High School Auto/Collision II Curriculum Essentials Document

High School 

Auto/Collision II 

Curriculum Essentials 

Document 

Boulder Valley School District 

Department of CTEC 

March 2012

Introduction 

The Auto/Collision repair of today’s high-tech vehicles is a challenging and rewarding career. As a skilled 

and trained technician, you receive the satisfaction of seeing the results of your efforts on each job. Your 

reputation and customer satisfaction are directly related to the quality and appearance of the completed 

repair. 

First-year students focus on hand skills, basic welding, wheel and tires, car inspections, study metal 

analysis, basic sheet metal straightening and learning the basics on body filler, basic electrical, basic 

damage analysis, basic brakes and prep for refinishing. Second-year students concentrate on metal 

finishing, estimating, advanced wheel and tires, diagnostics, frame and unibody repair, suspension, wheel 

alignment, brakes, welding, advanced refinishing, engine and transmission removal/ install and customer 

relations. 

Students practice hands-on skills while repairing damaged vehicles to industry standards. 

All Boulder TEC instructors have years of experience in the field and are committed to keeping up with the 

latest industry changes. Our excellent student-to-teacher ratio means you benefit from focused individual 

attention. 

Employment Outlook 

Boulder TEC graduates are well prepared for entry-level jobs. The auto/collision repair industry is growing 

every year and the need for trained technicians is expected to increase. This means that you can be 

confident that auto/collision repair field will continue to be a solid career choice with even more 

opportunities in the future. Experience and advanced training can lead to many other careers such as shop 

management, shop owner, insurance adjuster, and work in the automotive and body supply industry. The 

starting entry level wage range for Boulder TEC graduates is $8.50-$14 per hour with an unlimited salary 

growth based on additional training and experience. 

6/25/2012 BVSD Curriculum Essentials 2

Course Description 

This is a one and/or two-year certificate program in 

which students learn state-of-the-art 

Automotive/Collision technologies which will give them 

employable skills and knowledge for those fields. 

Participating in the club will also enhance the learning 

curve through after-hours instruction, participation and 

drag racing team competitions. 

It is offered all year round in both the A.M. and P.M. 

sessions. 

Assessments 

• Labs 

• Projects 

• Classroom Blogs 

• Selected Terms and Definitions 

• Journal and Periodical Research and Analysis 

• Teacher and Student Designed Assessments 

Auto Collision 2 Overview 

Topics at a Glance 

• Automotive and Collision general maintenance, 

repairs, replacement, tool identification and detailing. 

• Automotive and Collision advanced preventative 

maintenance and repairs 

• Automotive oil changes, brakes, tires, suspension, 

and exhaust work 

• Automotive alternative repair philosophies, and step 

by step 

• Automotive electrical, air conditioning, trouble 

shooting 

• Collision welding, bodywork, priming, and painting. 

• Collision Structural and non-structural repair and 

parts replacement 

• Participation in a Leadership club or organization like 

Skills USA 

Companies supporting our program: 

Colorado Coach Auto Body 

5 star rating 32 user ratings 

4850 Valmont Rd, Boulder, CO 80301 

(303) 449-4153 

Broadway Automotive 

5420 Arapahoe Ave Ste 1, Boulder, CO 80303 

(303) 444-8911 

Canyon Automotive Inc. 

6519 Arapahoe Rd Ste 3, Boulder, CO 80303 

(303) 442-1772 

Fisher Kia Body Shop 

4.5 star rating 13 user ratings 

6025 Arapahoe Rd, Boulder, CO 80303 

(303) 247-8444 

Pro Automotive Finishes 

3 S Main St, Longmont, CO 80501 

(303) 678-1770 

John's 4X4 NAPA Auto care Ctr. 

6367 Arapahoe Rd, Boulder, CO 80303 

(303) 449-2640 


Prepared Graduates 

The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the 

Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce 

setting. 

1. CTE Essential Skills: Academic Foundations 

ESSK.01: Achieve additional academic knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of 

career and postsecondary education opportunities within a career cluster. 

Prepared Graduate Competencies in the CTE Essential Skills standard: 

� Complete required training, education, and certification to prepare for employment in a 

particular career field 

� Demonstrate language arts, mathematics, and scientific knowledge and skills required to 

pursue the full range of post-secondary and career opportunities 

2. CTE Essential Skills: Communications Standards 

ESSK.02: Use oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, and interrupting 

information and ideas, including technical terminology and information 


� Select and employ appropriate reading and communication strategies to learn and use 

technical concepts and vocabulary in practice 

� Demonstrate use of concepts, strategies, and systems for obtaining and conveying ideas 

and information to enhance communication in the workplace 

3. CTE Essential Skills: Problem Solving and Critical Thinking 

ESSK.03: Solve problems using critical thinking skills (analyze, synthesize, and evaluate) 

independently and in teams using creativity and innovation. 



� Employ critical thinking skills independently and in teams to solve problems and make 

decisions 

� Employ critical thinking and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts with staff and/or 

customers 

� Conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision-making 

4. CTE Essential Skills: Safety, Health, and Environmental 

ESSK.06: Understand the importance of health, safety, and environmental management systems in 

organizations and their importance to organizational performance and regulatory compliance 


� Implement personal and jobsite safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and helpful 

working conditions and environment 

� Complete work tasks in accordance with employee rights and responsibilities and 

employers obligations to maintain workplace safety and health 

5. CTE Essential Skills: Leadership and Teamwork 

ESSK.07: Use leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating with others to accomplish 

organizational goals and objectives 


� Employ leadership skills to accomplish organizational skills and objectives 


6. CTE Essential Skills: Employability and Career Development 

ESSK.09: Know and understand the importance of employability skills; explore, plan, and 

effectively manage careers; know and understand the importance of entrepreneurship skills 


� Indentify and demonstrate positive work behaviors and personal qualities needed to be 

employable 

� Develop skills related to seeking and applying for employment to find and obtain a 

desired job 


Standard: 1. Oral Expression and Listening 

Prepared Graduate Skills 

Technical Writing Standards 

� Deliver organized and effective oral presentations for diverse audiences and varied 

purposes 

� Use language appropriate for purpose and audience 

Standard:2. Reading for All Purposes 


� Engage in a wide range of nonfiction and real-life reading experiences to solve problems, 

judge the quality of ideas, or complete daily task. 

� Demonstrate comprehension of a variety of informational texts 

Standard:3 Writing and Composition 


� Effectively use content-specific language, style, tone, and text structure to compose or 

adapt writing for different audiences and purposes 

�Write with a clear focus, coherent organization, sufficient elaboration, and detail 


Standard:4 Research and Reasoning 


� Gather information from a variety of sources; analyze and evaluate the quality and 

relevance of the source and use it to answer complex question. 


COLORADO COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEM CAREER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION TECHNICAL STANDARDS 

REVISION & ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT PROCESS 

Colorado’s 21st Century Career & Technical Education Programs have evolved beyond the historic 

perception of vocational education. They are Colorado’s best kept secret for: 

• Relevant & rigorous learning 

• Raising achievement among all students 

• Strengthening Colorado’s workforce & economy 

Colorado Career & Technical Education serves more than 116,000 Colorado secondary students annually 

through 1,200 programs in 160 school districts, 270 High Schools, 8 Technical Centers, 16 Community 

Colleges & 3 Technical Colleges. One of every three Colorado high school students gains valuable 

experiences by their enrollment in these programs. 

ALIGNMENT REQUIRED BY SB 08-212 

22-7-1005. Preschool through elementary and secondary education - aligned standards - 

adoption - revisions. 

2(b): In developing the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards, the State 

Board shall also take into account any Career & Technical Education standards adopted by the 

State Board for Community Colleges and Occupational Education, created in Section 23-60-104, C.R.S., 

and, to the extent practicable, shall align the appropriate portions of the preschool through 

elementary and secondary education standards with the Career and Technical standards. 

STANDARDS REVIEW AND ALIGNMENT PROCESS 

Beginning in the fall of 2008, the Colorado Community College System conducted an intensive standards 

review and alignment process that involved: 

NATIONAL BENCHMARK REVIEW 

Colorado Career & Technical Education recently adopted the Career Cluster and Pathway Model endorsed 

by the United State Department of Education, Division of Adult and Technical Education. This model 

provided access to a national set of business and industry validated knowledge and skill statements for 16 

of the 17 cluster areas. California and Ohio provided the comparative standards for the Energy cluster 

• Based on this review Colorado CTE has moved from program-specific to Cluster & Pathway based 

standards and outcomes 

• In addition, we arrived at fewer, higher, clearer and more transferrable standards, expectations and 

outcomes. 


COLORADO CONTENT TEAMS REVIEW 

The review, benchmarking and adjusting of the Colorado Cluster and Pathway standards, expectations and 

outcomes was through the dedicated work of Content Teams comprised of secondary and postsecondary 

faculty from across the state. Participation by instructors from each level ensured competency alignment 

between secondary and postsecondary programs. These individuals also proposed the draft academic 

alignments for math, science reading, writing and communication, social studies (including Personal 

Financial Literacy) and post secondary and workforce readiness (PWR.) 


ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT REVIEW 

In order to validate the alignment of the academic standards to the Career & Technical Education 

standards, subject matter experts in math, science, reading, writing and communication, and social 

studies were partnered with career & technical educators to determine if and when a true alignment 

existed. 

CURRENT STATUS 

• One set of aligned Essential skills to drive Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness inclusion in all Career 

& Technical Education programs. 

• 52 pathways with validated academic alignments 

• 12 pathways with revised standards ready for alignment (currently there are no approved programs in 

these pathways) 

• 21 pathways where no secondary programming currently exists. Standards and alignments will be 

developed as programs emerge. 

• Available for review at: www.coloradostateplan.com/content_standards.htm 


Colorado Career & Technical Education Standards Academic Alignment Reference System 

The Career & Technical Education standards have been organized by Career Cluster (17) and Pathway 

(81). In addition, a set of “Essential Skills” was developed to ensure the Postsecondary and Workforce 

Readiness within any cluster or pathway. These workforce readiness skills are applicable to all career 

clusters and should form the basis of each CTE program. 

Organization 

Essential Skills 

There exists a common set of knowledge and skills that are applicable to all students regardless of which 

cluster or pathway they choose. This set of standards, is meant for inclusion in each program to enhance 

the development of postsecondary and workforce readiness skills. 

Career Cluster 

A Career Cluster is a grouping of occupations and broad industries based on commonalities. The 17 Career 

Clusters organize academic and occupational knowledge and skills into a coherent course sequence and 

identify pathways from secondary schools to two- and four-year colleges, graduate schools, and the 

workplace. Students learn in school about what they can do in the future. This connection to future goals 

motivates students to work harder and enroll in more rigorous courses. 

Career Pathway 

Pathways are sub-groupings of occupations/career specialties used as an organizing tool for curriculum 

design and instruction. Occupations/career specialties are grouped into Pathways based on the fact that 

they require a set of common knowledge and skills for career success. 

Prepared Completer Competency 

This level targets the “big ideas” in each pathway. These are the competencies that all students who 

complete a CTE pathway must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. 

Prepared Completer Competencies will not usually be “course” specific but grow with the student’s 

progression through the sequence of courses. 

Concept/Skill 

The articulation of the concepts and skills that indicates a student is making progress toward being a 

prepared completer. They answer the question: What do students need to know and be able to do? 

Evidence Outcome 

The indication that a student is meeting an expectation at the mastery level. How do we know that a 

student can do it? Pathway Abbreviation (4 Letter) 


Academic Alignments 

Academic alignments, where appropriate in Math, Reading, Writing and Communication, Science and 

Social Studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) were defined by CTE and academic subject matter 

experts using the following criteria: 

• It was a point where technical and academic content naturally collided; 

• The student must demonstrate adequate proficiency with the academic standard to perform the 

technical skill; and 

• It could be assessed for both academic and technical understanding. 

Colorado’s CTE programs have had academic alignments dating back to the early 1990’s. While these 

alignments resulted in an increase in academic focus in CTE programs, the reality is that a true 

transformation in intentional teaching toward the academic standard was limited. 

With these alignments comes a new expectation: If a CTE instructor is teaching a CTE concept that has an 

identified alignment, they must also be intentional about their instruction of the academic standard. CCCS 

will be providing professional development and instructional resources to assist with the successful 

implementation of this new expectation. In addition, this expanded expectation will require increased 

collaboration between CTE and academic instructors to transform teaching and learning throughout each 

school. 

For each set of Cluster and Pathway standards, the academic alignments have been included and are 

separated by academic area. CCCS chose to align at the “Evidence Outcome” level. The aligned academic 

evidence outcome follows the CTE evidence outcome to which it has been aligned. For a sample, see 

Illustration A. 


The academic standard number used in the alignments matches the Colorado Department of Education 

standards numbering convention. 






Auto Collision 2 

FEMP.01 

FEMP.01.01 

FEMP.01.01.a 

FEMP.01.01.b 

FEMP.01.02 

FEMP.01.02.a 

Understand and perform facility and mobile equipment maintenance, service and 

repair in the transportation industry. This includes, but is not limited to, motor 

vehicles, rail systems, marine applications, and outdoor power equipment. 

Develop and manage preventative maintenance plans and systems to keep facility 

and mobile equipment inventory in operation. 

Develop preventive maintenance plans and systems to meet business and 

equipment manufacturer requirements. 

Apply strategies used to monitor and evaluate the performance of maintenance 

plans and systems. 

Assess, maintain, and improve system performance in order to keep facilities and 

equipment running at an optimum level of performance. 

Develop and execute repair plans based upon an assessment of the facility/ 

equipment inventory. 

FEMP.01.02.b Develop plans for improving facilities/ equipment/system performance. 

FEMP.01.02.c Execute repair plans for facilities and mobile equipment. 

FEMP.01.02.d 

Understand the value and necessity of practicing personal and occupational 

safety and protecting the environment by using materials and processes in 

accordance with manufacturer and industry standards. 

FEMP.01.02.e Understand the safe and appropriate use of tools, equipment and work process. 

FEMP.01.02.f 

FEMP.01.02.g 

FEMP.01.02.h 

FEMP.01.02.i 

Understand scientific principles in relation to chemical, mechanical and physical 

functions for various engine and vehicle systems. 

Perform and document maintenance procedures in accordance with the 

recommendations of the manufacturer. 

Understand the application, operation, maintenance, and diagnosis of engines, 

including but not limited to two- and four-stroke and supporting subsystems. 

Understand mechanical and electrical components in relation to industry and 

manufacturer standards. 

FEMP.01.02.j Perform and document repair procedures in accordance with manufacturer 


FEMP.01.02.k 

RWC10-GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

FEMP.01.02.l 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

recommendations and industry standards. 

Demonstrate the effective use of computer based equipment to control 

electromechanical devices commonly used in diagnostic analysis. 

Deliver formal oral presentations for intended purpose and audience, 

using effective verbal and nonverbal communication 

Use technical vocabulary, technical reports and manuals, electronic systems and 

related technical data resources to determine repairs and estimates. 

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different 

media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to 

address a question or solve a problem. (CCSS: RI.11-12.7) 

FEMP.01.02.m Understand structural and nonstructural analysis and damage repair. 

FEMP.01.02.n 

Understand the concepts, principles and practices of painting and refinishing 

various variables. 

FEMP.01.02.o Understand performance (fuel system) Engine Repair. 

FEMP.01.02.p Utilized in Engine Rebuilding, Brake System. 

FEMP.01.02.q Applies to all areas of Automotive Service & Diagnosis. 

FEMP.01.02.r Utilized in all areas of Automotive. 

FEMP.01.02.s Utilized in Electrical Course. 

FEMP.01.02.t Utilized in Starting Systems Alternators. 

FEMP.01.02.u Demonstrate in Automotive Classes and Labs including training for Skills USA. 

FEMP.01.02.v 

FEMP.01.03 

FEMP.01.03.a 

Utilized in all areas of automotive; especially when documenting service 

information on repair orders. 

Assess, maintain, and improve system performance in collision repair and 

refinishing including but not limited to body and frame straightening, estimating, 

painting, and refinishing a variety of motorized vehicles. 

Understand the value and necessity of practicing personal and occupational 

safety and environmental effects of collision repair and refinishing practices. 

FEMP.01.03.b Understand the safe and appropriate use of tools, equipment and work process. 

FEMP.01.03.c 

FEMP.01.03.d 

FEMP.01.03.e 

Apply measurement systems and the mathematical functions necessary to 

perform required fabrication, maintenance and operation procedures. 

Understand scientific principles in relation to chemical, mechanical, and physical 

functions and in relation to industry and manufacturer standards. 

Perform and document repair procedures in accordance with manufacturer 

recommendations and industry standards. 

FEMP.01.03.f Understand structural and nonstructural analysis and damage repair. 

