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as field theory, 159, 189, 197–98, 200–201, 212–24, 254–55, 336–37, 353, 468, 591n–92n, 594n general theory of, 3, 13, 14, 36, 83, 108, 145–49, 155, 159, 178, 179–80, 183, 189–224, 232, 235, 249–62, 291, 311, 312, 317, 318–20, 330, 333–34, 336–38, 340, 351–56, 372, 419, 460, 467–68, 589n–96n, 607n geometry of, 192, 222, 337 gravitation and, 145–49, 155, 181–82, 189–97, 198, 199–202, 215, 216–22, 223, 249, 250–62, 266, 293, 314, 319–20, 337, 347, 349, 468, 511, 538–39, 548, 590n–94n, 607n Hilbert’s equations for, 212–22, 232 “hole argument” in, 201, 591n–92n inductive method for, 116–18, 191, 579n–81n inertia in, 107–9, 118–19, 131, 146–47, 190, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20, 468, 548 invariances in, 131–32, 324 as ”Jewish physics,” 142, 269–71, 284–89, 311–12, 315 least action principle and, 141, 584n light bending in, 5, 148–49, 165, 189–92, 202–5, 218, 219, 255–62, 266, 312–13, 355 local effects in, 189–90, 583n magnetic fields in, 184, 185 manuscripts of, 136, 482, 583n mass in, 250–51, 252, 468, 548 mathematical strategy for, 196, 197–98, 214, 594n mathematics of, 36, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 149, 159, 191n, 192–99, 211–24, 250, 251, 288, 337, 340, 351, 352, 468, 510–11, 590n– 91n, 594n Maxwell equations and, 115, 118, 120, 121, 138, 155–56, 157, 169, 170, 336n–37n, 338, 549, 578n, 581n measurement in, 128–29, 313, 337 Mercury perihelion confirmed by, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n metric tensors used in, 194–98, 200–201, 212–22, 254–55, 320, 340, 351, 352, 590n–9ln modernism and, 3, 277–80 moral relativism contrasted with, 270, 277–80, 602n motion in, 36, 93, 107–9, 127–31, 133, 134, 135, 145–46, 197, 199–201, 212, 213, 215, 220, 223, 318–20, 467 Newtonian laws modified by, 114, 118–19, 125, 133, 145, 146–47, 189, 197, 198, 199–201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 264, 266, 277, 280, 548 observational frames of reference in, 114, 116, 118–19, 121–22, 130–32, 148, 277, 333, 511, 581n, 594n, 596n papers published on, 122–35, 138–39, 144, 190–91, 198–202, 214, 215, 219, 220, 223, 252–55, 256, 317–18, 580n, 582n paradoxes in, 114–15, 130 particle theory and, 120–22, 124, 141–42, 190, 255, 256, 318–20, 321, 580n–81n, 583n physical laws in, 107–8, 196–97, 216–17, 223–24, 277, 278, 312–13, 510–11 physical strategy for, 196–97, 213–14, 591n, 594n popular explanations of, 123–24, 133, 144, 145, 148, 178, 189, 232, 256, 263–67, 277–80, 284–86, 287, 293, 296–97, 302, 355, 369, 387, 426, 513, 539, 577n postulates of, 118–22, 127–28, 134, 191, 252, 335, 347, 581n public reaction to, 263–80, 355 quantum mechanics compared with, 5, 168–71, 320–21, 323, 326, 332, 334–37, 346, 347, 453, 459, 460 relativity principle in, 118–19, 120, 121–22, 124, 126, 127–35, 138, 148, 201, 250–54, 318–20, 323, 332, 335, 347, 349, 467, 510–11, 579n–80n, 581n rest as concept in, 127–28, 133, 134 rotation in, 192, 199–201, 212, 213, 251–52, 318–20, 593n–94n, 596n scientific acceptance of, 132–35, 140–42, 163, 176–77, 201, 223–24, 256–57, 263–66, 284–89, 309–16, 510, 606n scientific opposition to, 142, 269–71, 273, 284–89, 309–16, 324, 388, 389, 495 simultaneous events in (synchronicity), 123–27, 129, 131, 134–35, 333, 346, 511, 548, 581n–82n singularities in, 250–52 space as concept in (spacetime), 93, 125, 128, 131–35, 140, 169, 192, 193–96, 200, 218, 220, 223, 250–62, 265–66, 277, 278, 296, 318, 319, 333, 510–11, 548 special theory of, 2, 5, 13, 26, 36–37, 46, 47–48, 93, 106, 107–37, 138, 148, 149, 169, 176, 185, 189, 193, 235, 250, 255, 310, 313, 317–18, 336n–37n, 482, 570n, 578n–83n speed of light in, 110–12, 114, 116–17, 118, 119–22, 123, 126, 128–30, 132, 138, 139, 189, 250, 252, 267, 297, 319, 347, 468, 548, 578n, 579n–80n, 581n starlight verification of (eclipses), 5, 191, 202–5, 218, 255–62, 267, 269, 275–76, 311, 316, 317 thought experiments (Gedankenexperiment) for, 2, 3–4, 5, 114, 121, 122–27, 138, 142, 145–46, 147, 190, 201, 267, 583n time as concept in, 93, 113, 122, 123–27, 128, 130–35, 140, 148, 169, 223, 250, 251, 266, 277, 318, 333, 349, 510–11, 581n–82n train analogies for, 123–26, 128–30 twin paradox in, 130 unified field theory and, 336–38 “uniqueness” argument in, 213 velocity in, 114, 192 wave theory and, 109–12, 578n Zurich Notebook for, 196–98, 214, 592n, 594n Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Einstein), 232, 256, 267, 355, 539, 577n religion, 15, 16, 20–21, 29–30, 56, 163–64, 167–68, 182, 243, 282–83, 372, 384–93, 462, 536, 548, 550–51, 587n
Remembrance of Things Past (Proust), 280 Renard (Stravinsky), 280 Renn, Jiirgen, 68, 196, 214, 573n, 592n, 594n Rentenmark currency, 302 Rescuing Albert’s Compass (Oppenheim), 13 rest, 127–28, 133, 134 Reston, James, 532 Ricci-Curbastro, Gregorio, 195, 196, 197, 214, 215, 216, 220, 221, 589n Riecke, Eduard, 60–61 Riemann, Bernhard, 193–94, 195, 196, 214, 215, 219, 253, 513–14, 589n, 594n river flows, 276–77, 443–44 Riverside Church, 370 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 370–71 Rockefeller Foundation, 395 Rolland, Romain, 208, 378, 417 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 430–31, 501 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5, 430–31, 437, 473–78, 483, 484, 485, 493, 504, n–30n Rosen, Nathan, 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, 549, 624n, n–26n Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 525–26, 528 Rosenfeld, Leon, 448, 449 Rosso, Henry, 