The Geology of Burma - Zomi Online Library

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Bibliography of Burman Earth Science REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT 2. REPORT TYPE: Bibliography DATE 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): An Annotated Bibliography of Burma’s Geology, Geography and Earth Science. 6. AUTHOR(S) HADDEN, Robert Lee 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Topographic Engineering Center ATTN: CEERD-TO-I 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Geospatial 7701 Telegraph Road Library Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Unclassified/Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: 14. ABSTRACT A bibliography on Burma prepared by the Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) to assist with humanitarian efforts offered by the US Government after the devastating Cyclone Nargis hit Burma on May 2, 2008. As such, this bibliography covers items of interest to disaster engineers and emergency planners, including citations on topography, transportation, water, medical concerns, and security. 15. SUBJECT TERMS: Burma. Climate. Earth Sciences. Forests. Geology. Geography. Groundwater. Hydrology. Maps. Meteorology. Mining. Myanmar. Soils. Surface-water. Transportation. Water. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 312 Unclassified/Unlimited OF ABSTRACT a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Unclassified/Unlimited Unlimited September 2008 2
Burma The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): An Annotated Bibliography of Burma’s Geology, Geography and Earth Science By R. Lee Hadden Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315 September 2008 Robert.L.Hadden@us.army.mil Preface This bibliography was produced quickly by the Topographic Engineering Center (See: http://tec.army.mil/Burma/index.html) in response to the humanitarian crisis caused by the Cyclone Nargis which hit Burma in May 2, 2008. The cyclone packed winds of 215 km/hr (135mph) and with very heavy rains. The cyclone made landfall in Burma as a Category 4 cyclone, with catastrophic results, with estimates of 146,000 fatalities, and thousands more people missing, injured and homeless. These two images below are provided from NASA, and show the overwhelming amount of damage caused by Cyclone Nargis to Burma. Flood water can be difficult to see in photo-like satellite images, particularly when the water is muddy. This pair of images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite uses a combination of visible and infrared light to make the floodwaters obvious to the viewer. Water is blue or nearly black, vegetation is bright green, bare ground is tan, and the clouds are white or light blue. On April 15, 2008 (the top image), rivers and lakes are sharply defined against a backdrop of vegetation and fallow agricultural land. The Irrawaddy River flows south through the left-hand side of the image, splitting into numerous distributaries known as the Mouths of the Irrawaddy. The wetlands near the shore are a deep blue green. Cyclone Nargis came ashore across the Mouths of the Irrawaddy and followed the coastline northeast. The entire coastal plain of Burma is flooded in the May 5 image (the bottom image). The fallow agricultural areas appear to have been especially hard hit. For example, Yangôn (population over 4 million) is almost completely surrounded by floods. Several large cities (population 100,000–500,000) are in the affected area. Muddy runoff colors the Gulf of Martaban turquoise. The high-resolution image provided above is at MODIS’ maximum spatial resolution (level of detail) of 250 meters per pixel. The MODIS Rapid Response Team provides twice-daily images of the region in additional resolutions and formats, including photo-like natural color.
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