FEMP.01.03.g 

Understand mechanical and electrical components in relation to industry and 

manufacturer standards. 


FEMP.01.03.h Understand the concepts, principles, and practices of painting and refinishing. 

ESSK.01 

ESSK.01.01 

ESSK.01.01.a 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

ACADEMIC FOUNDATIONS: Achieve additional academic knowledge and skills 

required to pursue the full range of career and postsecondary education opportunities 

within a career cluster. 

Complete required training, education, and certification to prepare for 

employment in a particular career field. 

Identify training, education, and certification requirements for occupational 

choice. 

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, 

using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in 

answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively 

to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard 

format for citation. (CCSS: W.9-10.8) 

ESSK.01.01.b Participate in career-related training and/or degree programs. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

ESSK.01.01.c 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

ESSK.01.02 






Pass certification tests to quality for licensure and/or certification in chosen 

occupational area. 






Demonstrate language arts knowledge and skills required to pursue the full-range 

of post-secondary and career opportunities. 

ESSK.01.02.a Model behaviors that demonstrate active listening. 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

Follow the speaker's arguments as they develop; take notes when 

appropriate 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.c Give verbal and nonverbal feedback to the speaker 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.d Ask clarifying questions 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.e Evaluate arguments and evidence 

ESSK.01.02.b Adapt language for audience, purpose, situation. (i.e. diction/structure, style). 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and 

usage when writing or speaking. (CCSS: L.9-10.1), i. Use parallel structure. 

(CCSS: L.9-10.1a), ii. Distinguish between the active and passive voice, and 

write in the active voice, iii. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, 

adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, 

dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add 


RWC10- 

GR.11-S.2- 

GLE.3-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1-EO.c 

variety and interest to writing or prese 

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and 

phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and 

career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary 

knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or 

expression. (CCSS: L.11-12.6) 

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command 

of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (CCSS: SL.11-12.6) 

ESSK.01.02.c Organize oral and written information. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.d 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

ESSK.01.02.d 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.d 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.2- 

GLE.3-EO.d 

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and 

logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the 

organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, 

audience, and task. (CCSS: SL.9-10.4) 

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, 

and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific 

expectations for writing types are defined in expectations 1-2 above.) (CCSS: 

W.9-10.4) 




W.11-12.4) 

Compose focused copy for a variety of written documents such as agendas, 

audio-visuals, bibliographies, drafts, forms/documents, notes, oral 

presentations, reports, and technical terminology. 








Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, 

punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Use a semicolon 

(and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related 

independent clauses. (CCSS: L.9-10.2a), ii. Use a colon to introduce a list or 

quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b) 




W.9-10.4) 

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and 

phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and 

career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary 

knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or 


RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 

S.3-GLE.3-EO.e 

RWC10- 

GR.9-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 

ESSK.01.02.e 

expression. (CCSS: L.11-12.6) 

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, 

concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, 

organization, and analysis of content. (CCSS: W.11-12.2), i. Introduce a topic; 

organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element 

builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting 

(e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to 

aiding comprehension. (CCSS: 

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update 

individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, 

including new arguments or information. (CCSS: W.11-12.6) 


punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Identify comma 

splices and fused sentences in writing and revise to eliminate them, ii. 

Distinguish between phrases and clauses and use this knowledge to write varied, 

strong, correct, complete sentences, iii. Use a colon to introduce a list or 

quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b), iv. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.9-10.2c) 

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and 

style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific 

expectations for writing types are defined in expectations 1 and 2 above.) 

(CCSS: W.9-10.4) 


individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity 

to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. 

(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

Edit copy to create focused written documents such as agendas, audiovisuals, 

bibliographies, drafts, forms/documents, notes, oral presentations, reports, and 

technical terminology. 

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, 

RWC10-GR.10rewriting, 

or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most 


significant for a specific purpose and audience. (CCSS: W.9-10.5) 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 


punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.11-12.2), i. Observe 

hyphenation conventions. (CCSS: L.11-12.2a), ii. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.11- 

12.2b) 




S.3-GLE.3-EO.d 


RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.c 

ESSK.01.02.f 


rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most 


Comprehend key elements of oral and written information such as cause/effect, 

comparisons/contrasts, conclusions, context, purpose, charts/tables/graphs, 

evaluation/critiques, mood, persuasive text, sequence, summaries, and technical 


RWC10-GR.11- 

S.4-GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.01.02.g 

RWC10-GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

subject matter. 

Analyze the logic of complex situations by questioning the purpose, question 

at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, 

inferences, assumptions and concepts 

Evaluate oral and written information for accuracy, adequacy/sufficiency, 

appropriateness, clarity, conclusions/solutions, fact/opinion, propaganda, 

relevancy, validity, and relationship of ideas. 

Evaluate quality, accuracy, and completeness of information and the 

bias, credibility and reliability of the sources 


RWC10-GR.9-S.2- 

GLE.2-EO.c 

Evaluate clarity and accuracy of information through close text study 

and investigation via other sources 

ESSK.01.02.h Identify assumptions, purpose, outcomes/solutions, and propaganda techniques. 

RWC10-GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.11- 

S.4-GLE.3-EO.b 



Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, 

implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions, and concepts 

inherent in thinking 

Assess strengths and weaknesses of thinking and thinking of others by using 

criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, 

breadth, logic, and precision 

RWC10-GR.12-S.4-GLE.2-EO.c Identify false premises or assumptions 

ESSK.01.02.i 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.01.02.j 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

Predict potential outcomes and/or solutions based on oral and written 

information regarding trends. 

Obtain and use information from text and text features (index, bold or 

italicized text, subheadings, graphics) to answer questions, perform specific 

tasks, or identify and solve problems 

Present formal and informal speeches including discussion, information requests, 

interpretation, and persuasive arguments. 








Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and 

distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning, 

alternative or opposing perspectives are addressed, and the organization, 

development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and a 

range of formal and informal tasks. (CCSS: SL.11-12.4) 


RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 



Identify a central idea or thesis, organize ideas, and develop a speech 

for an intended purpose and audience 

Choose specific words and word order for intended effect and 

meaning 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1-EO.f Select appropriate technical or specialized language 

ESSK.01.03 

Demonstrate mathematics knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range 

of postsecondary education and career opportunities. 

ESSK.01.03.a Identify whole numbers, decimals, and fractions. 

ESSK.01.03.b 

ESSK.01.03.c 

Demonstrate knowledge of basic arithmetic operations such as addition, 

subtraction, multiplication, and division. 

Demonstrate use of relational expressions such as equal to, not equal, greater 

than, less than, etc. 

ESSK.01.03.d Apply data and measurements to solve a problem. 

ESSK.01.03.e Analyze Mathematical problem statements for missing and/or irrelevant data. 

ESSK.01.03.f Construct charts/tables/graphs from functions and data. 

ESSK.01.03.g Analyze data when interpreting operational documents. 

ESSK.01.04 

ESSK.01.04.a 

ESSK.01.04.b 

ESSK.02 

ESSK.02.01 

ESSK.02.01.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.e 

ESSK.02.01.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

Demonstrate science knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of 

postsecondary and career education opportunities. 

Evaluate scientific constructs including conclusions, conflicting data, controls, 

data, inferences, limitations, questions, sources of errors, and variables. 

Apply scientific methods in qualitative and quantitative analysis, data gathering, 

direct and indirect observation, predictions, and problem identification. 

Communications: Use oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, 

and interpreting information and ideas including technical terminology and 

information. 

Select and employ appropriate reading and communication strategies to learn and 

use technical concepts and vocabulary in practice. 

Determine the most appropriate reading strategy for identifying the overarching 

purpose of a text (i.e. skimming, reading for detail, reading for meaning or 

critical analysis). 

Use flexible reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, 

skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make 

connections within and across informational texts 

Demonstrate use of content, technical concepts and vocabulary when analyzing 

information and following directions. 

Identify, explain, and use content-specific vocabulary, terminology, dialect, or 

jargon unique to particular groups, perspectives, or contexts (such as social, 


EO.e professional, political, cultural, historical or geographical) 

ESSK.02.01.c 

RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.9- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.e 

ESSK.02.01.d 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.2- 

GLE.2-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.02.01.e 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.02.01.f 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

Select the reading strategy or strategies needed to fully comprehend the content 

within a written document (i.e., skimming, reading for detail, reading for 

meaning or critical analysis). 

Use reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, 



Use flexible reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, 



Interpret information, data, and observations to apply information learned from 

reading to actual practice. 

Use Integration of Knowledge and Ideas to: i. Delineate and evaluate the 

reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional 

principles and use of legal reasoning (e.g., in U.S. Supreme Court majority 

opinions and dissents) and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of 

public advocacy (e.g., The Federalist, presidential addresses). (CCSS: RI.11- 

12.8), ii. Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century 

foundational U.S. documents of historical and liter 




Transcribe information, data, and observations to apply information learned 

from reading to actual practice. 











Communicate information, data, and observations to apply information learned 

from reading to actual practice. 








RWC10- Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, 


GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 



W.11-12.4) 






RWC10-GR.12- 



EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.9-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

ESSK.02.02 




Use verbal and nonverbal techniques to communicate 

information 







Demonstrate use of the concepts, strategies, and systems for obtaining and 

conveying ideas and information to enhance communication in the workplace. 

ESSK.02.02.a Employ verbal skills when obtaining and conveying information. 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 


EO.b 

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command 

of formal English when indicated or appropriate.(CCSS: SL.9-10.6) 


information 

ESSK.02.02.b Record information needed to present a report on a given topic or problem. 






RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

ESSK.02.02.c 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 




Select appropriate and relevant information (excluding extraneous 

details) to set context 

Write internal and external business correspondence that conveys and/or 

obtains information effectively. 









RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10- 

GR.9-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 




12.2b) 




W.11-12.4) 













(CCSS: W.9-10.4) 







(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.02.02.d Communicate with other employees to clarify workplace objectives. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.02.02.e 

RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 




W.11-12.4) 



Communicate effectively with customers and employees to foster positive 

relationships. 




meaning 


RWC10-GR.12- Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision- 


S.1-GLE.2-EO.a making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as 

needed. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1b) 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.02.03 

ESSK.02.03.a 

RWC10-GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 




Locate, organize and reference written information from various sources to 

communicate with coworkers and clients/participants. 

Locate written information used to communicate with co-workers and 

customers. 

Identify and evaluate potential sources of information for accuracy, 

reliability, validity, and timeliness 

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and 

media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) in order to make informed decisions 

and solve problems, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and 

noting any discrepancies among the data. (CCSS: SL.11-12.2) 




ESSK.02.03.b Organize information to use in written and oral communications. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.d 




W.11-12.4) 






ESSK.02.03.c Reference the sources of information. 

RWC10-GR.11- 


Document sources of quotations, paraphrases, and other information, using a 

style sheet, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the 

American Psychological Association (APA) 

ESSK.02.04 Evaluate and use information resources to accomplish specific occupational tasks. 

ESSK.02.04.a 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

Use informational texts, Internet web sites, and/or technical materials to review 

and apply information sources for occupational tasks. 


using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each 

source in terms of the task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into 

the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and 

overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation. 

(CCSS: W.11-12.8) 

ESSK.02.04.b Evaluate the reliability of information from informational texts, Internet 


RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

Websites, and/or technical materials and resources. 






(CCSS: W.11-12.8) 

ESSK.02.05 Use correct grammar, punctuation, and terminology to write and edit documents. 

ESSK.02.05.a Compose multi-paragraph documents clearly, succinctly, and accurately. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.c 

ESSK.02.05.b 




organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important 

connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., 

figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. (CCSS: 

W.9-10.2a), ii. Develop the topic with 

RWC10-GR.12-S.3-GLE.2- 

EO.c 

ESSK.02.05.c 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 




(CCSS: W.9-10.4) 




Use descriptions of audience and purpose when preparing and editing written 

documents. 

Address audience needs and anticipate audience questions or 

misunderstandings 

Use correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization when preparing 

written documents. 

















12.2b) 

RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.9-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

ESSK.02.06 

ESSK.02.06.a 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

Follow the conventions of standard English to write varied, strong, 

correct, complete sentences 







Develop and deliver formal and informal presentations using appropriate media to 

engage and inform audiences. 

Prepare oral presentations to provide information for specific purposes and 

audiences. 








ESSK.02.06.b Identify support materials that will enhance an oral presentation. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.b 













Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and 

interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, 

reasoning, and evidence and to add interest. (CCSS: SL.11-12.5) 

ESSK.02.06.c Prepare support materials that will enhance an oral presentation. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






RWC10- Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and 


GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 
















Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or 

RWC10-GR.9formats 

(e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and 

S.1-GLE.2-EO.g 

accuracy of each source. (CCSS: SL.9-10.2) 


EO.a 

Integrate information from different sources to research and 

complete a project 

ESSK.02.06.d Deliver an oral presentation that sustains listeners' attention and interest. 

RWC10-GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 

Give informal talks using an appropriate level of formality of verbal 

language and nonverbal interaction with audience 









ESSK.02.06.e Align presentation strategies to the intended audience. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 




meaning 

ESSK.02.06.f Implement multi-media strategies for presentations. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 






RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 





meaning 







Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or 

RWC10-GR.9formats 

(e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and 

S.1-GLE.2-EO.g 

accuracy of each source. (CCSS: SL.9-10.2) 


EO.a 

ESSK.02.07 



Interpret verbal and nonverbal cues/behaviors to enhance communication with coworkers 

and clients/participants. 

ESSK.02.07.a Interpret verbal behaviors when communicating with clients and coworkers. 

RWC10-GR.10- 



EO.b 

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and 

rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted 

evidence. (CCSS: SL.9-10.3) 


information 


ESSK.02.07.b Interpret nonverbal behaviors when communicating with clients and coworkers. 


EO.b 


information 


ESSK.02.08 Apply active listening skills to obtain and clarify information. 

ESSK.02.08.a Interpret a given verbal message/information. 

RWC10-GR.10- 



EO.b 





appropriate 

ESSK.02.08.b Respond with restatement and clarification techniques to clarify information. 




ESSK.02.09 

Develop and interpret tables, charts, and figures to support written and oral 

communications. 

ESSK.02.09.a Create tables, charts, and figures to support written and oral communications. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 

ESSK.02.09.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2-EO.f 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 











Interpret tables, charts, and figures used to support written and oral 

communication. 




Explain and interpret the visual components supporting the text (maps, 

complex tables and diagrams, and transitional devices, such as use of white 

space) 




ESSK.02.10 Listen to and speak with diverse individuals to enhance communication skills. 

ESSK.02.10.a Apply factors and strategies for communicating with a diverse workforce. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.02.10.b 

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (oneon-one, 

in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, 

texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and 

persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Come to discussions prepared, having read 

and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by 

referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to 

stimulate a thoughtful, 




persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Work with peers to set rules for collegial 

discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key 

issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual 

roles as need 

Demonstrate ability to communicate and resolve conflicts within a diverse 

workforce. 





RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.02.11 






persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Work with peers to set rules for collegial 

discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key 

issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual 

roles as need 

Exhibit public relations skills to increase internal and external customer/client 

satisfaction. 

ESSK.02.11.a Communicate effectively when developing positive customer/client relationships. 

RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 




meaning 


RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 


EO.b 

ESSK.03 

ESSK.03.01 




information 

Problem Solving and Critical Thinking: Solve problems using critical thinking skills 

(analyze, synthesize, and evaluate) independently and in teams. Solve problems 

using creativity and innovation. 

Employ critical thinking skills independently and in teams to solve problems and 

make decisions (e.g., analyze, synthesize and evaluate). 

ESSK.03.01.a Identify common tasks that require employees to use problem-solving skills. 

RWC10-GR.9- 


Assess strengths and weaknesses of their thinking and thinking of others by 

using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, 

depth, breadth, logic and precision 

ESSK.03.01.b Analyze elements of a problem to develop creative solutions. 

RWC10-GR.9- 


ESSK.03.01.c 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.3-EO.c 


implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts 


Describe the value of using problem-solving and critical thinking skills to 

improve a situation or process. 

Determine the extent to which they entered empathetically into competing points 

of view, exercised confidence in reason, recognized the limits of their knowledge 

on the topic (intellectual humility), explored alternative approaches to solving or 


addressing complex problems (intellectual flexibility), were open to constructive 

critique (intellectual open-mindedness) 

ESSK.03.01.d Create ideas, proposals, and solutions to problems. 


EO.c 

Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a 

problem 

ESSK.03.01.e Evaluate ideas, proposals, and solutions to problems. 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.03.01.f 


EO.c 

ESSK.03.01.g 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

Monitor and reflect on the rationale for, and effectiveness of, choices 

made throughout the problem-solving process 

Use structured problem-solving methods when developing proposals and 

solutions. 


problem 

Generate new and creative ideas to solve problems by brainstorming possible 

solutions. 

