Emerging Technologies Report on Wastewater Treatment (PDF)

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<strong>Emerging</strong> <strong>Technologies</strong> February 2008 O-2 This document also provides information on each technology, its objective, its description, its state of development, available cost information, associated contact names, and related data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluates technologies against various criteria, although it does not rank or recommend any one technology over another. Research needs are also identified to guide development of innovative and embryonic technologies and improve established ones. Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management
Chapter 1 Introduction and Approach 1.1 Introduction In 2004, there were 16,583 municipal wastewater treatment plants operating in the United States. These plants ranged in size from a few hundred gallons per day (GPD) to more than 800 million gallons per day (MGD). Early efforts in water pollution control began in the late 1800s with construction of facilities to prevent human waste from reaching drinking water supplies. Since the passage of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act [CWA]), municipal wastewater treatment facilities have been designed and built or upgraded to abate an ever-increasing volume and diversity of pollutants. The CWA requires that municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges meet a minimum of secondary treatment. However, in 2004, nearly 30 percent of the municipal facilities produced and discharged effluent at higher levels of treatment than the minimum federal standards for secondary treatment. To meet the challenge of keeping progress in wastewater pollution abatement ahead of population growth, changes in industrial processes, and technological developments, EPA is providing this document to make information available on recent advances and innovative techniques. The goal of this document is straight forward—to provide a guide for persons seeking information on innovative and emerging wastewater treatment technologies. The guide lists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for further technological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool for wastewater facility owners and operators. <strong>Emerging</strong> technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory and bench-scale investigations to pilot studies and to initiate use or “full-scale demonstrations” before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at pilot stages; others see limited application in the field, but poor performance, complications, or unexpected costs may cause them to lose favor. Even technologies that become established may lose favor in time, as technological advances lead to obsolescence. In short, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present in nature; those that cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that adapt to changing technological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve long-standing success and survival in the market. Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management 1-1
Page 1 and 2: Emerging T
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Page 5 and 6: February 2008 Preface Wastewater Tr
Page 7 and 8: February 2008 Contents Wastewater T
Page 9 and 10: February 2008 List of Tables Wastew
Page 11 and 12: February 2008 Wastewater Treatment
Page 13 and 14: February 2008 Physical/Chemical Tre
Page 15 and 16: February 2008 List of Techn
Page 17: February 2008 Overview Wastewater T
Page 21 and 22: February 2008 1.2.1 Information Col
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Page 25 and 26: February 2008 Technology and Advanc
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Page 33 and 34: February 2008 Table 1.4—Summary o
Page 35 and 36: February 2008 1.3 Guidance Document
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2 Physical/Chemical Treatme
Page 39 and 40: February 2008 Process Figure 2.1—
Page 41 and 42: February 2008 Compressible Media Fi
Page 43 and 44: February 2008 Nanofiltration Object
Page 45 and 46: February 2008 Actiflo ® Process Ob
Page 47 and 48: February 2008 DensaDeg ® Process O
Page 49 and 50: February 2008 Microwave UV Disinfec
Page 51 and 52: February 2008 Blue CAT TM Objective
Page 53 and 54: February 2008 Blue PRO Objective: R
Page 55 and 56: February 2008 CoMag TM Objective: E
Page 57 and 58: February 2008 Solar Disinfection Ob
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 Biological Treatment Proc
Page 61 and 62: February 2008 Established T
Page 63 and 64: February 2008 Bioaugmentation Objec
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February 2008 Bioaugmentation (Cont
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February 2008 Bioaugmentation (Cont
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February 2008 Cannibal ® Process O
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February 2008 CATABOL TM Objective:
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February 2008 Deep Shaft Activated
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February 2008 Integrated fixed-Film
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February 2008 Integrated fixed-Film
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February 2008 Membrane BioReactor (
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February 2008 Mobile-Bed Reactor Te
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February 2008 Emerging</str
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February 2008 Biological-Chemical P
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February 2008 Modified University o
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February 2008 Modified Anaerobic/Ox
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February 2008 Trickling Filter/Soli
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February 2008 Aerobic Granular Slud
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February 2008 ANaerobic Membrane Bi
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February 2008 Anaerobic Migrating B
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February 2008 DEamMONification (DEM
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February 2008 Hydrogen-based hollow
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February 2008 Membrane-Aerated BioR
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February 2008 Microbial Fuel Cell (
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February 2008 Multi-Stage Activated
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February 2008 Nereda TM Objective:
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February 2008 SHARON (Single reacto
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February 2008 SHARON - ANAMMOX (ANa
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February 2008 STRASS Process (Nitri
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February 2008 Vacuum Rotation Membr
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Chapter 4 In-Plant Wet Weather Mana
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February 2008 Continuous Deflection
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February 2008 HYDROSELF ® Flushing
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February 2008 Tipping Flusher ® Ob
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February 2008 TRASHMASTER TM Net Ca
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February 2008 WWETCO Compressed Med
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February 2008 Alternative Wet Weath
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Chapter 5 Process Monitoring <stron
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February 2008 Figure 5.1—Evaluati
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February 2008 Ammonia and Nitrate P
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February 2008 Ammonia and Nitrate P
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February 2008 Microwave Density Ana
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February 2008 Microtox ® /Online M
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February 2008 SymBio TM - Nicotinam
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February 2008 Online Respirometry O
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February 2008 NITROX - Oxidation Re
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February 2008 Biological Micro-Elec
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February 2008 Handheld Advanced Nuc
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February 2008 Immunosensors and Imm
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February 2008 Photo-electro Chemica
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Chapter 6 Research Needs 6.1 Introd
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February 2008 � � Wastewater Tr
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February 2008 Exhibit 6.1—Paper f
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likely as a component of more conve
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Appendix A Trade Associations A.1 I
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