Ad Hoc Networks : Technologies and Protocols - University of ...

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Overview of the Chapters in this Book 17 1.5 Overview of the Chapters in this Book In this section we review the chapters of the book, commenting on their specific contributions. In order to relate the contributions to the “big picture”, we plan to illustrate their impact on a representative application. In sect 2.6 we depicted the urban grid scenario which provided an excellent example of “opportunistic” ad hoc network. In fact, the urban grid network poses formidable protocol design challenges, from the MAC layer all the way to applications. This book will certainly offer invaluable help to anyone who plans to engage in grid network design, and more generally, in ad hoc network research. To illustrate the relevance of the concepts presented in these chapters, for each chapter that is being reviewed, we will pose the question: How can this suite of protocols help in the design of an urban vehicle grid? The proposed protocols may not answer all the questions. The deal then is to discuss the additional requirements in the Future Research section. Chapter 2: Collision Avoidance Protocols This chapter provides an excellent overview of the CSMA/CA protocol along with elegant analytic methods to evaluate the efficiency of the protocol in various scenarios and for various parameters. An additional bonus of this chapter is the discussion of fairness of the MAC layer under UDP (say, for video streaming applications) as well as under TCP. Considering our strawman urban grid application, accurate MAC layer modeling will be critical in the design of the emerging vehicular MAC standards. In particular, it will be important that whatever MAC standard is chosen, it perform well under TCP and streaming. The material in this chapter will assist in that choice. Chapter 3: Routing in Ad Hoc Networks This chapter describes various routing protocols that have been proposed for ad hoc networks. Proactive (DSDV, OLSR, TBRPF), and reactive routing protocols (DSR, AODV) and hybrid protocols (ZRP) are evaluated. Particularly interesting is the discussion of geo-routing protocols and more generally, location assisted routing protocols (GPSR, LAR, DREAM). In the urban grid environment cars and pedestrians know their coordinates, thus they can rely on the geographical routing assistance. Hybrid routing may also be considered, in order not to get bogged down too often by the numerous obstacles. This chapter provides the right information to tackle the routing design and evaluation problem.
18 Ad Hoc Networks Chapter 4: Multicasting in Ad Hoc Networks Multicast (both reliable data multicast and multimedia streaming) is a critical service in MANETs where data and video must be broadcast to all users/teams participating in the same mission (e.g., search and rescue operation). This chapter does a thorough survey of the literature. It also brings up the challenge of node mobility and network dynamic. The most popular multicast protocols - MAODV, ODMRP - are first reviewed. Then, more specialized protocols are introduced: MCEDAR (using the concepts of clustering and backbone), AMRoute (relying on the overlay multicast concept), Geocast, Gossip (based on random re-broadcast). Additional requirements may be placed on top of basic multicast, for example: reliability, QoS, security. Considering our urban grid model, it is easy to visualize the case where a squad of patrol cars, distributed all over town, is engaged in a sweep operation, say looking for a suspect. Any of the above schemes should be carefully evaluated for the urban grid implementation. Naturally, if the multicast group member locations (either GPS or urban grid coordinates) are known, the geocast option becomes very attractive. If the operation is a covert operation, secure multicast is needed to encrypt the contents and also to maintain motion secrecy. Chapter 5: Transport Layer Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks TCP accounts for 90% of the traffic in the internet. This trend will be maintained in the a hoc network (unless one goes about a radical change of all the applications). TCP is well known to degrade in mobile ad hoc networks. This chapter analyses the causes of performance degradation. The most obvious indication that something is going wrong is packet loss. However, the loss may be due to congestion - in which case the TCP should slow down. Or it may be caused by random errors, jamming, route breakup induced by motion. In the latter cases, TCP must not slow down the flow, else matters get worse! One well known problem is the inability to discriminate between congestion and random loss. ELFN (Explicit Link Failure Notification) is a network feedback technique that can be used to notify the TCP source of link failure (i.e., no congestion!). The source then refreshes the path while freezing TCP. ATRA is a more elaborate method that tries to minimize the effect of route failure by “predicting” and averting it using aggressive route recomputations. ATP requires a complete redesign of the TCP protocol (using ATM style virtual circuit rate control methods) to take advantage of selective feedback from specific nodes along the path. Not clear how ATP will survive high mobility. In considering the application of these options to the urban grid, one important requirement is the compatibility of ad hoc TCP with the Internet TCP (since traffic may originate or be directed to hosts in the Internet). This seems to rule out ATP
Page 2 and 3: AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
Page 4 and 5: AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and F
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks
Page 12 and 13: List of Figures 1.1 Internet in the
Page 14 and 15: List of Figures xiii 6.3 COMPOW com
Page 16 and 17: List of Figures xv 9.1 9.2 An IDS a
Page 18 and 19: List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Page 20 and 21: Contributing Authors Samir R. Das i
Page 22 and 23: Preface Wireless mobile networks an
Page 24 and 25: Acknowledgments xxiii We wish to ex
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 AD HOC NETWORKS Emerging
Page 28 and 29: Introduction and Definitions 3 coul
Page 30 and 31: Introduction and Definitions 5 Secu
Page 32 and 33: Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 tunis
Page 34 and 35: Ad Hoc Network Applications 9 The d
Page 36 and 37: Ad Hoc Network Applications 11 Figu
Page 38 and 39: Design Challenges 13 example of cro
Page 40 and 41: Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols
Page 44 and 45: Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
