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Multicasting Protocols 107 Figure 4.8. Concept of virtual topology for overlay multicast. bandwidth homogeneity among the nodes in a MANET topology. Whereas in the Internet topology, there is a significant difference in available bandwidth at the end hosts and the routers. Forwarding and duplicating packets at the bandwidth limited endhosts are inherently less efficient than at the routers. Thus, there is a major efficiency problem in overlay multicasting in the Internet, compared to the network layer multicast. However, this problem does not exist for overlay multicasting in MANET. 4.3.5.1 Ad-hoc Multicast Routing Protocol(AMRoute). AMRoute [11] creates a per group multicast distribution tree using unicast tunnels connecting group members. Each group in the network has at least one logical core that is responsible for discovering new group members and creating/maintaining the multicast tree for data distribution. There are two main phases in the protocol operations: mesh creation and tree creation. Figure 4.8 illustrates the AMRoute overlay topology and the logical core. It is much simpler to maintain a mesh than a tree at the member mutual discovery phase. Initially, each group member declares itself as a core for its own group of size one. Each core periodically floods JOIN-REQ messages with increasing TTL to discover other disjoint mesh segments for the group. When a member node receives a JOIN-REQ from a core of a different mesh segment for the same group, the node responds back with a JOIN-ACK. A new bi-directional tunnel is established between the core and the responding node of the other mesh segment. Due to mesh segment mergers, a mesh segment
108 Multicasting in Ad Hoc Networks will have more than one cores. One of the cores will emerge as the “winning” core of the unified mesh due to the core resolution algorithm. The core is responsible for initiating the tree creation process, which identifies the subset of the links within the mesh to form the shared data delivery tree. The core sends out periodic TREE-CREATE messages along all the links incident on it in the mesh. Group members receiving non-duplicate TREE- CREATE messages forward them on all mesh links except the incoming, and mark the incoming and outgoing links as tree links. If a duplicate TREE- CREATE message is received, a TREE-CREATE-NAK is sent back along the incoming links, which makes both end nodes of the mesh link mark it as mesh link instead of a tree link. AMRoute operates independent of the underlying unicast protocol. This independence allows use of the optimal ad hoc unicast protocol for the network and can work transparently across domains supporting different unicast protocols. 4.3.6 Location Aided Multicasting In networks where Global Positioning System (GPS) is available, each node is provided with the location and mobility information. The location aided routing techniques are utilized by the unicast protocols. The multicast protocols can also utilize this information for improving protocol robustness, or even making forwarding computation. With GPS support, ODMRP [4] can be made adaptive to node movements by utilizing mobility prediction. By using location and mobility information, route expiration time can be estimated and receivers can select the path that will remain valid for the longest duration. With the mobility prediction method, sources can reconstruct routes in anticipation of route breaks. Thus, the protocol can be more resilient to node mobility. Location Guided Tree Construction Algorithm for Small Group Multicast (LGT) [8] is also an overlay multicast protocol, where multicast data is encapsulated in a unicast packet and transmitted among group members. Using the location information of the group member nodes, the multicast tree is constructed without the knowledge of the network topology. The authors propose two types of heuristics, namely the location-guided k-array tree (LGK), and the location-guided Steiner tree (LGS) to construct the multicast tree with location information. 4.3.7 Gossip-Based Multicasting Gossip, as a form of probabilistically controlled flooding, has been used to solve a number of problems such as network news dissemination. The basic idea of applying gossip to multicasting is to have each member node periodically
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Pr
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and F
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Contents ix 9.2. Potential Attacks
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List of Figures 1.1 Internet in the
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List of Figures xiii 6.3 COMPOW com
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List of Figures xv 9.1 9.2 An IDS a
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List of Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
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Contributing Authors Samir R. Das i
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Preface Wireless mobile networks an
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Acknowledgments xxiii We wish to ex
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Chapter 1 AD HOC NETWORKS Emerging
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Introduction and Definitions 3 coul
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Introduction and Definitions 5 Secu
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 tunis
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 9 The d
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Ad Hoc Network Applications 11 Figu
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Design Challenges 13 example of cro
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Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols
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Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
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Overview of the Chapters in this Bo
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Conclusions 21 1.6 Conclusions This
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Chapter 2 COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROTO
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Performance of collision avoidance
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Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
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Page 82 and 83: Framework and Mechanisms for Fair A
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion 59 In the first part of
Page 86 and 87: Conclusion 61 [13] [14] [15] [16] [
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC
Page 90 and 91: Flooding 65 vector and link state p
Page 92 and 93: Flooding 67 centralized approximati
Page 94 and 95: Proactive Routing 69 status of each
Page 96 and 97: Proactive Routing 71 Topology Broad
Page 98 and 99: On-demand Routing 73 reply packets
Page 100 and 101: On-demand Routing 75 during the lin
Page 102 and 103: Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
Page 104 and 105: Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 7
Page 106 and 107: Location-based Routing 81 to find a
Page 108 and 109: Location-based Routing 83 Figure 3.