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question 

(including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the 

inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, 

demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. (CCSS: W.9- 

10.7) 

ESSK.03.01.h Critically analyze information to determine value to the problem-solving task. 

RWC10-GR.9- 


ESSK.03.01.i 


EO.c 

Judge the usefulness of information based on relevance to purpose, source, 

objectivity, copyright date, cultural and world perspective (such as 

editorials), and support the decision 

Guide individuals through the process of recognizing concerns and making 

informed decisions. 


problem 

ESSK.03.01.j Identify alternatives using a variety of problem solving and critical thinking skills. 


EO.a 

ESSK.03.01.k 

RWC10-GR.9- 



EO.c 

ESSK.03.02 



Evaluate alternatives using a variety of problem solving and critical thinking 

skills. 





problem 

Employ critical thinking and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts with staff 

and/or customers. 


ESSK.03.02.a Analyze situations and behaviors that affect conflict management. 

RWC10-GR.10- 


RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

ESSK.03.02.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 





Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that probe 

reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic 

or issue; clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions; and promote 

divergent and creative perspectives. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1c) 

Determine best options/outcomes for conflict resolution using critical thinking 

skills. 

Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decisionmaking, 

set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.2-EO.c Implement an effective group effort that achieves a goal 

ESSK.03.02.c Identify with others’ feelings, needs, and concerns. 

RWC10-GR.10- 


RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 








ESSK.03.02.d Implement stress management techniques. 


EO.b 


information 

ESSK.03.02.e Resolve conflicts with/for customers using conflict resolution skills. 

RWC10-GR.10- 


RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 


EO.b 







appropriate 




ESSK.03.02.f Implement conflict resolution skills to address staff issues/problems. 

RWC10-GR.10- 





RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 


EO.b 









appropriate 




ESSK.03.03 

Identify, write and monitor workplace performance goals to guide progress in 

assigned areas of responsibility and accountability. 

ESSK.03.03.a Write realistic performance goals, objectives and action plans. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 




W.11-12.4) 

ESSK.03.03.b Monitor performance goals and adjust as necessary. 


EO.c 


problem 

ESSK.03.03.c Recognize goal achievement using appropriate rewards in the workplace. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.2- 

EO.f 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

Self-evaluate roles in the preparation and completion of the 

group goal 



ESSK.03.03.d Communicate goal achievement with managers and co-workers. 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.03.04 Conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision-making. 

ESSK.03.04.a Align the information gathered to the needs of the audience. 


EO.a 



ESSK.03.04.b Gather technical information and data using a variety of resources. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 







(CCSS: W.11-12.8) 

ESSK.03.04.c Analyze information and data for value to the research objectives. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 






(CCSS: W.11-12.8) 



ESSK.03.04.d Evaluate information and data to determine value to research objectives. 

RWC10-GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

ESSK.04 

ESSK.04.01 

Identify and evaluate potential sources of information for accuracy, 

reliability, validity, and timeliness 






(CCSS: W.11-12.8) 



Information Technology Applications: Use information technology tools specific to the 

career cluster to access, manage, integrate, and create information. 

Use Personal Information Management (PIM) applications to increase workplace 

efficiency. 

ESSK.04.01.a Manage personal schedules and contact information. 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.01.b Create memos and notes. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.02 Employ technological tools to expedite workflow. 

ESSK.04.02.a Use information technology tools to manage and perform work responsibilities. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 




GLE.3-EO.f to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. 

(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.03 Operate electronic mail applications to communicate within a workplace. 

ESSK.04.03.a Use email to share files and documents. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.03.b Identify the functions and purpose of email systems. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.03.c Use email to communicate within and across organizations. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.04 Operate Internet applications to perform workplace tasks. 

ESSK.04.04.a Access and navigate Internet (e.g., use a web browser). 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.04.b Search for information and resources. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.04.c Evaluate Internet resources for reliability and validity. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 








ESSK.04.05 Operate writing and publishing applications to prepare business communications. 

ESSK.04.05.a Prepare simple documents and other business communications. 


RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 
















W.11-12.4) 






RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10- 

GR.9-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

ESSK.04.05.b 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 










Prepare reports and other business communications by integrating graphics and 

other non-text elements. 
















W.11-12.4) 


RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.9-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.a 













ESSK.04.05.c Prepare complex multi-media publications. 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 










ESSK.04.06 Operate presentation applications to prepare presentations. 

ESSK.04.06.a Prepare presentations for training, sales and information sharing. 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 










ESSK.04.06.b Deliver presentations with supporting materials. 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.b 










RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.f 







ESSK.04.07 Employ spreadsheet applications to organize and manipulate data. 

ESSK.04.07.a Create a spreadsheet. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.07.b Perform calculations and analyses on data using a spreadsheet. 

ESSK.04.08 Employ database applications to manage data. 

ESSK.04.08.a Manipulate data elements. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.08.b Manage interrelated data elements. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.08.c Analyze interrelated data elements. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.08.d Generate reports showing interrelated data elements. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.09 Employ collaborative/groupware applications to facilitate group work. 

ESSK.04.09.a 

Facilitate group work through management of shared schedule and contact 

information. 


RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.04.09.b 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

Participate in the preparations of the group activity or product, defining 

and assuming individual roles and responsibilities 

Facilitate group work through management of shared files and online 

information. 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.04.09.c Facilitate group work through instant messaging or virtual meetings. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.04.10 Employ computer operations applications to manage work tasks. 

ESSK.04.10.a Manage computer operations. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.10.b Manage file storage. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 






ESSK.04.10.c Compress or alter files. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 





ESSK.04.11 



Use computer-based equipment (containing embedded computers or processors) 

to control devices. 

ESSK.04.11.a Operate computer-driven equipment and machines. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.04.11.b Use installation and operation manuals. 

RWC10-GR.12- 





ESSK.04.11.c Troubleshoot computer driven equipment and machines. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 



EO.c 

ESSK.04.11.d 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 



EO.c 

ESSK.05 

ESSK.05.01 





12.7) 





problem 

Access support as needed to maintain operation of computer driven equipment 

and machines. 





12.7) 





problem 

SYSTEMS: Understand roles within teams, work units, departments, organizations, 

interorganizational systems, and the larger environment. Identify how key 

organizational systems affect organizational performance and the quality of products 

and services. Understand global context of industries and careers. 

Describe the nature and types of business organizations to build an understanding 

of the scope of organizations. 


ESSK.05.01.a List the types and functions of businesses. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 



ESSK.05.01.b Describe the types and functions of businesses. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.05.01.c 

RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.05.02 



Deliberately manipulate the conventions of standard English for stylistic 

effect appropriate to the needs of a particular audience and purpose 

Explain the functions and interactions of common departments within a 

business. 



Deliberately manipulate the conventions of standard English for stylistic 

effect appropriate to the needs of a particular audience and purpose 

Implement quality control systems and practices to ensure quality products and 

services. 

ESSK.05.02.a Describe quality control standards and practices common to the workplace. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.06 

ESSK.06.01 





SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL: Understand the importance of health, 

safety, and environmental management systems in organizations and their 

importance to organizational performance and regulatory compliance. Follow 

organizational policies and procedure 

Implement personal and jobsite safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and 

healthful working conditions and environments. 

ESSK.06.01.a Assess workplace conditions with regard to safety and health. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.06.01.b 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 





10.7) 

Align safety issues with appropriate safety standards to ensure a safe 

workplace/jobsite. 





10.7) 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4-GLE.2- Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a 


EO.c problem 

ESSK.06.01.c Identify safety hazards common to workplaces. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 





10.7) 

ESSK.06.01.d Identify safety precautions to maintain a safe worksite. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.06.01.e 


EO.c 

ESSK.06.01.f 


EO.c 

ESSK.06.01.g 


EO.c 

ESSK.06.01.h 


EO.b 


EO.c 





10.7) 

Select appropriate personal protective equipment as needed for a safe 



problem 

Inspect personal protective equipment commonly used for selected career 

pathway. 


problem 

Use personal protective equipment according to manufacturer rules and 

regulations. 


problem 

Employ a safety hierarchy and communication system within the 



information 


problem 

ESSK.06.01.i Implement safety precautions to maintain a safe worksite. 


EO.c 

ESSK.06.02 


problem 

Complete work tasks in accordance with employee rights and responsibilities and 

employers obligations to maintain workplace safety and health. 

ESSK.06.02.a Identify rules and laws designed to promote safety and health in the workplace. 

RWC10-GR.12- 






ESSK.06.02.b State the rationale of rules and laws designed to promote safety and health. 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 







ESSK.06.03 Employ emergency procedures as necessary to provide aid in workplace accidents. 

ESSK.06.03.a Use knowledge of First Aid procedures as necessary. 


EO.c 


problem 

ESSK.06.03.b Use knowledge of CPR procedures as necessary. 


EO.c 

ESSK.06.03.c Use safety equipment as necessary. 


EO.c 

ESSK.06.04 


problem 


problem 

Employ knowledge of response techniques to create a disaster and/or emergency 

response plan. 

ESSK.06.04.a Complete an assessment of an emergency and/or disaster situation. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 


problem 



ESSK.06.04.b Create an emergency and/or disaster plan. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07 


problem 



LEADERSHIP AND TEAMWORK: Use leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating 

with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. 

ESSK.07.01 Employ leadership skills to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. 

ESSK.07.01.a 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

Analyze the various roles of leaders within organizations (e.g. contribute ideas; 

share in building an organization; act as role models to employees by adhering 

to company policies, procedures, and standards; promote the organization’s 

vision; and mentor 




ESSK.07.01.b 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.e 


EO.c 

ESSK.07.01.c 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.07.01.d 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.07.01.e 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.07.01.f 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

Exhibit traits such as empowerment, risk, communication, focusing on results, 

decision-making, problem solution, and investment in individuals when leading a 

group in solving a problem. 

Assume a leadership role in a group that is collaboratively working to 

accomplish a goal 


problem 

Exhibit traits such as compassion, service, listening, coaching, developing 

others, team development, and understanding and appreciating others when 

acting as a manager of others in the workplace. 








Exhibit traits such as enthusiasm, creativity, conviction, mission, courage, 

concept, focus, principle-centered living, and change when interacting with 

others in general. 








Consider issues related to self, team, community, diversity, environment, and 

global awareness when leading others. 








Exhibit traits such as innovation, intuition, adaptation, life-long learning and 

coachability to develop leadership potential over time. 









ESSK.07.01.g 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.2- 

EO.f 

ESSK.07.01.h 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 


ESSK.07.01.i 

RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07.02 

Analyze leadership in relation to trust, positive attitude, integrity, and 

willingness to accept key responsibilities in a work situation. 


group goal 

Describe observations of outstanding leaders using effective management 

styles. 





10.7) 


implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts 


Participate in civic and community leadership and teamwork opportunities to 

enhance skills. 






Employ organizational and staff development skills to foster positive working 

relationships and accomplish organizational goals. 

ESSK.07.02.a Implement organizational skills when facilitating others’ work efforts. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07.02.b 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07.02.c 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 



Explain how to manage a staff that satisfies work demands while adhering to 

budget constraints. 


problem 



Describe how staff growth and development to increase productivity and 

employee satisfaction. 






ESSK.07.02.d Organize team involvement within a group environment. 





RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.e 



ESSK.07.02.e Work with others to develop and gain commitment to team goals. 


ESSK.07.02.f Distribute responsibility and work load fairly. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.e 





ESSK.07.02.g Model leadership and teamwork qualities to aid in employee morale. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.e 



ESSK.07.02.h Identify best practices for successful team functioning. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.e 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.2- 

EO.f 






group goal 

ESSK.07.02.i Explain best practices for successful team functioning. 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.2- 

EO.f 

ESSK.07.03 






group goal 

Employ teamwork skills to achieve collective goals and use team members' talents 

effectively. 

ESSK.07.03.a Work with others to achieve objectives in a timely manner. 

RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 








RWC10-GR.12-S.1- Participate in the preparations of the group activity or product, defining 


GLE.2-EO.d and assuming individual roles and responsibilities 

ESSK.07.03.b 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

Promote the full involvement and use of team members' individual talents and 

skills. 








ESSK.07.03.c Employ conflict-management skills to facilitate solutions. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07.03.d 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07.03.e 


problem 



Demonstrate teamwork skills through working cooperatively with coworkers, 

supervisory staff, and others, both in and out of the organization, to achieve 

particular tasks. 



Demonstrate teamwork processes that provide team building, consensus, 

continuous improvement, respect for the opinions of others, cooperation, 

adaptability, and conflict resolution. 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.07.03.f Develop plans to improve team performance. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.g 

Critique and offer suggestions for improving presentations given by 

own group and other groups 

ESSK.07.03.g Demonstrate commitment to and a positive attitude toward team goals. 

RWC10-GR.12- 





ESSK.07.03.h Take responsibility for shared group and individual work tasks. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.07.03.i Assist team members in completing their work. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 




ESSK.07.03.j Adapt effectively to changes in projects and work activities. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 


problem 



ESSK.07.03.k Negotiate effectively to arrive at decisions. 

RWC10-GR.9- 


ESSK.07.04 




Establish and maintain effective working relationships with all levels of personnel 

and other departments in order to accomplish objectives and tasks. 

ESSK.07.04.a Build effective working relationships using interpersonal skills. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

ESSK.07.04.b 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 








Use positive interpersonal skills to work cooperatively with coworkers 

representing different cultures, genders and backgrounds. 








ESSK.07.04.c Manage personal skills to accomplish assignments. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.07.04.d Treat people with respect. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 















ESSK.07.04.e Provide constructive praise and criticism. 


EO.b 


information 

ESSK.07.04.f Demonstrate sensitivity to and value for diversity. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 








ESSK.07.04.g Manage stress and control emotions. 

RWC10-GR.12- 





ESSK.07.05 Conduct and participate in meetings to accomplish work tasks. 

ESSK.07.05.a Develop meeting goals, objectives and agenda. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 




W.11-12.4) 






ESSK.07.05.b Assign responsibilities for preparing materials and leading discussions. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.07.05.c Prepare materials for leading discussion. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 











W.11-12.4) 


RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 






ESSK.07.05.d Assemble and distribute meeting materials. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 



ESSK.07.05.e Conduct meeting to achieve objectives within scheduled time. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.e 



ESSK.07.05.f Demonstrate effective communication skills in meetings. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 









(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.07.05.g Produce meeting minutes including decisions and next steps. 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 







(CCSS: W.9-10.4) 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.07.05.h Use parliamentary procedure, as needed, to conduct meetings. 

RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 



ESSK.07.06 Employ mentoring skills to inspire and teach others. 


ESSK.07.06.a Use motivational techniques to enhance performance in others. 


ESSK.07.06.b Provide guidance to enhance performance in others. 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.g 

ESSK.08 

ESSK.08.01 

ESSK.08.01.a 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 





Critique and offer suggestions for improving presentations given by 

own group and other groups 

ETHICS AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES: Know and understand the importance of 

professional ethics and legal responsibilities. 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.08.01.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.08.01.c 

RWC10-GR.11- 


ESSK.08.01.d 

RWC10-GR.11- 


Apply ethical reasoning to a variety of workplace situations in order to make 

ethical decisions. 

Evaluate alternative responses to workplace situations based on legal 

responsibilities and employer policies. 





12.7) 



Evaluate alternative responses to workplace situations based on personal or 

professional ethical responsibilities. 





12.7) 



Identify personal and long-term workplace consequences of unethical or illegal 

behaviors. 




Explain personal and long-term workplace consequences of unethical or illegal 

behaviors. 





ESSK.08.01.e 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.08.01.f 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.08.02 

Determine the most appropriate response to workplace situations based on legal 

and ethical considerations. 


problem 



Explain the most appropriate response to workplace situations based on legal 

and ethical considerations. 


problem 



Interpret and explain written organizational policies and procedures to help 

employees perform their jobs according to employer rules and expectations. 

ESSK.08.02.a Locate information on organizational policies in handbooks and manuals. 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.08.02.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 


RWC10-GR.9-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09 




Discuss how specific organizational policies and procedures influence a specific 

work situation. 



professional, political, cultural, historical or geographical) 















Employability and Career Development: Know and understand the importance of 

employability skills. Explore, plan, and effectively manage careers. Know and 

understand the importance of entrepreneurship skills. 

ESSK.09.01 Identify and demonstrate positive work behaviors and personal qualities needed 


ESSK.09.01.a 

RWC10-GR.11- 


to be employable. 

Demonstrate self-discipline, self-worth, positive attitude, and integrity in a work 

situation. 

Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of their logic and logic of others by using 

criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, 

breadth, logic and precision 

ESSK.09.01.b Demonstrate flexibility and willingness to learn new knowledge and skills. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.a 








ESSK.09.01.c Exhibit commitment to the organization. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.2- 

EO.f 

ESSK.09.01.d 

RWC10-GR.11- 

S.1-GLE.1- 

EO.e 

ESSK.09.01.e 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.09.01.f 

ESSK.09.01.g 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.01.h 

RWC10-GR.11- 



group goal 

Identify how work varies with regard to site, from indoor confined spaces to 

outdoor areas, including aerial space and a variety of climatic and physical 

conditions. 



professional, political, cultural, historical or geographical) 

Apply communication strategies when adapting to a culturally diverse 

environment. 



Manage resources in relation to the position (i.e. budget, supplies, computer, 

etc). 

Identify positive work-qualities typically desired in each of the career cluster's 

pathways. 





12.7) 

Manage work roles and responsibilities to balance them with other life roles and 

responsibilities. 






EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 


problem 



ESSK.09.02 Develop a personal career plan to meet career goals and objectives. 

ESSK.09.02.a Develop career goals and objectives as part of a plan for future career direction. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 





12.7) 

ESSK.09.02.b Develop strategies to reach career objectives. 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.03 





12.7) 

Demonstrate skills related to seeking and applying for employment to find and 

obtain a desired job. 

ESSK.09.03.a Use multiple resources to locate job opportunities. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 


EO.a 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 







(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.09.03.b Prepare a résumé. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10-GR.11- 







(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 





RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 

Seek and use an appropriate style guide to govern conventions for a 

particular audience and purpose 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.09.03.c Prepare a letter of application. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 









(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.09.03.d Complete an employment application. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 









(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.09.03.e Interview for employment. 

RWC10-GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.c 

RWC10-GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

Make decisions about how to establish credibility and enhance 

appeal to the audience 

Rehearse the presentation to gain fluency, to adjust tone and modulate 

volume for emphasis, and to develop poise 

Deliver formal oral presentations for intended purpose and audience, 

using effective verbal and nonverbal communication 


RWC10-GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.c 

ESSK.09.03.f 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 

GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 

ESSK.09.03.g 

RWC10- 

GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.04 

Deliver oral talks with clear enunciation, vocabulary, and appropriate 

organization; nonverbal gestures; and tone 

List the standards and qualifications that must be met in order to enter a given 

industry. 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 









(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

Employ critical thinking and decision-making skills to exhibit qualifications to a 

potential employer. 






Maintain a career portfolio to document knowledge, skills and experience in a 

career field. 

ESSK.09.04.a Select educational and work history highlights to include in a career portfolio. 

RWC10-GR.10-S.1- 

GLE.1-EO.c 

Make decisions about how to establish credibility and enhance 

appeal to the audience 

ESSK.09.04.b Produce a record of work experiences, licenses, certifications and products. 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 


ESSK.09.04.c 

RWC10- 

GR.10-S.3- 









Organize electronic or physical portfolio for use in demonstrating knowledge, 

skills and experiences. 




GLE.3-EO.f to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. 

(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 

ESSK.09.05 

ESSK.09.05.a 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.05.b 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.a 







(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

Demonstrate skills in evaluating and comparing employment opportunities in 

order to accept employment positions that match career goals. 

Compare employment opportunities to individual needs and career plan 

objectives. 





12.7) 

Evaluate employment opportunities based upon individual needs and career plan 

objectives. 





12.7) 

ESSK.09.05.c Demonstrate appropriate methods for accepting or rejecting employment offers. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.09.06 


problem 



Identify and exhibit traits for retaining employment to maintain employment once 

secured. 

ESSK.09.06.a Model behaviors that demonstrate reliability and dependability. 


EO.c 

ESSK.09.06.b 


EO.c 

ESSK.09.06.c 


problem 

Maintain appropriate dress and behavior for the job to contribute to a safe and 

effective workplace/jobsite. 


problem 

Complete required employment forms and documentation such as I-9 form, 

work visa, W-4 and licensures to meet employment requirements. 


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GLE.3-EO.d 




W.9-10.4) 

ESSK.09.06.d Summarize key activities necessary to retain a job in the industry. 

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GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.06.e 

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GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.07 





10.7) 

Identify positive work behaviors and personal qualities necessary to retain 

employment. 





10.7) 

Identify and explore career opportunities in one or more career pathways to build 

an understanding of the opportunities available in the cluster. 

ESSK.09.07.a Locate and identify career opportunities that appeal to personal career goals. 

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S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 





10.7) 









ESSK.09.07.b Match personal interest and aptitudes to selected careers. 

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GLE.1-EO.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 





10.7) 




ESSK.09.08 Recognize and act upon requirements for career advancement to plan for 


continuing education and training. 

ESSK.09.08.a Identify opportunities for career advancement. 

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GLE.1-EO.a 

ESSK.09.08.b 


EO.c 

ESSK.09.08.c 


EO.a 

ESSK.09.08.d 

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GLE.1-EO.a 





10.7) 

Pursue education and training opportunities to acquire skills necessary for career 

advancement. 


problem 

Examine the organization and structure of various segments of the industry to 

prepare for career advancement. 



Research local and regional labor (workforce) market and job growth 

information to project potential for advancement. 





10.7) 

ESSK.09.08.e Manage employment relations to make career advancements. 

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ESSK.09.09 

ESSK.09.09.a 

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ESSK.09.09.b 

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S.2-GLE.2- 





12.7) 

Continue professional development to keep current on relevant trends and 

information within the industry. 

Use self assessment, organizational priorities, journals, Internet sites, 

professional associations, peers and other resources to develop goals that 

address training, education and selfimprovement issues. 






Read trade magazines and journals, manufacturers’ catalogues, industry 

publications and Internet sites to keep current on industry trends. 




EO.b address a question or solve a problem. (CCSS: RI.11-12.7) 

RWC10-GR.12- 


ESSK.09.09.c 

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.d 

ESSK.09.10 

ESSK.09.10.a 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 




Participate in relevant conferences, workshops, mentoring activities and inservice 

training to stay current with recent changes in the field. 



Examine licensing, certification and credentialing requirements at the national, 

state and local levels to maintain compliance with industry requirements. 


EO.c 

ESSK.09.10.b 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 


EO.c 

ESSK.09.10.c 

RWC10-GR.12- 

S.2-GLE.2- 

EO.b 


EO.c 

ESSK.09.11 

Examine continuing education requirements related to licensing, certification, 

and credentialing requirements at the local, state and national levels for chosen 

occupation. 





problem 

Examine the procedures and paperwork involved in maintaining and updating 

licensure, certification and credentials for chosen occupation. 





problem 

Align ongoing licensing, certification and credentialing requirements to career 

plans and goals. 





problem 

Examine employment opportunities in entrepreneurship to consider 

entrepreneurship as an option for career planning. 

ESSK09.11.a Describe the opportunities for entrepreneurship in a given industry. 

RWC10-GR.11- 


ESSK.10 




Technical Skills: Use of technical knowledge and skills required to pursue careers in 

all career clusters, including knowledge of design, operation, and maintenance of 

technological systems critical to the career cluster. 


ESSK.10.01 

ESSK.10.01.a 

RWC10- 

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GLE.3-EO.f 

RWC10- 

GR.11-S.1- 

GLE.2-EO.b 

RWC10-GR.11- 


RWC10-GR.11-S.4- 

GLE.1-EO.d 

RWC10-GR.9- 

S.3-GLE.3- 

EO.d 

Employ information management techniques and strategies in the workplace to 

assist in decision-making. 

Use information literacy skills when accessing, evaluating and disseminating 

information. 




(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 













(CCSS: W.9-10.6) 

ESSK.10.01.b Describe the nature and scope of information management. 

RWC10-GR.12-S.3- 

GLE.2-EO.b 



ESSK.10.01.c Maintain records to facilitate ongoing business operations. 

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RWC10-GR.11- 


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EO.b 

ESSK.10.02 




W.11-12.4) 







Employ planning and time management skills and tools to enhance results and 

complete work tasks. 

ESSK.10.02.a Develop goals and objectives. 


EO.c 


problem 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- Monitor and reflect on the rationale for, and effectiveness of, choices 


GLE.2-EO.d made throughout the problem-solving process 

ESSK.10.02.b Prioritize tasks to be completed. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 


problem 



ESSK.10.02.c Develop timelines using time management knowledge and skills. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 


problem 



ESSK.10.02.d Use project-management skills to improve workflow and minimize costs. 


EO.c 

RWC10-GR.9-S.4- 

GLE.2-EO.d 


problem 




Glossary of Terms 

A-pillar 

Vertical roof support between the windshield and front edge of the front side window. 

AARA 

The American Auto Racing Association, located in Spokane, Washington. 

ADRA 

American Drag Racing Association, located in Spokane, Washington. 

AHRA 

American Hot Rod Association 

AMS 

Atlanta Motor Speedway 

ARCA 

Automobile Racing Club of America, the little brother to the Winston Cup racing (ARCA is two levels 

below). ARCA sports similar cars with shorter races and small pay-outs. 

Absolute Title 

A document that states a person or a legal entity has the right of ownership. 

Accident 

An unforeseen and unintended event or occurrence. 

Accumulator 

Removes moisture from the liquid refrigerant in an air-conditioning system. 

Acquisition Fee 

A fee charged by the leasing company to buy the vehicle for the lessee and set up the lease. Also 

called the initiation fee, this typically runs about $450. 

Act of God 

Any accident or event that is not by human hand and can not be prevented. Usually a natural 

cause. 

Actual Cash Value (ACV) 

Replacement cost of property lost. If your vehicle were stolen, totaled in an accident, or otherwise 

rendered a loss, the Actual Cash Value is equal to the cost for a similar vehicle at current market 

prices. 

Actuator 

A device that performs a mechanical action in response to an input signal, which may be electrical 

or fluidic. 

Additional Insured 

A person or company, other than the person named on the account who is protected against 

damage or loss. 

Additional Insured/Loss Payee 

Since the lessor owns the leased vehicle, the lessee is required to name the lessor "additional 

insured" in his insurance liability-coverage policy and as the "loss payee" in his collision and 

comprehensive policy. 

Adjusted Capitalized Cost 

The basis for the basic monthly payment. 

Adjuster 

The person working with the insurance agency who determines the amount of damage, loss, and 

liability. 

Advertised Price, Average 

The average listed price for a given year, make and model combination, among the cars currently 

listed on AutoTrader.com. 

Advertised Price, Highest 

The highest listed price for a given year, make and model combination, among the cars currently 


Advertised Price, Lowest 


The lowest listed price for a given year, make and model combination, among the cars currently 


Aerodynamics 

The wind resistance of a vehicle's design elements. Aerodynamic vehicles claim to offer increased 

performance and reduced wind noise while moving. See Coefficient of Drag. 

Agent 

A representative of the insurance agency, licensed by the state, who solicits, negotiates, and 

countersigns the contract. Also provides service to the policyholder for the insurance agency. 

Air Brake 

Brakes, usually on heavy-duty trucks, that use compressed air to operate. 

Airbag 

Safety device using an inflatable cushion that inflates and deflates within a fraction of a second to 

protect a vehicle occupant. 

Airbag Lockout Switch 

A device allowing the driver to turn off the front passenger airbag. 

Alignment 

The proper adjustment of the car's suspension. Generally refers to the wheel alignment. 

All-Risks Policy 

A policy covering all losses except those specifically excluded in the contract. 

All-Season Tires 

Tires designed to provide good traction in winter snow and slush without wearing too quickly on dry 

roads. 

All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) 

A small, lightweight vehicle designed for recreational off-highway use. 

All-Wheel Drive (AWD) 

A vehicle drivetrain with all wheels powered by the engine at all times. Sometimes called full-time 

four-wheel drive. 

Alloy Wheels 

Any non-steel road wheel. Mostly aluminum, but technically a mixture of two or more metals. 

Alternative Fuels 

May be alcohol-based, such as ethanol or methanol; compressed natural gas; or combinations of 

gasoline and alcohol. 

Alternator 

Produces alternating current and recharges the battery. 

Amortization 

The gradual reduction of a debt by periodic payments large enough to meet current interest 

payments and repay the principal. 

Amount Financed 

The portion of the purchase price that is actually financed. In addition to the cost of the car, it can 

include the costs of an extended warranty, credit life insurance, and other items rolled into the 

payments. 

Annual Percentage Rate (APR) 

The average compound interest rate over the life of the loan. A yearly rate of interest that includes 

fees and costs paid to acquire a loan. Lenders are required by law to disclose the annual 

percentage rate, which is used to compare various loans; it makes simple interest and compound 

interest loans comparable with each other. 

Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) 

A computer-controlled braking system that senses impending wheel lockup and pulses the brakes 

many times a second to prevent it. This results in the most important benefit of ABS: by 

preventing wheel lockup, it allows the driver to maintain steering control. Unfortunately, too few 

drivers are trained to use ABS properly. When the system engages, it may vibrate the brake pedal. 

A driver who doesn't know how to use ABS may lift his foot from the pedal when he receives this 

feedback, effectively disengaging the system. 


Anti-Roll Bar 

A suspension component. A steel rod or tube that connects the left and right suspension members 

to resist roll or swaying of the vehicle. Improves handling. 

Antifreeze 

A liquid that mixes with the water in a cooling system of a vehicle's engine. Antifreeze keeps the 

water from freezing in the winter or cold climates, or from overheating in the summer or hot 

climates. 

Application 

An initial statement of personal and financial information which is required to approve your loan. 

Appraisal 

A survey of the property to assess damage. 

Aspect Ratio 

The ratio between the width and sidewall (or height) of the tire. Tires with lower aspect ratios, 

usually found on sports models, provide superior handling but a harsher ride. 

Assigned Risk Plan 

A risk that must be insured by state law or otherwise. 

Auto Mall 

Several Dealership operations located on one site. 

Automatic Locking Retractor 

Standard on 1995 and later models, this device is built into the shoulder belt retractor and keeps 

the belt cinched tightly, which is essential for properly securing a child-safety seat. 

Automatic Temperature Control (ATC) 

Automatically controls a vehicle's heating and cooling systems, maintaining a temperature preset 

by the occupant. 

Automatic Transmission 

A system that varies the power and torque to a drivetrain without the use of a foot-operated 

clutch. 

Axle 

A rotating metal shaft connected to the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 

B-pillar 

Vertical metal roof support between front and rear side windows on the side of the vehicle. 

Balance Due 

The amount currently due, minus previous payments, plus cash advances and purchases. 

Bank Rate 

The amount the bank charges the consumer, expressed as a percentage. 

Base Price 

The price of a vehicle without options but including standard equipment, factory warranty, and 

freight or destination charge. This price is printed on the Monroney sticker. 

Base-Coat 

A coat of paint acting as the base for other layers to be applied. 

Basic Rate 

The rate from which discounts or additions are calculated. 

Beater 

(Slang) A car for everyday transportation. Usually not in perfect condition. 

Beltline 

A horizontal line, usually imaginary but sometimes indicated by a feature in the body design, just 

below the window openings on a car or truck body. 

Bench Seats 

Full-length seat that can usually seat two or three people. 

Blanket Insurance 

A property-liability insurance that covers more than one piece of property. 

Bodily Injury Liability 

Any liability that may result from the injury or death of another person. 


Body Style 

The type of exterior shell or shape to a vehicle (sedan, coupe, truck, etc.). 

Booster Seat 

This child-safety seat is designed for children who are too large for a baby seat, but not big enough 

to sit safely in the vehicle's seats. 

Bore 

Diameter of an individual engine cylinder. 

Borg Warner Trophy 

Victory in the Indianapolis 500 secures this, the most coveted trophy in Indy Car racing. 

Boxer Engine 

The cylinders are opposite (180 degrees apart) from each other. Also called flat engines, these are 

relatively flat compared to In-line or V engines. 

Brake Booster 

Device or system that helps reduce the force the driver must exert against the brake pedal. May be 

hydraulic or electric. 

Brake Caliper 

A hydraulic (liquid-pressured) piston assembly that holds disc-brake pads. 

Brake Drum 

The large circular surface that the brake shoe presses against to stop the vehicle. 

Brake Pad 

Used in a disc system, it is a replaceable piece of backing plate and additional friction lining. 

Brake Pull 

Occurs when the vehicle pulls suddenly to the left or right as the brake pedal is depressed. It 

indicates the brakes may be out of adjustment. 

Brake Rotor 

Shiny metal disk that brake pads squeeze to stop the vehicle; hence the name disc brakes. 

Brake Shoe 

A curved, replaceable piece of friction material used on drum brakes. The wheel cylinder pushes 

the brake shoes against the brake drum. 

Broker 

A person who represents the insured to solicit or negotiate for contracts. A broker may deal with 

many agents or companies on behalf of his or her client. 

Bucket Seats 

Individual driver or passenger seats. 