Page 46 and 47: Conclusions 21 1.6 Conclusions This
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROTO
Page 50 and 51: Performance of collision avoidance
Page 70 and 71: Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion 59 In the first part of
Page 86 and 87: Conclusion 61 [13] [14] [15] [16] [
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
Page 90 and 91: Flooding 65 vector and link state p
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Flooding 67 centralized approximati
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Proactive Routing 69 status of each
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Proactive Routing 71 Topology Broad
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On-demand Routing 73 reply packets
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On-demand Routing 75 during the lin
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Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
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Location-based Routing 81 to find a
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Location-based Routing 83 Figure 3.
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Concluding Remarks 85 relative meri
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Concluding Remarks 87 [14] [15] [16
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Concluding Remarks 89 [42] [43] [44
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Chapter 4 MULTICASTING IN AD HOC NE
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Introduction 93 The mobility of the
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Classifications of Protocols 95 red
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Multicasting Protocols 97 this sect
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Multicasting Protocols 99 as close
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Multicasting Protocols 101 In ODMRP
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Multicasting Protocols 103 hoc netw
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Multicasting Protocols 105 A member
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Multicasting Protocols 107 Figure 4
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Broadcasting 109 “talk” to a ra
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Broadcasting 111 broadcasted packet
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Protocol Comparisons 113 are cluste
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Overarching Issues 115 is user data
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Overarching Issues 117 and RTS/CTS
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Conclusions and Future Directions 1
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Chapter 5 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 125 Modifie
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 127 mechani
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 129 timeout
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 131 to freq
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TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 133 Figure
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Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
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Modified TCP 137 MAC layers without
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Modified TCP 139 Figure 5.6. TCP-EL
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TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions 1
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol 147 in it
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Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Figure 5.
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Summary 151 References [1] [2] [3]
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Chapter 6 ENERGY CONSERVATION Robin
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 175 a
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 177 T
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 179 k
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 181 F
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 185 t
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 187 c
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Conclusion 191 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
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Conclusion 193 [33] [34] [35] [36]
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Conclusion 195 [59] [60] [61] [62]
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Chapter 7 USE OF SMART ANTENNAS IN
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Smart Antenna Basics and Models 199
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Medium Access Control with Directio
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Routing with Directional Antennas 2
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Summary 227 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
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Chapter 8 QOS ISSUES IN AD-HOC NETW
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Introduction 231 The concept of ad-
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Physical Layer 233 The 802.11a stan
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Medium Access Layer 235 neighbors,
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Medium Access Layer 237 Figure 8.5.
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QoS Routing 239 where is the number
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QoS at other Networking Layers 241
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Inter-Layer Design Approaches 243 8
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Conclusion 245 are specifically des
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Conclusion 247 [13] S. Mangold, S.
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Chapter 9 SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC
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Potential Attacks 251 attacks, such
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Attack Prevention Techniques 253 9.
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Intrusion Detection Techniques 255
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Conclusion 265 an important and sti
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Conclusion 267 [24] [25] [26] [27]
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Index Ad hoc network multicast rout
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