols 95 red
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Multicasting Protocols 97 this sect
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Multicasting Protocols 99 as close
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Multicasting Protocols 101 In ODMRP
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Multicasting Protocols 103 hoc netw
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Multicasting Protocols 105 A member
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Multicasting Protocols 107 Figure 4
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Broadcasting 109 “talk” to a ra
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Broadcasting 111 broadcasted packet
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Protocol Comparisons 113 are cluste
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Overarching Issues 115 is user data
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Overarching Issues 117 and RTS/CTS
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Chapter 5 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 125 Modifie
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 127 mechani
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 129 timeout
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 131 to freq
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 133 Figure
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Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
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Modified TCP 137 MAC layers without
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Modified TCP 139 Figure 5.6. TCP-EL
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TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions 1
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol 147 in it
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Figure 5.
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Summary 151 References [1] [2] [3]
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Chapter 6 ENERGY CONSERVATION Robin
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 175 a
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 177 T
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 179 k
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 181 F
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 185 t
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 187 c
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Conclusion 191 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
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Conclusion 193 [33] [34] [35] [36]
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Conclusion 195 [59] [60] [61] [62]
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Chapter 7 USE OF SMART ANTENNAS IN
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Smart Antenna Basics and Models 199
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Medium Access Control with Directio
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Routing with Directional Antennas 2
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Summary 227 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
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Chapter 8 QOS ISSUES IN AD-HOC NETW
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Introduction 231 The concept of ad-
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Physical Layer 233 The 802.11a stan
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Medium Access Layer 235 neighbors,
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Medium Access Layer 237 Figure 8.5.
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QoS Routing 239 where is the number
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QoS at other Networking Layers 241
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Inter-Layer Design Approaches 243 8
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Conclusion 245 are specifically des
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Conclusion 247 [13] S. Mangold, S.
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Chapter 9 SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC
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Potential Attacks 251 attacks, such
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Attack Prevention Techniques 253 9.
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Intrusion Detection Techniques 255
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Conclusion 265 an important and sti
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Conclusion 267 [24] [25] [26] [27]
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Index Ad hoc network multicast rout
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