Bumper-to-bumper 

A type of warranty that covers the entire vehicle for a limited amount of time. 

Busch Series 

Just one level below Winston Cup, some drivers race at both this and Winston Cup level. These 

races, often run the day before a Winston Cup race, have gained popularity and are now all 

televised live, nationally. 

C-pillar 

The vertical metal roof support between the side edge of the rear windshield (also called the 

backlight) and the rear edge of the rear window. 

CAM 

The Championship Association of Mechanics, established in 1989, is a non-profit organization that 

serves the needs of Indy Car crew members. It also acts to publicize their efforts. 

CMS 

Charlotte Motor Speedway, home of the World 600 Winston Cup Race, now known as the Coca- 

Cola 600. This is a NASCAR event, also held on Memorial Day. 

Camber 

Inward or outward tilt of the wheels and tires. This adjustment affects how the vehicle holds the 

road and handles cornering. 

Camshaft 


A machined shaft with lobes that open and close engine-cylinder intake and exhaust valves. As the 

shaft rotates, the lobes push against valve springs to open the valves and rotate away to close 

them. Driven by the crankshaft. 

Capitalized Cost 

In a lease transaction, the price at which a financial institution buys a vehicle from a dealer. 

Equivalent to the cash purchase price if the consumer were buying the vehicle outright, it includes 

taxes and any other additional charges. Also called Capital Cost. 

Capitalized Cost Reduction 

In a lease transaction, an up-front payment made at the start of the lease. The lessee can use 

cash, a rebate or a trade-in. Similar but not equal to a down payment. The lessee must pay sales 

tax on the cap-cost reduction amount. Also called Capital-Cost Reduction. 

Captive Finance Company 

A financial institution owned by a manufacturer. Examples include Chrysler Credit, Ford Motor 

Credit and GMAC. 

Carburetor 

Device that mixes air with fuel, delivering the mixture into the engine's combustion chambers. Only 

found on older vehicles. By the mid-1980s, new emissions standards led to the use of fuel-injection 

systems, which do not require frequent adjustment. 

Carrier 

The insurance company that provides the insurance. 

Casualty Insurance 

Insurance covering the insured's legal liability for damage to other person's property or injuries to 

them. Other forms of insurance, such as burglary, robbery and worker's compensation, belong in 

this category. 

Catalytic Converter 

An emissions-control device that removes unburned fuel from the exhaust by burning it. 

Catastrophe Hazard 

The risk of loss by a peril to which a large number of insured are subject. Typical examples are 

hurricanes and tornadoes. 

Center High-Mounted Stop Light (CHMSL) 

NHTSA-required brake light mounted higher than the taillights, at the top center or bottom center 

of the rear windshield. 

Center of Gravity 

The point of the car where, if it is suspended, it would balance front and rear. 

Center-Locking Differential 

On all-wheel drive vehicles, a third differential in addition to those for the front and rear axles. This 

third differential allows the front and rear wheels to turn at different speeds as needed for 

cornering on dry pavement. On slippery surfaces, it locks all four wheels together, either 

automatically or manually depending on the system, for greater traction. 

Central Locking System 

On a vehicle with power door locks, the system locks or unlocks all doors at one time. 

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 

Chemicals formerly used as refrigerants in cooling systems. No longer used because they are 

considered harmful to the Earth's ozone layer. 

Christmas Tree 

The pole of lights that starts a drag race, named for its red and green lights. Most drag races use 

the pro or heads up start which has three lights in between the first (red) and last (green) stage. 

Claim 

Request for payment of a loss as covered under the terms of an insurance contract. 

Clause 

The term used to identify a certain section of the contract or policy. 

Clearcoat 


The transparent top coat of paint on many newer vehicles; designed to create a long-lasting, 

lustrous appearance. 

Climate-Control System 

The non-technical term for the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system (HVAC). Most 

current vehicles have all three -- heating, defrost and AC. 

Closed-End Lease 

In a lease contract, specifies the vehicle's residual value at the end of the lease term. The lessee is 

not responsible for the value of the vehicle at term end, but he may face charges for excess wearand-tear 

and excessive mileage. Also called a walk-away lease. 

Closing Costs 

Any expenses added onto the lease that are incidental to the purchase. (For example, title fees and 

appraisal fees.) 

Clutch 

Device that connects or disconnects the engine from the transmission. 

Clutch Disk 

Presses against the the transmission flywheel to transfer power from the engine to the 

transmission. 

Coefficient of Drag (Cd) 

A measure of the aerodynamic resistance of the vehicle body. The smaller the number, the more 

wind-cheating the body design and the greater likelihood that passengers won't have to endure 

wind noises. 

Coil Spring 

A suspension component made up of spiral-wound hardened steel, used to isolate a vehicle from 

the up-and-down movement of the wheels on the road. 

Collateral 

Assets owned by the borrower which document his or her ability to repay the loan. Listed assets 

may be seized by the lending institution if the loan is unpaid. 

Collision Coverage 

Optional insurance that pays for damage to your car caused by collision with another car or object. 

Collusion 

The cooperation between two or more people to secretly defraud another person or company. 

Combustion Chamber 

Top section of the engine cylinder, where the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug. The 

explosion of the combustion pushes the piston down into the cylinder, producing the force that the 

transmission delivers to the drive wheels. 

Common Law Liability 

The responsibility of injury or loss imposed upon a person because of his or her actions. 

Compact 

A small car that can seat two to four people. 

Compound Interest 

Interest computed on the sum of an original principal and accrued interest. 

Comprehensive Coverage 

Optional insurance that pays for damage to your car caused by things other than collision. For 

example, if your car is stolen or vandalized. 

Compression Ratio 

The ratio of the volume within an engine cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, 

compared to the volume in the cylinder when the piston is at the top of its stroke. The higher the 

ratio, the more compression during combustion and the more powerful the engine. 

Compulsory Insurance 

Any type of insurance that is required by law. 

Concealment 

The withholding of facts by an applicant on an insurance application. 

Console 


This may refer to the unit found between the front driver and passenger seat that contains the 

automatic transmission shifter, cupholders and a storage compartment. But it can also refer to the 

section of the instrument panel that includes the controls for the sound system and climate-control 

system, particularly if the panel flows down the center of the vehicle and includes the automatictransmission 

shifter. 

Constant-Velocity Joint (CV Joint) 

On front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive vehicles, a coupling that allows the front axle to turn at a 

constant speed at various angles when the vehicle turns. The CV joint is a shaft that transmits 

engine power from the transmission to the wheel. 

Contribution by Equal Shares 

Provision in insurance contracts which requires each company to share equally in the loss until the 

share of each equals the lowest limit of liability under any policy or the full amount of loss is paid. 

Conversion 

The wrongful use of a property by the person who owns it. 

Convertible 

Any car with a removable top, either a rag (cloth) top or hard top. 

Coolant 

Liquid used to carry heat away from the engine. Sometimes called antifreeze. 

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) 

The government tracks the average fuel economy of all the vehicles produced in a single modelyear 

by each individual manufacturer. CAFE is that rating. 

Coupe 

Generally, a two-door car with close-coupled passenger compartment. 

Coupe de Ville 

A coupe with an enclosed, rear passenger section and an open driver's section. 

Craftsman Truck Series 

These NASCAR Trucks are similar to a Winston Cup race car, under the skin. The body must be 

stock and its shape is monitored by NASCAR officials. This new series of races has been called one 

of the most exciting in motorsports. 

Crankshaft 

The shaft that converts the up-and-down motion of the pistons into rotation. It is connected to the 

transmission. 

Credit Worthy 

A consumer who will qualify for a vehicle loan. Same as a qualified buyer. 

Cruise Control 

A device that, when set by the driver, will hold the car at the chosen speed. 

Crumple Zone 

Portions of a vehicle's structure designed to buckle and fold in an impact, absorbing crash force 

rather than transmitting it to vehicle occupants. 

Curb Weight 

The weight of the vehicle without passengers, driver or cargo, but with all standard features, a full 

tank of fuel, and all the fluids necessary for proper function. 

Cylinder Block 

The main part of the engine to which other parts are attached. 

Cylinder Head 

At the top of the engine block is the cylinder head which contains intake and exhaust valves. Air 

and fuel enter the cylinder head through the intake valves and spent leftovers are released after 

combustion through the exhaust valves. 

Damper 

A device that reduces vibration. 

Daytime Running Lights (DRL) 


These lights come on whenever the vehicle is turned on; they make the vehicle more visible to 

other drivers. Mandatory in Canada and standard equipment on many vehicles sold in the United 

States. 

Dealer Charges 

Any extra charges for additional services or products sold by the dealer such as rust-proofing or 

extended warranties. 

Dealer Holdback 

Also known as "pack." Manufacturer refund to a dealer after a vehicle is sold. Usually a percentage 

(2 to 3%) of the MSRP. 

Dealer Incentive 

A limited time discount offered by the manufacturer to a dealership. 

Dealer Incentives 

A cash refund or attractive lease or loan rate offered by an automotive manufacturer toward the 

sale/purchase of a new vehicle. 

Dealer Invoice Price 

Also called dealer cost. The amount the dealer pays for a car or truck. Deducted from this price 

may be a dealer incentive, which is a set discount offered for a limited period of time, or a dealer 

holdback, which is a percentage of the vehicle's wholesale price. 

Dealer Preparation Fee 

Extra charges for getting the car ready. 

Dealer Sticker Price 

The base price, or the price on the Monroney sticker, plus the suggested retail price of dealerinstalled 

options, dealer preparation, and add-ons such as undercoating. 

Deductible 

The amount of money or percentage of expenses that will be covered by the insured. 

Default Charges 

Fees charged the lessee as a result of missing payments or otherwise defaulting on the lease. 

Typical charges include all remaining payments and any additional costs incurred in reclaiming the 

vehicle. The security deposit may also be lost. 

Deposit 

A sum of money to hold a deal until the paperwork is complete. If the deal is closed, the deposit is 

applied to the down payment. 

Depreciation 

The decrease in a vehicle's market value over time. The amount of yearly depreciation is affected 

by vehicle condition; resale-marketplace supply and demand; and make and model reputation. 

Convertibles, high-performance cars, trucks and vans tend to depreciate less than other vehicles. 

Destination & Delivery Charges 

The cost of transporting the vehicle from the assembly plant to the dealership. Usually a flat fee 

passed on to the buyer without any markup. 

Diesel 

An internal combustion engine in which the air-fuel mixture is ignited by compression in the 

cylinder rather than by a spark. Diesel engines use diesel fuel rather than gasoline and tend to be 

more fuel-efficient and require less maintenance than gasoline engines, but it is more complicated 

to get them to run cleanly. Also used as a slang term: after turning off the ignition, the engine 

continues to run for a short period. 

Diesel fuel 

The fuel used by a diesel engine. Usually found in tractor trailers and other trucks. 

Differential 

A mechanical gearbox or fluid coupling that allows wheels to rotate at different speeds. Usually 

located on an axle, it allows the outside wheels to turn faster than the inside wheels during 

cornering. Four-wheel-drive and all-wheel drive vehicles have two differentials, one for the rear 

axle and one for the front. all-wheel drive vehicles also may have a third or center differential on 

the drive shaft that runs between the front and rear axles. 


Ding 

A small dent or scrape in the body of the vehicle. 

Direct Financing 

Arranging the loan directly through a bank or credit union rather than through the dealer. 

Direct Loss 

Damage or loss directly due to a particular event or peril. 

Disc Brakes 

Shiny metal discs, called brake rotors, are attached to the wheel hub, rotating with the wheel. 

When the brake pedal is depressed, the brake calipers squeeze the discs to slow the vehicle. See 

Brake Caliper and Brake Rotor. 

Displacement 

The volume displaced by an engine's cylinders. Formerly measured in cubic inches, it is now more 

commonly expressed in liters. 

Disposal Fee 

Also called Disposition Fees. Charge for costs associated with picking up and processing the 

returned car at the end of the lease. This runs from $200 to $400. Sometimes rolled into monthly 

payments. Often absorbed by dealers when another vehicle is leased. 

Distributor 

Part of the ignition (electrical) system. Delivers electricity from the ignition coil to the distributor 

cap and the spark plug wires in the correct firing order. (The firing order is that sequence in which 

each cylinder begins its power stroke.) The spark plugs ignite the fuel and air mixture in each 

cylinder thousands of times a minute, producing the explosion that pushes the piston down in the 

cylinder to power the vehicle. 

Double Wishbone Suspension 

A type of independent suspension in which the upper and lower support pieces, or members, look 

somewhat like a wishbone. 

Down Payment 

The up-front cash payment that the buyer makes to reduce the amount borrowed to purchase a 

car; the difference between the loan amount and the purchase price. A trade-in allowance and/or 

rebate also may be used as down payment. The down payment helps protect the bank, credit union 

or finance company in case the borrower defaults on the loan. A typical down payment is about 20 

percent of the vehicle's sale price. 

Drafting 

A phenomena where two cars running nose to tail together can move faster than an individual 

vehicle. 

Drive Axle 

Connects the transaxle to the front wheels on a front-wheel drive vehicle. 

Drive Range (EV) 

The distance an electric vehicle can drive without re-charging its batteries. 

Drive Shaft 

A rotating metal shaft that transfers power from the transmission differential gear assembly to the 

rear wheels on a rear-wheel drive vehicle. 

Drive Wheels 

The wheels, front, rear, or both, to which the engine transmits its power. 

Drivetrain 

Vehicle components which act together to move the vehicle forward or backward. On a rear-drive 

vehicle, it is the combination of the engine, transmission, differential and drive shaft. On a frontdrive 

vehicle, it consists of the engine, transaxle and drive axles. 

Drum Brakes 

A braking system that uses a metal drum. Brake shoes press against the drum to slow or stop the 

car. 

Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC) 


Engine with two camshafts on top of the cylinder head, one to open and close intake valves, the 

other to open and close exhaust valves. See also Overhead Cam and Overhead Valve. 

Early Termination 

Ending the lease before the contracted time. May be involuntary, due to theft or accident. 

Early Termination Charge 

Additional fee charged when a lease is ended before the agreed-upon term. Often represents a 

substantial penalty. 

Earned Premium 

The portion of the premium which is already paid from an expired policy term. 

Electric Vehicles (EV) 

Vehicles powered by electricity, generally using a rechargeable battery. 

Electronic Control Module (ECM) 

The computer that controls the engine's fuel and emissions systems. Among the devices it controls 

is the idle air control, or IAC, which regulates the idle speed in fuel-injected engines. Also called 

the Electronic Control Unit (ECU). 

Electronic Fuel Injection System 

Injects fuel into the engine's cylinders with electronic control to time and meter the fuel flow. 

Electronic Valve Timing (EVT) 

System in which a computer controls the timing of the opening and closing of cylinder valves. 

End of Lease Payment 

In an open-end lease, the amount the lessee pays at the end of the lease; the difference between 

the vehicle's residual value, which was used to calculate lease payments, and the actual market 

value. 

Engine Displacement 

The total of the volume used for combustion inside the cylinders of an engine. Measured in liters on 

newer models, or in cubic inches on older models. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

The federal agency that regulates air quality and sets automotive fuel-economy and emissions 

standards. 

Equity 

The value left in a used vehicle after subtracting the outstanding loan balance from its market 

value. For example, if $4,000 is still owed on a car worth $8,000 on the open market, then it has 

an equity of $4,000. 

Escrow 

A process in which a neutral third party takes care of the transfer of ownership of the vehicle. 

Evaporative Emissions 

Evaporated fuel from the carburetor or fuel system which mixes with the surrounding outside air. 

Evaporator Core 

Part of the climate-control system that contains a liquid refrigerant which turns to gas to absorb 

heat from the air. 

Excess Mileage 

Any mileage over the amount agreed upon within the lease. Generally incurs a per-mileage charge 

at the end of the lease. Experts recommend a yearly mileage limit, or Mileage Cap, that exceeds 

normal driving needs. 

Excess Mileage Charge 

Additional charge at the end of the lease for every mile on the odometer over the limit stated in the 

lease. A typical charge is 15 cents per mile, but the fees can be from 10 cents to 25 cents a mile. It 

costs less to figure your expected mileage use (or mileage allowance) realistically and prepay than 

to pay for excess mileage at lease end. 

Excess Wear and Tear 


Visible damage to a vehicle that is above and beyond what is considered normal wear and tear. 

Usually specified in the lease contract. Will incur additional cost at lease-end. If possible, negotiate 

as specifically as you can in the lease what the lessor will consider excess wear and tear. 

Exclusion 

Any cause, condition, or property which are not covered by the policy. 

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 

Part of the emissions system, it recirculates exhaust gases into the intake manifold, cooling the 

combustion chamber. 

Exhaust Manifold 

The passages that route the exhaust gases towards the muffler and exhaust system. 