Page 110 and 111: Concluding Remarks 85 relative meri
Page 112 and 113: Concluding Remarks 87 [14] [15] [16
Page 114 and 115: Concluding Remarks 89 [42] [43] [44
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 4 MULTICASTING IN AD HOC NE
Page 118 and 119: Introduction 93 The mobility of the
Page 120 and 121: Classifications of Protocols 95 red
Page 122 and 123: Multicasting Protocols 97 this sect
Page 124 and 125: Multicasting Protocols 99 as close
Page 126 and 127: Multicasting Protocols 101 In ODMRP
Page 128 and 129: Multicasting Protocols 103 hoc netw
Page 130 and 131: Multicasting Protocols 105 A member
Page 134 and 135: Broadcasting 109 “talk” to a ra
Page 136 and 137: Broadcasting 111 broadcasted packet
Page 138 and 139: Protocol Comparisons 113 are cluste
Page 140 and 141: Overarching Issues 115 is user data
Page 142 and 143: Overarching Issues 117 and RTS/CTS
Page 144 and 145: Conclusions and Future Directions 1
Page 146 and 147: Conclusions and Future Directions 1
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 5 TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
Page 150 and 151: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 125 Modifie
Page 152 and 153: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 127 mechani
Page 154 and 155: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 129 timeout
Page 156 and 157: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 131 to freq
Page 158 and 159: TCP and Ad-hoc Networks 133 Figure
Page 160 and 161: Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
Page 162 and 163: Modified TCP 137 MAC layers without
Page 164 and 165: Modified TCP 139 Figure 5.6. TCP-EL
Page 166 and 167: TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions 1
Page 172 and 173: Ad-hoc Transport Protocol 147 in it
Page 174 and 175: Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Figure 5.
Page 176 and 177: Summary 151 References [1] [2] [3]
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 6 ENERGY CONSERVATION Robin
Page 180 and 181: Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networ
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Communication-Time Energy Conservat
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 175 a
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 177 T
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 179 k
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 181 F
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 185 t
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Idle-time Energy Conservation 187 c
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Conclusion 191 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
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Conclusion 193 [33] [34] [35] [36]
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Conclusion 195 [59] [60] [61] [62]
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Chapter 7 USE OF SMART ANTENNAS IN
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Smart Antenna Basics and Models 199
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Medium Access Control with Directio
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Routing with Directional Antennas 2
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Broadcast with Directional Antennas
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Summary 227 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
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Chapter 8 QOS ISSUES IN AD-HOC NETW
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Introduction 231 The concept of ad-
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Physical Layer 233 The 802.11a stan
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Medium Access Layer 235 neighbors,
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Medium Access Layer 237 Figure 8.5.
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QoS Routing 239 where is the number
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QoS at other Networking Layers 241
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Inter-Layer Design Approaches 243 8
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Conclusion 245 are specifically des
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Conclusion 247 [13] S. Mangold, S.
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Chapter 9 SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC
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Potential Attacks 251 attacks, such
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Attack Prevention Techniques 253 9.
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Intrusion Detection Techniques 255
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Conclusion 265 an important and sti
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Conclusion 267 [24] [25] [26] [27]
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Index Ad hoc network multicast rout
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