440–41 rotation, 192, 199–201, 212, 213, 251–52, 318–20, 510–11, 593n–94n, 596n Rowe, David E., 633n Royal Albert Hall, 423–24 Royal Astronomical Society, 261, 273 Royal Society, 261, 264, 301, 312 Russell, Bertrand, 267, 380, 389, 504, 529, 539, 541 Rutherford, Ernest, 168, 321, 322 Rynasiewicz, Robert, 580n Sachs, Alexander, 473–76, 477, 630n Samuel, Herbert, 307–8 Sauer, Tilman, 196 Savic, Helene Kaufler, 76–77, 86–87, 88, 143, 154, 174–75, 230, 232 Savic, Zorka, 87, 444 scarlet fever, 86, 87 Schneider, Use, 259 Schöpenhauer, Arthur, 52, 367, 391, 609n, 618n Schrödinger, Erwin, 330, 331, 345, 349, 431, 432, 450, 453–60, 513, 626n Schrödinger equation, 454–55, 626n “Schrödinger’s cat,” 453–60 Schubert, Franz, 38 Schulmann, Robert, 86, 546, 633n Schumann, Robert, 177, 178, 183 Schuster, Max, 465 Schwartz, Paul, 405 Schwarzschild, Karl, 249–52, 319 Schwarzschild radius, 250 Science and Hypothesis (Poincare), 81, 125 Scottsboro Boys, 380, 381 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 69–70 Seeley, Evelyn, 404 Seelig, Carl, 35, 516 segregation, racial, 445, 505 Seidel, Toscha, 426 separability principle, 329–30, 449–50, 453, 454, 461, 609n, 626n Shadowitz, Albert, 530 Shakespeare, William, 423 Shaky Game, The (Fine), 627n Shankland, Robert, 116–17 Shaw, George Bernard, 279, 389 Siemens, Werner von, 32 Silberstein, Ludwig, 261, 262 Simon, Richard, 465 simultaneous events in (synchronicity), 83–84, 123–27, 129, 131, 134–35, 333, 346, 511, 548, 581n–82n Sinclair, Upton, 373–74, 377 singularities, 250–52 Sitter, Willem de, 252, 256, 580n
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ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin
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SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center
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In Santa Barbara, 1933 Life is like
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN Nobel Laureate, 19
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their countless acts of support ove
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ABRAHAM FLEXNER (1866-1959). Americ
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CHAPTER ONE THE LIGHT-BEAM RIDER
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The Swabian CHAPTER TWO CHILDHOOD 1
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during the years he lived alone in
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elementary school seemed to me like
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fulfill my wishes and expectations,
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taken out of the black case. It pro
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one of her female friends in Zurich
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Summer Vacation, 1900 CHAPTER FOUR
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The first of these papers was on a
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Lake Como, May 1901 “You absolute
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molecular forces, which used calcul
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His office in Bern’s new Postal a
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affection, and it concluded on that
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Turn of the Century CHAPTER FIVE TH
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These packets or bundles of energy
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though it did not help him get an a
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elative to the medium (the water or
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finally he added, “I guess I just
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Suppose that at the exact instant (
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With all this talk of distance and
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his one-sentence drunken postcard t
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was better suited to theorizing. Fo
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Adler made sure that the Zurich aut
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Zurich, 1909 CHAPTER EIGHT THE WAND
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invitation to stay with Lorentz and
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As Einstein wandered around Europe
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The visitors made their case during
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Mari accepted the terms. When Haber
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When Einstein moved back to Zurich
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indistinguishable from a case where
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Haber’s son in math. 45 But when
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Part of Einstein’s genius was his
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the Annalen der Physik, “The gene
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e a heavy blow for my boys. Therefo
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“The Nobel Prize—in the event o
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Germany’s new left-wing governmen
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Cosmology and Black Holes, 1917 CHA
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quanta involved probability rather