Extended Coverage 

A policy that covers any extras that are not in the original policy. 

FIA 

Federation Internationale De L'Automobile 

Factory Equipment 

The standard and options that make up the equipment of a used vehicle. 

Fan Belt 

Transmits power from a crankshaft-driven pulley to an engine fan and other accessories. 

Fifth Wheel 

Provides a flexible connection between the tractor and the trailer. 

Final Drive Ratio 

The reduction ratio of the transmission gear set furthest from the engine. In other words, the ratio 

of the number of rotations of the drive shaft for one rotation of a wheel. In general, a low final 

drive ratio results in better fuel efficiency, and higher final drive ratio results in better performance. 

Firewall 

The metal panel that separates the engine compartment from the passenger compartment. It also 

often includes sound and heat insulation. 

First Party Coverage 

The compensation for loss or damage from your insurance company rather than the person 

involved in the accident. 

Flat Cancellation 

A cancellation of a policy free of any charge or fee. 

Flat Rate 

A rate that is not subject to any additions or adjustments. 

Formula 1 

The most popular of all the forms of auto racing, Formula 1 tends to be dominated by European 

drivers. The parallels to Indy Car racing have lead to the defections of drivers like Nigel Mansell, 

who seek the greater spoils of victory here in the US. 

Fortuitous Event 

An unforeseen accident. 

Four on the Floor 

(Slang) A four-speed manual transmission. 

Four-Wheel Drive (4WD) 

A transfer case distributes power to both axles in order to drive all four wheels. 

Four-Wheel Steering 

Vehicle on which all four wheels turn when the driver turns the steering wheel. The rear wheels 

turn at a smaller angle than the front wheels. This system appeared on a few sports models in the 

1980s but was never very popular in North America. 

Front-Wheel Drive 

Engine power is transmitted to the front wheels, which are the drive wheels. Also front-drive. 

Fuel Economy 

The number of miles a vehicle gets per gallon. 

Fuel Injector 


Taking the place of carburetors in the 1980s, the fuel injector is an electrically controlled valve that 

delivers a precise amount of pressurized fuel into each combustion chamber. 

Fuel Pump 

A mechanical or electrical pump that pressurizes the fuel system to move gas from the fuel tank to 

the engine. 

Full-Size 

A car that is usually four doors and seats anywhere from two to seven people. 

Funny Car 

This variation of a dragster hides the usual front engine chassis under a lightweight body that looks 

like a street car. 

Fuse 

An electrical device that breaks the current in a circuit that is overloaded or shorted; it prevents 

damage to other components. However, the fuse itself may fail, and the most common repair when 

a fuse blows is to simply replace it without working on any other electrical component. 

GAP Insurance/Protection 

Stands for Guaranteed Auto Protection insurance. Extra insurance for lease customers to cover the 

difference in the actual value of the vehicle and whatever is owed on the lease. Important if the car 

is stolen or totaled early in the lease term. It also covers the difference in value between what may 

be paid by an insurance carrier and what is still owed to the leasing company, including future 

lease payments. 

Gas-Charged Shocks 

Also called gas-filled shocks. They are shock absorbers filled with a low-pressure gas to smooth the 

vehicle's ride during up-and-down movement. 

Gasket 

Any thin, soft material installed between two metal surfaces to create a good seal. 

Gasoline Alley 

This is the garage area at Indy, where major mechanical work is done on the cars. 

General Property Taxes 

Any tax on real estate or personal property. 

Good Faith 

A code of conduct between parties emphasizing honesty during the transaction. 

Grand National Circuit 

This was the previous name for Winston Cup Racing before R.J. Reynolds became the sponsor in 

1972. 

Grand Prix 

A type of car race popular in Europe. Also, a French term meaning great prize. 

Gray Market Vehicle 

Any car that is imported, but not through authorized retailers. May have insufficent emissions 

standards. 

Greenhouse 

Used in automotive circles to describe all of the windows enclosing the passenger compartment. 

Grille 

An opening in the front of the vehicle that allows air to reach the radiator. 

Gross Capitalized Cost 

See Capitalized Cost. 

Gross Income 

The income of the borrower before taxes or expenses are deducted; used to qualify for a loan or a 

lease. 

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating 

The curb weight of the vehicle plus the maximum load it is designed to carry. 

Handling 

The ease of vehicle steering and maneuverability around turns, up hills, etc. 


Hatchback 

A passenger car with a full-height rear door that includes a rear window. Usually has a rear folding 

seat. 

Hazard 

A situation that may increase the probability of a loss or damage. 

Head Room 

The distance from the top of an occupant's head to the headliner. 

Headliner 

The interior covering of the roof. Headliners often contain consoles with slots for garage-door 

openers and other devices, as well as dome lights and wiring for electrical and electronic 

components attached to the headliner. The covering usually includes a sound-absorbing material. 

Highway Loss Data Institute 

Sister organization to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Funded by insurance companies. 

Hip Room 

The allotted room between a passenger's hips and any other part of the vehicle. 

Hold Harmless Agreement 

An agreement where one party assumes responsibility. 

Holdback 

Manufacturer refund to a dealer after a vehicle is sold. Usually a percentage of the MSRP. 

Home Equity Loan 

A loan secured by the equity in your home. Interest paid is usually tax-deductible. Increasingly, 

consumers are using home-equity loans instead of consumer loans to purchase items, such as cars, 

for which conventional-loan interest is not tax-deductible. 

Horsepower (hp, bhp) 

Abbreviated as hp, as in 200-hp engine, or bhp (brake horsepower or net horsepower) to designate 

power produced by an engine. In general, the higher the horsepower, the higher the vehicle's top 

speed. One horsepower is the power needed to lift a 550-pound weight one foot in one second. 

Hot Rod 

A normal vehicle that has been altered to improve speed and overall appearance or look. 

-Beam Suspension 

A suspension beam under the car that supports the body in the shape of a capital I. 

IHRA 

International Hot Rod Association 

IMS 

Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the site of the Indy 500. This is now an IRL event. 

IMSA 

International Motor Sports Association, founded by John Bishop in 1969. Sanctions, organizes, 

markets and officiates professional auto racing events. Season begins in February at Daytona 

International Speedway and ends in October on the streets of New Orleans. 

IRL 

Indy Racing League founded by Tony George in 1995 in response to re-occurring feuds and 

disputes with CART. 

IROC 

International Race Of Champions 

Idle Speed 

The speed of the engine at minimum throttle and the engine in neutral. 

In-Line Engine 

Cylinders are arranged side by side in a row and in a single bank. Most four-cylinder and some sixcylinder 

engines are in-line engines. In V-6, V-8 or V-12 engines, the cylinders are divided into two 

banks, each of which is angled away from the other in a 'V.' 

Incentive 


A cash refund or attractive lease or loan rate offered by an automotive manufacturer toward the 

purchase of a new vehicle. 

Indemnity 

A legal principle specifying that the insured not collect more than the actual cash value of a loss 

but be restored to approximately the same financial position that existed before the loss. 

Independent Suspension 

A suspension design that lets each wheel move up and down independently of the others. A vehicle 

can have two-wheel or four-wheel independent suspension; sportier models have four-wheel 

independent suspension. See also Multi-Link Suspension, Live Axle. 

Indy 500 

The big race held in Indianapolis every year on Memorial Day weekend. 

Indy Lights 

One level below Indy car racing, known for its lighter version of actual Indy Cars. This is a stepping 

stone to the Indy 500. 

Inflatable Tubular Restraint 

This tube of woven material is stiffer and stays inflated longer than a traditional airbag cushion. 

The tube protects the occupant's head and torso in a side impact, in part by keeping them away 

from the point of intrusion. The uninflated tube is tucked into the edge of the roof headliner. The 

tube is attached at the base of the A-pillar in front of the occupant, and at the roofline behind the 

occupant. When it inflates, the tube angles across the window to keep the occupants head from 

hitting the window glass or metal side pillar. Because of the longer time the tubular restraint stays 

inflated, it is expected to also offer protection in a rollover. 

Installment Loan 

A loan repaid in separate smaller amounts, typically monthly. 

Instrument Panel 

The instrument panel contains the gauges in front of the driver; the controls for the sound system 

and climate-control system; the glove box; vents for the windshield defroster; and the front 

passenger-side airbag. The instrument panel is often delivered to the factory as a complete module 

with electronic components already installed. 

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 

Sister organization to the Highway Loss Data Institute. Funded by insurance companies. 

Insurance Verification 

Proof that the borrower has auto insurance. 

Integrated Child Seats 

May also be called integrated child-safety seats or integrated child-restraint seats. Built-in child 

seats that fold out of the seatback of a rear seat. Sedans with this option usually have one in the 

center of the rear seat; minivans may have one or two in the middle seating positions. While 

NHTSA and every other safety organization stress that any child-restraint seat is better than none, 

built-in child-restraint seats are considered the safest alternative because they are more securely 

anchored than a seat attached to seat belts. 

Intercooler 

Device that cools air as it leaves a turbocharger or supercharger before the air is blown into the 

engine air intake. Cooling makes the air denser and richer in oxygen, which lets the engine produce 

more power. 

Interest 

The cost of the money borrowed, usually expressed as a percentage of the whole. 

Interest Rate 

The periodic charge, expressed as a percentage, for the use of credit. 

Interior Payload 

The amount of space or material that can be carried inside the vehicle. 

Invoice Price 

The initial charge to the dealer from the manufacturer, including freight and delivery charges. 


Jalopy 

(Slang) An old, dilapidated automobile. 

Joint Tenancy 

Ownership that is shared by two or more persons. 

Keyless Entry 

A system for locking and unlocking doors of a vehicle with a central locking system without using 

the key. Usually, the user controls the locks by pressing a button on a remote key-fob transmitter. 

Some vehicles have electronic combination locks on the doors near the handle. 

Kilometers Per Hour (KPH) 

Multiply by 0.621 to convert to miles per hour. 

Kit Car 

A vehicle that is designed for assembly by the private hobbyist. 

Lap-and-Shoulder Belt 

A safety belt that secures the driver and/or passenger in the seat with a continuous web of material which 

fits across the lap and crosses the upper body. It keeps the occupant from jerking forward in the event of 

a crash. Also called three-way belt, three-point belt, or three-point safety harness. 

Lapse 

The termination of a policy due to failure to pay the premium. 

Leaf Spring 

Suspension spring made up of several thin, curved, hardened-steel or composite-material plates attached 

at the ends to the vehicle underbody. The curved shape of the plates allows them to flex and absorb 

bumps. 

Lean or Rich Fuel Mixture 

The fuel mixture is lean when it has too much air, and rich when it has too much fuel. These terms can 

also be used to refer to adjustments the electronic control module makes to the fuel mixture in response 

to various driving conditions, particularly on engines with variable-valve technology. 

Lease 

A contract between lessor and lessee for a specified time period and at a specified payment. The title to 

the car remains in the name of the lessor as owner of the asset. 

Lease Rate 

The monthly finance cost of a lease, similar to the interest rate on a conventional loan. Determined by the 

money factor. 

Lease Term 

The number of months for which a vehicle is leased. 

Lease-End Residual Value 

Used to estimate the value of the vehicle at the end of the lease. 

Leg Room 

With the front seat adjusted all the way back, the distance from the accelerator pedal's heel point to the 

back of the front seat cushion. 

Lemon 

(Slang) A vehicle, usually new, that has a large number of defects. 

Lessee 

The person who leases a vehicle. The party paying for the use of the vehicle (consumer). 

Lessor 

The person or institution who owns and leases the vehicle to the lessee. The party funding the lease of the 

vehicle placed in lease service. It can be the dealer, a leasing company, or a financial institution such as a 

bank or credit union. 

Liability 

Any legally enforceable obligation. 

Liability Coverage 


A type of insurance that pays or renders service on behalf of the insured for any loss or damage due to his 

or her negligence. 

Liability Limits 

The limit of insurance the company will pay for on a particular policy. 

Lien 

A legally documented claim against a vehicle by another party to which the vehicle has been offered as 

security for repayment of a loan or other debt. A lien against the title may make it impossible to sell the 

vehicle and transfer the title until the lien is cleared. 

Lienholder 

An individual or company with a financial interest in an insured's vehicle. 

Lift Gate 

The rear opening on a hatchback. 

Liftover 

The distance a person must lift an object off the ground to put it in a trunk or cargo bay. 

Light-Duty 

Adjective that refers to passenger trucks, as opposed to medium-duty or heavy-duty commercial trucks. 

Limited-Slip Differential 

A device that helps prevent the drive wheels from skidding or losing traction by diverting power from the 

slipping wheel to the opposite wheel on the same axle. 

Line of Credit 

An approved loan amount that has not yet been used. 

Liter 

Engine-displacement measurement, as in 2.0-liter engine. 

Live Axle 

A solid axle allowing movement of the wheel on one end to affect the opposite wheel. Found on older reardrive 

cars and tucks. Also called a rigid axle. 

Loan to Value Ratio (LTV) 

The ratio of the sales price or appraised value to the loan amount. Obtained by divided price or value into 

loan amount. A vehicle with a $10,000 price and an $8,000 loan would have a loan-to-value ratio of 80 

percent. 

Lock or Lock-in 

A commitment you obtain from a lender assuring you a particular interest rate for a definite time period. 

Protects you in case interest rates rise during the approval process, or between the time you apply for the 

loan and actually receive the money you have borrowed. 

Loss 

The amount sought through an insurer's claim. 

M+S Rating 

A tire rating which indicates a tire designed to perform well in mud and snow. 

MIS 

Michigan International Speedway. Site of the 1996 US 500, a CART event. 

MSRP 

The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price. The recommended selling price for a vehicle as set by the 

manufacturer. 

MacPherson Strut 

A MacPherson strut is a unit that includes a damper or shock absorber cartridge inside a large, long metal 

spring. MacPherson struts are used over the front wheels of most front-drive cars. Replacement of 

MacPherson strut cartridges requires a spring compressor. 

Make 

The manufacturer of the vehicle (BMW, Chrysler, Honda). 

Malicious Mischief 

The purposeful damaging of another's property. 

Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP sensor) 


Detects engine load by measuring air pressure or vacuum in the intake manifold. 

Manual Transmission 

A transmission that varies the power and torque through a foot pedal controlled clutch and a floormounted 

or steering-shaft-mounted gear selection lever. 

Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) 

The suggested selling price of the vehicle. Does not include destination charges, optional equipment, or 

taxes. 

Market Value 

The price for which something would currently sell. 

Mass Airflow Sensor 

Device that measures the flow of air entering the throttle housing. 

Master Cylinder 

A piston-type pump that produces pressure in the brake hydraulic system. 

Medical Payments Coverage 

Optional insurance that pays for medical and/or funeral expenses for the driver and passenger of a 

vehicle. 

Mid-Size 

A medium size car designed to seat four to six passengers. 

Mileage Allowance 

The lessee's estimate of how much mileage he will drive during the lease term. If the lessee 

underestimates how much he drives, he will face an excess mileage charge at lease end. 

Mileage Cap 

In a lease transaction, the maximum number of miles the vehicle can be driven by the end of the lease. 

There is a per-mile penalty for exceeding this limit. 

Mileage Charges 

Fees assessed if lessee drives more than the contracted mileage limit. 

Miles Per Gallon 

Fuel economy measurement. Abbreviated as mpg. Generally, a vehicle sticker may offer mpg ratings for 

city driving, highway driving, and combined driving. 

Minimum Ground Clearance 

The distance between the ground and the lowest point of the vehicle chassis (usually the axle). A vehicle 

can drive over any object shorter than its minimum ground clearance. 

Minimum Premium 

The smallest premium that an insurance company will accept for payment on a policy. 

Model 

The style of the vehicle produced by the manufacturer (Ford Mustang, Chrysler LeBaron, Honda Civic). 

Money Factor 

The money factor is used to determine the lease rate. For all intents and purposes it is the lease 

equivalent of the interest rate on a conventional loan. The money factor is the current annual percentage 

rate divided by 24. To figure out the equivalent interest rate, multiply the money factor by 2400. The 

money factor usually has two zeroes after the decimal point before the rest of the number, for example 

0.004133, so any differences in the figure seem very small, but translated into an interest rate they can 

make a great difference in the actual finance cost of a lease. 

Monroney Sticker Price 

The price which appears on the label showing the base price, installed options, transportation charge, and 

fuel economy. Required by law, it may not be removed by anyone other than the purchaser. 

Moonroof 

A window-type opening in the roof of the car that can open or tilt up or down. See Sunroof. 

Morale Hazard 

"It's insured; so why worry?" This attitude usually increases the probability of loss or damage. 

Muffler 

The exhaust system device in the tailpipe that reduces engine noise. Some vehicles have more than one 

muffler along the tailpipe. 


Multi-Link Suspension 

Independent suspension controlled with several link arms that restrict undesired motion of the suspension 

for a smoother ride and more precise handling. 

Multi-Port Fuel Injection 

An electronic fuel-injection method that uses individual injectors to spray fuel directly into each intake 

port, bypassing the intake manifold. Also called multi-point fuel injection. 

Multiple Security Deposits 

A lessee may choose to pay additional security deposits (or monthly payments up-front) in exchange for a 

lower monthly lease payment via a reduced money factor, which reduces the monthly charges. 

NASCAR 

National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing; the governing body which sets the rules and regulations for 

stock car racing. 

NHRA 

National Hot Rod Association 

Named Insured 

The person or company that is designated as the insured. 

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 

The federal agency that creates safety regulations for cars and trucks, crash-tests them, and analyzes 

safety-related defects that may require recalls. 

Negative Equity 

The amount owed on a vehicle loan is greater than its market value. 

Negligence 

Failure to use a certain degree of care. 

New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) 

One of several crash-test programs run by NHTSA. Cars are crashed head-on into a rigid barrier at 35 

mph, and instrumented dummies measure crash forces endured by properly restrained occupants. NHTSA 

assigns each tested vehicle a score indicating the likelihood of moderate, severe or fatal injury. 

Nitromethane 

A mixture of nitric acid and methane which is used to fuel TOP Fuel Dragsters and Funny Cars; is also 

called nitro or top fuel. 

No-Fault Insurance 

A type of insurance where both parties in an accident file claims regardless of fault. 

Non-renewable 

The termination of the insurance policy at the expiration date. 

OCIR 

Orange County International Raceway. 

Occurrence 

Any event that resulted in a loss or damage to the insured or the insured's property. 

Octane 

The hydrocarbon substance in gasoline that reduces engine knock or pinging, which is a noise caused by 

premature ignition of fuel in the cylinder combustion chamber. The higher the octane number, the less 

chance of premature ignition. High octane, which has a rating above 91, is useful only when 

recommended by the manufacturer. 

Odometer 

Indicates the number of miles a vehicle has been driven. It is illegal to tamper with the odometer reading. 

Odometer Rollback 

The illegal practice of rolling a vehicle's odometer back to indicate that it traveled fewer miles than it 

actually has. 

Odometer Rollover 

Occurs when the vehicle's mileage exceeds the mechanical limits of the odometer ? usually 99,999 miles. 

This must be certified by the seller, under the Truth in Mileage Act. 

Open-End Lease 


Also called a Finance or Equity Lease. The lessee is responsible for the difference between the agreedupon 

residual value and the fair market value of the vehicle at the end of the lease, if the vehicle is worth 

less than anticipated. For example, if the vehicle has a market value of $8,000 at the end of the lease, 

and the residual value was set at $10,000, then the lessee owes the leasing company the difference of 

$2,000. The lessee has the right to an independent appraisal of the vehicle, at his or her own expense. 

The payments for an open-end lease are generally lower than those for a closed-end lease. 

Opportunity Cost 

The cost of using money one way as opposed to using it in another, more economically advantageous 

way. For example, the loss of interest experienced as a result of removing money from a savings account 

to be used as a down payment on a vehicle. 

Optional Equipment 

Equipment or features that can be added to a particular model which are not part of the standard 

package. These usually involve additional cost and can be ordered individually or as part of a package. 

Over-insurance 

When the insurance is more than the risk of peril. 

Overdrive 

A transmission gear with a ratio below 1:1, which improves fuel economy by reducing engine revolutions 

per minute at highway speeds. On a five-speed manual transmission, the fourth and fifth gears are 

overdrive. On a four-speed automatic transmission, the fourth gear is overdrive. When an overdrive gear 

set is engaged, the output shaft turns at a higher rate than the input shaft, reducing engine revolutions at 

cruising or highway speeds. 

Overhead Cam (OHC) 

The camshaft is on top of the cylinder head on overhead-cam engines. Single overhead-cam (SOHC) 

engines have a single cam above the cylinder head. Dual overhead-cam (DOHC) engines have two cams 

above the cylinder head. All overhead-cam engines are also overhead-valve (OHV) engines, which means 

the intake and exhaust valves sit atop the cylinder head. 

Oversteer 

Occurs when the rear tires lose adhesion under cornering. In motorsports, this is also called loose. 

Oversteer can lead to a spin if the driver doesn't reduce acceleration. See also Understeer. 

Oxygen Sensor 

Measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. 

PPG 

Actually, PPG Industries, founded in 1883 as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. PPG has been the 

source of tough urethane finishes on cars racing in the Indianapolis 500 since 1975. In 1980, it became 

the title sponsor of the PPG Indy Car World Series. 

PRO 

Professional Racers Organization 

PSI 

Acronym for pounds per square inch. A pressure measurement used in tire inflation and turbocharger 

boost. 

Pace Car 

Seen at NASCAR and Indy races, the pace car leads race cars out of the pole position at beginning of races 

or after a yellow flag or restart has been called. 

Package Shelf 

The ledge between the rear seat and the backlight (or rear windshield). The name is misleading because 

it's a bad idea to put anything on the package shelf. However, it often contains the sound system's rear 

speakers and, on some vehicles, the CHMSL or center brake light. Sometimes also called the package 

tray. On European cars the package tray often contains a first-aid kit; on higher-end models it may 

contain storage compartments. 

Papers of Origin 

Manufacturer documents used to obtain vehicle titles. 

Partial Loss 

Any loss that does not completely destroy the property or exhaust the insurance. 


Passive Restraint 

A device or structure that automatically helps restrain vehicle occupants in an impact. This includes 

airbags, belt pretensioners, padded knee bolsters, and shoulder belts that are motorized, or attached to 

the door. 

Peril 

A cause of a possible loss. 

Personal Injury Protection (PIP) 

A broad type of medical payments insurance. Usually offers protection for expenses incurred up to a dollar 

amount. 

Physical Damage 

A generic term that describes injury or damage to property. 

Physical Hazard 

The material of the risk itself. 

Pick-up 

The type of truck with an open cargo bed behind the closed cab. 

Pinion 

A type of gear that has small teeth that mesh with other, larger gears. 

Piston 

The heavy, cylindrical metal shaft within each engine cylinder that travels up and down to turn the 

crankshaft, compress the air and fuel mixture for combustion and expel exhaust gases. 

Policy Period 

The amount of time that the policy covers (i.e., six months or two years). 

Policyholder 

The person who has possession of the policy. 

Positive Crankcase Ventilation Valve 

An emission device that routes oil pan vapors to the intake manifold to be burned during combustion. Also 

known as the PCV valve. 

Positive Equity 

The vehicle's market value is greater than the amount the borrower owes on it. 

Power Plant 

Another name for a vehicle's engine. 

Power Steering 

A steering system that uses a separate motor or engine power to reduce the effort necessary to turn the 

front wheels. 

Power-to-Weight Ratio 

The maximum power output of the vehicle per unit mass. The higher the ratio, the more powerful the 

vehicle. In comparing several vehicles, this can be a better measurement than engine horsepower or 

torque because it considers the weight variable. In other words, a car that seems to have a powerful 

engine but is also heavy may have less get-up-and-go than a vehicle that has a similar or less powerful 

engine but also weighs less. 

Powertrain 

The combination of engine and transmission. 

Premium 

The periodic payment to keep the policy enforced. 

Preparation Charges 

Charges incurred by the dealer while preparing a vehicle for delivery to the buyer. 

Pressure Plate 

Holds the clutch disc against the flywheel. 

Pretensioner 

A device that rapidly yanks in shoulder-belt slack when a crash sensor detects an impact. Some 

pretensioners are activated by a small explosive charge in the belt retractor; some contain their own 

inertial sensors. So far, pretensioners are still found on more expensive models, particularly those by 

European manufacturers. By pulling in belt slack within milliseconds of an impact, pretensioners help 


educe chest and head injury by restricting occupant motion and preventing the occupant from hitting the 

belt. 

Pro Rallies 

Road rallies which are very competitive and are run at high speeds on roads closed to the public. Often 

sponsored by the SCCA. 

Pro Start 

A method of starting a drag race that differs from most starts in that it only has one amber light between 

the initial staging and the final lights on the "Christmas Tree." 

Projector-Beam Headlights 

A headlight that uses a spherical reflector to tightly control the light beam. The bulb or light source directs 

the light inward, toward the reflector at the back of the headlight assembly, which then projects it forward 

from the vehicle. These lights are more powerful, accurate and expensive than standard sealed-beam and 

halogen headlights, and are generally found on sport and luxury models. 

Proof of Loss 

A formal statement made by the insured to the insurance company regarding a loss. 

Property Damage Liability 

The protection of the property when not under control of the insured. 

Purchase Option 

The lessee's right to purchase the vehicle, if he so chooses, at lease end. It's a good idea to negotiate a 

purchase-option price at the same time you negotiate the capitalized cost and residual value, if possible. 

Some contracts lock-in a pre-determined value for the vehicle. 

Pushrod 

A metal rod that transmits the motion of the camshaft to the valve actuators to open and close the valves. 

Used on engines with overhead valves but without overhead camshafts. 

Quarter Panel 

Sheet of metal panel that covers the front and rear quarters of the vehicle. 

R-12 

The chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, commonly referred to as Freon (a DuPont trademark) or CFC-12, now 

considered environmentally hazardous but once the key ingredient in automotive air-conditioning systems. 

A refrigerant is a chemical compound that absorbs, carries and releases heat in an air-conditioning 

system. 

R-134a 

The environmentally safe refrigerant now used in air-conditioning systems. It requires a slightly bulkier 

condenser unit than R-12. Vehicles equipped with R-12 systems can be converted to use R-134a. Since 

Freon is now banned, expensive and hard to obtain, the conversion may be a good idea when an R-12based 

system needs recharging, particularly if technicians detect a leak. 

RACMSA 

The RAC Motor Sports Association is recognized by the FIA as the governing body of motor sport in Great 

Britain. 

Rack and Pinion Steering 

The steering wheel is connected to a pinion gear that meshes with a toothed bar, also called a rack or 

linear gear. As the pinion turns, the rack moves side to side, moving the steering linkage and causing the 

front wheels to turn left or right. The ends of the rack are linked to the steering wheel with tie rods. 

Radiator 

The copper or aluminum device in front of the engine through which hot engine coolant is circulated and 

cooled. The liquid is then recirculated back through the engine block to cool it. 

Rag Top 

A convertible with a soft top. 

Rally 

Competing teams, consisting of a driver and a navigator, are given route instructions, which they must 

follow exactly. Each team follows the course independently, trying to rack up points based on how well 

they meet a pre-determined schedule. 

Rate 


The per unit cost of insurance. 

Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) 

The drivetrain in which power is applied through the rear wheels only. 

Rebate 

An illegal action wherein the agent gives the insured a portion of his or her commission to entice the 

purchase of insurance. 

Rebate 

A partial reimbursement from the manufacturer, to either the dealer or buyer, for purchasing a vehicle. 

Recall 

A manufacturer calls in vehicles to repair defects, usually safety-related. Recalls may be voluntary, 

requested by the government, or mandated by NHTSA. 

Recirculating Ball 

A steering mechanism in which the steering shaft turns a worm gear causing a toothed metal block to 

move back and forth, turning the front wheels. Ball bearings reduce friction between the worm gear and 

the metal block. 

Reconditioning Reserve 

Another name for the security deposit when leasing a vehicle. 

Red-lining 

Unfairly discriminating against a risk because of its location. 

Redline 

The point on the engine tachometer that indicates the maximum rpm the engine can safely withstand. 

Refundable Security Deposit 

Money to be held until lease-end as a security method for all lease obligations. 

Reimbursement 

Payment of the amount according to the loss or damage of property. 

Release Fork 

Disengages the clutch disc from the flywheel by pressing on the pressure plate release springs. 

Renewal 

The continuation of coverage that is about to expire. 

Rent Charges 

The amount charged in addition to the depreciation and any amortized costs. 

Residual Value 

The estimated value of the vehicle at the end of the lease. Often expressed as a percentage in decimal 

form. It is based on a vehicle's MSRP. For example, the residual value of a vehicle may be 0.65, or 65% of 

its MSRP at the end of the lease term. In this example, a car with an MSRP of $20,000 is estimated to be 

worth $13,000 at the end of the lease term. Residual value may be a negotiable figure. This should be 

clearly stated in the lease. It is one of the elements used in determining the monthly lease payment and 

also in deciding whether to buy the vehicle at term end. Also called the walk-away value or guaranteed 

value. 

Retention 

The amount of liability that is assumed but not reinsured by the agency. 

Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) 

Describes at which speed the engine crankshaft is turning. 

Rims 

The outer edge of a bare wheel. 

Risk 

Any chance of loss or damage. 

Rocker Panel 

The body panel that runs beneath a vehicle's doors. 

Rollcage 

A protective steel cage to prevent driver injury during a rollover. 

Rollover 


The type of vehicle impact in which the car or truck rolls over on its side, onto its roof, or turns over 

completely. The biggest cause of injury in a rollover is ejection of the occupant or any part of the 

occupant. Rollover is a greater risk in any sport-utility vehicle -- because of its high center of gravity -- 

than in a minivan, pickup truck or passenger car. Rollover can occur immediately upon impact or in the 

seconds after an impact, which makes it more difficult to protect occupants with traditional airbags. 

Inflatable tubular restraints and similar designs that stay inflated longer than traditional airbags will be 

more effective in rollover situations. 

Rule of 78 

Under a Rule of 78 loan, the interest over the entire life of the loan is divided into 78 equal pieces. The 

first monthly payment consists of 12 of these pieces, the next of 11 pieces and the rest principal, the third 

of 10 interest pieces and the rest principal, and so on to the 12th payment, which includes only 1/78 of 

the interest. Under this type of loan, all the interest due is paid during the first year, and all future 

payments go toward reducing the principal. A Rule of 78 loan insures that the financier will earn its profit 

immediately but leaves the borrower with less equity in the early years of the loan. Many dealers 

advertise that their loans are NOT of this type. 

Running Yellow 

This indicates that something may be wrong on the track, but the cars are allowed to stay, running at a 

reduced speed. A quick check by the officials usually resolves the issue and the green light comes back 

on. 

SCCA 

The Sports Car Club of America sponsors many racing events in the U.S. It also supplies many of the Race 

Officials and Workers for Road Racing by other groups. Most SCCA events are geared toward participation 

by SCCA members. 

SCORE Off-Road Desert Championship 

Short Course Off-Road Enterprises. SCORE now stages and promotes Off Road Truck races and events. 

Season starts in Arizona each January, ending in November with the Ford Tecate SCORE Baja 1000. 

SRP 

Spokane Raceway Park 

Safe Driver Plan 

Discounts for a good driving record. 

Security Deposit 

May be required in some lease contracts. It is similar to a security deposit on an apartment. This money is 

held to cover any payments that might be missed. This deposit may or may not be refundable. It is 

usually equivalent to one month's lease payment. 

Sedan 

A two- or four-door car that can hold four to six people. Includes a trunk in the rear. 

Sensor Algorithm 

An algorithm is a mathematical formula or series of formulas used by an on-board computer or processor 

to make a decision. In an airbag system, a crash-sensor algorithm determines whether the change in 

velocity indicates an impact of great enough force to require airbag deployment, based on preprogrammed 

parameters. If the change in velocity is great enough, the processor sends a signal to the 

device that inflates the airbag. 

Sequential Fuel Injection 

A sequential fuel injection system times the opening of the injectors to match the opening of the intake 

valve into each cylinder. 

Settlement 

A claim payment. 

Shift Interlock 

On a vehicle with automatic transmission, a safety device that prevents the driver from shifting out of 

park unless the brake pedal is depressed. 

Shock Absorbers 


Suspension device near each wheel that dampens the up-and-down movement of the vehicle. Inside a 

shock absorber, a piston rides up and down in a cylinder filled with thick fluid or compressed gas. The 

shock absorber counteracts the up-and-down movement allowed by the springs. 

Short-term Policy 

A policy written for a period of time that is shorter than usual for that type of coverage. 

Side Airbag 

An inflatable cushion that fills the space between the door and the occupant to prevent head, torso and 

pelvis injuries when a vehicle is hit from the side. Side airbags may be stored in the door-trim panel or the 

outboard side of the seat; they may protect the hip and torso only or also protect the head. A new design, 

called an inflatable tubular restraint, is stored in the edge of the roof headliner and attached at the base of 

the A-pillar at the front end and above the doors along the roofline at the other. The device inflates into a 

somewhat stiff tube that prevents the occupant's head from hitting the side pillar or the window. 

Side-Impact 

Federal safety regulations require that vehicles absorb a certain amount of force when hit from the side. 

To meet side-impact standards, automakers have stiffened side-impact beams, which resist intrusion into 

the passenger compartment, and added safety devices such as side airbags and extra padding, which are 

designed to push the occupant toward the interior of the vehicle and away from the point of intrusion. 

Simple Interest 

Interest paid or computed only on the original principal of a loan. 

Single Overhead Cam (SOHC) 

An engine with a single overhead cam generally has one intake and one exhaust valve per cylinder; the 

single cam opens and closes both valves. See also Overhead Cam and Dual Overhead Cam. 

Single Pay Advantage 

The lessee pays the entire lease amount in one payment in exchange for a lower money factor. Single-pay 

advantage was designed to overcome cash customers' objections to monthly payments. Unlike an actual 

cash purchase, however, the lessee still pays the financing cost. 

Slicks 

A type racing tire characteristically very wide with no tread. 

Smart Airbag 

Smart airbags don't exist yet, but NHTSA expects automakers and their suppliers to have them perfected 

sometime after the year 2000. There are many designs, but each contains similar elements including a 

system of sensors and mathematical algorithms to detect the presence or absence of an occupant in the 

seat; to determine the size, weight and nature of any occupant (including whether it is a rear-facing infant 

and determine whether the occupant is an adult, a dog, a bag of groceries or a rear-facing infant seat); 

and to determine whether the occupant is too close to the airbag door for safe deployment. A smart 

system will use that information to decide whether to inflate the airbag in an impact. Later generations of 

smart airbags will adjust the rate of inflation based on force of impact and size of the occupant. 

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 

An engineering organization that shares research information and sets industrywide standards. 

Solo I 

A racing event sponsored by the SCCA, focused on Time Trial and Hill Climbs. 

Solo II 

Autocross racing event sponsored by the SCCA. 

Spark Plug 

Converts voltage into an arc that passes between its electrodes; the arc ignites the fuel-air mixture in the 

combustion chamber. The mixture explodes, creating power by pushing down the piston. 

Spoiler 

Usually on the rear of the vehicle, it changes the direction of airflow in order to reduce drag. 

Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) 

Refers to a style of truck which has a square passenger cabin and hatchback, and may be equipped with 

two- or four-wheel drive. 

Sports Car 

A body type designation. Generally a small, powerful car seating only two people. 


Sprint Car 

Two types of sprint cars exist, the first is the USAC open-wheel cars that feature a upright roll cage. The 

second is a similar car that has a large wing mounted to the top for stability; this is used by the World of 

Outlaws. 

Starter 

An electric motor powered by the battery that turns the crankshaft before the pistons begin operating. 

Starting Grid 

The first section or portion of a race track. 

Station Wagon 

A two- or four-door passenger car with a cargo area that extends all the way to the rear bumper. 

Steering Ratio 

The ratio of the different steering gears. Usually a lower gear means a faster response. 

Sticker Price 

The price of a vehicle found on the sticker attached to one of its windows. Generally, the MSRP. 

Stock Car Racing 

Started by NASCAR's founder, Bill France, in the 1940s. Initially meant track cars equipped with 

showroom parts. Today, few cars use stock parts. Most are built from custom parts, made especially for 

these race cars, that look like those in showrooms. 

Stroke 

The up-and-down distance the piston travels within the cylinder. On a traditional internal combustion 

engine, the piston makes four strokes during the combustion cycle, only one of which is a power stroke. 

On the power stroke, the piston is near the top of the cylinder, and it has compressed the air and fuel 

mixture. The spark plug ignites the mixture, and the force of the explosion pushes the piston down into 

the cylinder, producing the force that turns the crankshaft. The piston returns to the top of the cylinder to 

expel the exhaust gases on the second, or exhaust, stroke. It slides down to the bottom of the cylinder 

during the intake stroke, when the valves open to let in air and fuel. The piston rises to the top of the 

cylinder on the compression stroke to begin the cycle anew. This process repeats hundreds or thousands 

of times a minute, resulting in the number of crankshaft revolutions per minute at which the crankshaft is 

rotating. 

Subcompact 

The car size class one step up from the minicar. 

Subvented Lease 

A special lease, subsidized by an auto manufacturer, that features a low money factor rate or high residual 

value, making the monthly payments extremely attractive. Automakers increasingly are using subventedlease 

specials instead of rebates to boost sales of particular models. 

Sunday Afternoon Rally 

One day rallies, usually run by a local car club. These may be run on public access roads. 

Sunroof 

A window-type opening in the roof of the vehicle that can tilt or slide open. 

Supercharged, Supercharger 

Serves the same function as a turbocharger but avoids lag time because it runs off an engine-driven 

pump. Both turbochargers and superchargers are used to produce more power without increasing engine 

displacement, but neither are particularly fuel efficient and both can require costly maintenance as 

vehicles age. 

Supercharger 

A standard piece of equipment of Funny Cars and Top Fuel dragsters, this provides more power by blowing 

a combination of more air and vaporized fuel into the car's engine. 

Supplementary Payments 

The agreement or policy that an agency will pay defense costs, premiums, and interests. 

Suspension 

Springs, shock absorbers, struts, and links used to suspend the frame, body and engine above the wheels. 

Synthetic oil 


Engine lubricant not derived from raw petroleum. It has superior engine-protection properties but costs as 

much as five times more than petroleum oil. 

Tachometer 

The instrument gauge that shows engine speed, or revolutions per minute. On a vehicle with manual 

transmission, the driver can use the tachometer to tell when to upshift or downshift. Also called tach. 

Tappet 

A pivoting actuator that opens and closes cylinder intake and exhaust valves. 

Term Loan 

A loan repaid in a lump sum, including interest, at the end of the loan period. 

Termination Fee 

An amount sometimes charged at the end of a lease. 

Third Party Insurance 

Protection for the damage of property or bodies of others. 

Throttle-Body Fuel Injection 

A form of electronic fuel injection in which the injectors are centrally located in a throttle-body housing 

that contains a valve to regulate air flow through the intake manifold. Less efficient and precise than 

multi-port or sequential fuel injection. 

Timing Valve 

A valve in a fuel injection pump which times the delivery of fuel. 

Title 

The government-issued document that proves ownership of a specific vehicle. 

Toe-in 

A wheel-alignment term that indicates the leading edges of a pair of wheels angle slightly toward each 

other. Front-drive cars are often aligned with slight toe-in to compensate for the effects of torque steer, or 

the tendency of the front wheels to pull to the side under hard acceleration. 

Toe-out 

A wheel-alignment term that indicates the leading edges of a pair of wheels angle slightly away from each 

other. 

Top-Fuel Dragsters 

The fastest of drag racing vehicles, these have a characteristicly long body and use top fuel which 

accounts for the tremendous speeds these vehicles can attain. 

Torque 

A measure of twisting force, given in foot-pounds (abbreviated as lb.-ft.) or Newton-meters (N-m). In the 

case of an automobile, it is the twisting or rotational force the engine exerts on the crankshaft. Vehicle 

specifications often include the maximum torque an engine produces at a specific number of revolutions. 

An engine that produces 200 lb.-ft. of torque at 3,000 revolutions per minute, or 200 lb.-ft.@ 3,000 rpm, 

accelerates better at low speeds than an engine that provides 200 lb.-ft.@5,000 rpm. 

Torque Converter 

In an automatic transmission, a fluid coupling or electronic control that transmits power from the engine 

to the wheels. It allows the transmission to remain in gear while the vehicle is stopped. The fluid absorbs 

power and prevents the engine from stalling. 

Torque Steer 

The tendency of the front wheels on a front-drive vehicle to pull to the side under hard acceleration. 

Torsion Bar 

A simple, rugged type of suspension spring that twists as it is compressed or stretched. 

Torsional Stiffness 

A vehicle body's resistance to twisting motions. 

Total Loss 

Any loss of sufficient size where there is nothing left of value of the property. 

Towing & Labor 

Pays for towing and labor at the site of an automobile breakdown. 

Towing Capacity 

The amount of weight a vehicle can tow behind it. 


Track 

Vehicle width, measured from the center of one tire's contact patch to the center of the opposite tire's 

contact patch. 

Traction 

The amount of friction between the tire and the ground. 

Traction Control 

A system for limiting wheel slip under acceleration, thus maintaining each wheel's contact with the road 

surface. Traction-control systems generally use the anti-lock braking system to stop wheel spin and 

reduce power from one or more engine cylinders when an electronic sensor detects wheel spin. 

Trade-in Value 

The amount a dealership credits you for the used vehicle you provide as partial payment for another 

vehicle. The amount credited is often about 5 percent below the vehicle's wholesale market value. 

Trading Down 

Buying a less expensive vehicle than the one currently owned. 

Trading Up 

Buying a more expensive vehicle than the one currently owned. 

Transaxle 

A combined transmission and differential on front-drive vehicles. 

Transfer Case 

On four-wheel drive vehicles, a gearbox that allows power to be delivered to front and rear wheels. 

Transmission 

The gearbox that delivers power from the engine crankshaft to the drive axle or drive shaft. Most modern 

cars have a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission. 

Transportation Expense 

Pays for car rental expenses if the vehicle is not driveable. 

Tread-Wear Index 

A tire rating consisting of a number followed by two letters, such as 300AB. The number indicates the 

useful life of the tire, the first letter (A, B, or C, A for best, C for worst) indicates its traction in wet 

conditions, and the second letter (A, B, or C, A for best, C for worst) its resistance to heat buildup. 

Tri-Link Suspension 

A fully independent rear suspension featuring a single fiberglass or composite leaf spring. 

Trim Level 

The level of options or features added to a model (Ford Mustand GT, Chrysler LeBaron XL). 

Truth in Leasing 

Also known as the Consumer Leasing Act of 1976, this act was designed to protect consumers against 

inadequate and misleading lease information. 

Tune-up 

A regularly scheduled maintenance to check normal operation of the vehicle. 

Turbine 

An integral piece of the turbocharger, this small fan drives the compressor. 

Turbo Lag 

The time it takes the turbocharger to kick in after the driver accelerates; the lag results because a 

turbocharger compressor is spun by exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold. 

Turbocharged, Turbocharger 

Device that compresses and forces extra air into the intake manifold to produce extra power. Both 

turbochargers and superchargers are used to produce more power without increasing engine 

displacement, but neither are particularly fuel efficient and both can require costly maintenance as 

vehicles age. 

Turbocharger 

By forcing fuel through the engine, this system allows the car to gather more speed. 

Twist-Beam Axle 


A semi-independent rear axle often used on front-drive vehicles. The horizontal beam, which connects the 

two rear wheels, can twist to reduce the effect of one wheel's motion on the other. Less expensive and 

more compact than fully independent suspension. 

Twisting 

Trying to induce a policyholder under false pretense to terminate an existing policy to take a new one. 

Two-Seater 

A vehicle that can only accommodate the driver and one passenger. 

Two-Wheel Drive (2WD) 

A vehicle drivetrain which distributes power to two wheels. 

USAC 

United States Auto Club, governs most auto racing in North America. An all inclusive organization that 

includes Indy Car, Sprint Cars, Silver Crown Cars, and midgets. 

Umbrella Liability Policy 

A liability coverage that goes above and beyond the normal coverage. 

Umpire 

Brought in if the agency and policyholder don't agree on the amount of loss or damage to a property. 

Understeer 

Occurs when the front wheels have lost adhesion or the driver is turning the steering wheel too sharply for 

the vehicle's speed. In understeer, the front wheels do not follow the steering wheel angle, and the car 

refuses to turn and pushes ahead. In motorsports, this is called push. The driver can regain traction by 

reducing speed. Also may be called plow. 

Underwriter 

A person who is trained to evaluate risks and determines rates for policies based on those risks. 

Underwriting 

The process of verifying data and approving a loan. 

Unearned Premium 

The portion of an advanced premium that has not been used for coverage. 

Unidirectional Tire 

Tire whose tread pattern is designed to get optimum traction only when the tire is mounted to roll in one 

direction. 

Uninsured Motorist Coverage 

Insurance which pays for costs resulting from a hit-and-run or an accident with an uninsured motorist. 

Upside-down 

A situation which occurs when the value of your vehicle is lower than the outstanding balance on your 

vehicle loan. Also called negative equity. 

V-Type Engine 

In a V-6, V-8 or V-12 engine, the cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from 

the other at the top, forming a 'V.' Typically, this angle is 60 degrees on V-6 engines and 90 degrees on 

V-8 engines. 

V6 

A vehicle with six cylinders. The cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from 

the other at the top, forming a 'V.' Typically, this angle is 60 degrees on V-6 engines. 

V8 

A vehicle with eight cylinders. the cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from 

the other at the top, forming a 'V.' Typically, this angle is 90 degrees on V-8 engines. 

Valve Train 

The valves and camshaft(s) within an engine, and any parts attached to the valves, such as rockers and 

pushrods, to move them up and down. 

Valves 

Many overhead-cam engines, particularly multi-valve models, are described by the total number of intake 

and exhaust valves in the cylinder head. A 24-valve V-6 engine would have four valves per cylinder: two 

intake and two exhaust valves. A 16-valve V-8 engine has only the standard single exhaust and single 

intake valve for each of its eight cylinders. 


Van 

A box-shaped truck with a forward cab and a cargo area to the back bumper. 

Vandalism 

The willful physical damage to a property. 

Variable-Assist Steering 

A power-steering system that varies the amount of assistance it provides according to driving conditions. 

It provides maximum assistance at low speeds for maneuvers such as turning into a parking space or 

turning a corner after leaving a stop light. It provides minimum assistance at cruising or highway speeds 

to provide greater vehicle stability. 

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) 

A seventeen-digit identification number, unique to each vehicle, which includes codes for the 

manufacturer, year, model, body, and engine specifications. 

Vented Disc Brakes 

A seventeen-digit identification number, unique to each vehicle, which includes codes for the 

manufacturer, year, model, body, and engine specifications. 

Void 

A term used to describe a policy contract that is free of all legal effect. 

Waiver 

The agreement to forego premium payment during a period of disability. 

Walk-Away Lease 

Another name for a closed-end lease. A leasing contract in which the residual value, or final value, of the 

vehicle at the end of the term, has been specified. The lessee is not required to buy the vehicle, or make 

up any shortfall in its residual value. 

Water Pump 

The pump that circulates coolant through the engine block, cylinder head and radiator. It is driven by the 

engine crankshaft. 

Wear and Use 

Normal depreciation of a vehicle under average daily use. 

Wheel Size 

Determined by the diameter and width of the wheel on which the tire is mounted. A 15-inch wheel has a 

diameter of 15 inches. A 15 X 7 wheel has a 15-inch diameter and a 7-inch width. 

Wheelbase 

A mainstay in drag races, this refers to when the front end of car lifts up during a race. It is also known as 

a wheelie. 

Wholesale Value 

The price that the retailer expects to pay for a vehicle. 

Winston Cup 

The creme de la creme of NASCAR racing, the drivers are going for all the marbles in this race that spans 

the entire season as drivers accumulate points at each of 31 events. The driver that accumulates the most 

points, not the most wins, becomes the eventual Winston Cup winner. 


Background: 

The Perkins reauthorization of 2006 put in place the following definition of Articulation Agreement: 

ARTICULATION AGREEMENT—The term ‘articulation agreement’ means a written commitment— 

(A) that is agreed upon at the State level or approved annually by the lead administrators of— 

(i) a secondary institution and a postsecondary educational institution; or (ii) a subbaccalaureate degree granting postsecondary educational 

institution and a baccalaureate degree granting postsecondary educational institution; and 

(B) to a program that is: 

(i) designed to provide students with a nonduplicative sequence of progressive achievement leading to technical skill proficiency, a 

credential, a certificate, or a degree; and (ii) linked through credit transfer agreements between the 2 institutions described in clause 

(i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) (as the case may be). 

Based on the requirements above, it is necessary for all Colorado CTE Programs to review articulation 

agreements annually. An annual review encourages: 

1. Keeping agreements current. 

2. Awareness of & updates to agreements if curricula/courses have been changed or dropped at 

either institution. 

Agreement Review Verification: 

Agreement Name: Automotive. Auto Service Technology/Collision ____ 

Original Approval Date: June 1, 2008 ____ Effective for School Year: 2011-2012 __ 

The attached articulation agreement has been reviewed with all courses found to be in alignment. The 

agreement is verified as current and valid. 

Boulder Valley School District Joan Bludorn, CTE Administrator 5/20/2012 

Secondary Institution CTE Administrator and/or Coordinator Signature Date 

Boulder Tec Automotive/Collision Repair Todd Hetherington/William Uttich/Linn Long 5/24/2012 

Secondary Institution CTE Program Liaison and/or Instructor Signature Date 

FRCC ____________ 

Post-Secondary Institution Administrator Signature Date 

FRCC ____________ 

Post-Secondary Institution CTE Program Liaison and/or Instructor Signature Date 

(Electronic signatures & email verifications are acceptable forms of annual review verification.)

High School Auto/Collision II Curriculum Essentials Document

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