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“Lights All Askew” CHAPTER TWEL
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celebrity, were thrilled that the n
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a “single-minded and single-hande
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Kinship CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE WANDER
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(There was one odd coda to this eve
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Einstein drew packed crowds whereve
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1920s was not a good place or time
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The 1921 Prize CHAPTER FOURTEEN NOB
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photoelectrical effect has been ext
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Atoms emit radiation in a spontaneo
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An additional step was taken by ano
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The Quest CHAPTER FIFTEEN UNIFIED F
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even now. He also gave an interview
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Its shortcoming was that it “make
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Caputh CHAPTER SIXTEEN TURNING FIFT
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later declared. Although she could
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Einstein said, “encases the mind
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His fears were realized. The confer
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN EINSTEIN’S GOD
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with, his scientific work. “The c
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Christ Church, his college at Oxfor
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new chancellor of Germany. Einstein
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directed to the cottage amid the du
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friends. Most of it was about poor
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Princeton CHAPTER NINETEEN AMERICA
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Flexner’s interference infuriated
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the mailman.” 38 “The professor
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Nassau Inn refused her a room. So E
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Wolfgang Pauli wrote Heisenberg a l
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Bell was less than comfortable with
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Was Infeld right? Was tenacity the
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The Letter CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE THE B
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the progress being made in producin
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Americans rush to complete one? And
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So Einstein sought to make it clear
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monopolies,” they wrote. They den
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In it he argued that unrestrained c
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ather than (or in addition to) expa
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he read aloud to her. Sometimes the
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The Rosenbergs CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
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need to keep thrusting himself into
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Intimations of Mortality CHAPTER TW
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peace. 23 Einstein went in to work
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studying the DNA from Einstein’s
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SOURCES EINSTEIN’S CORRESPONDENCE
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Greene, Brian. 1999. The Elegant Un
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———. 2005b. “Standing on th
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NOTES Einstein’s letters and writ
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CHAPTER THREE: THE ZURICH POLYTECHN
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55. Einstein to Mileva Mari , Nov.
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Page 219 and 220: 14. Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, Ja
Page 221 and 222: 25. Einstein, “On the Foundations
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Page 229 and 230: sold the house but not the right to
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Page 243 and 244: 1. Johanna Fantova journal, Mar. 19
Page 245 and 246: Page numbers in italics refer to il
Page 247 and 248: Bose-Einstein statistics, 327-28 Bo
Page 249 and 250: Edison, Thomas, 6, 299 Edison test,
Page 251 and 252: nervous strain of, 184, 217-18, 255
Page 253 and 254: as cosmologist, 223-24, 248, 249-62
Page 255 and 256: Feynman, Richard, 515, 584n “Fiel
Page 257 and 258: Hertz, Paul, 208 Hibben, John, 298
Page 259 and 260: Konenkov, Sergei, 436, 503 Konenkov
Page 261 and 262: Matthau, Walter, 13 Maxwell, James
Page 263 and 264: nuclear weapons, 482-84, 487-95, 53
Page 265: entanglement in, 454, 455, 458-59
Page 269 and 270: superposition, 456-60 surface tensi
Page 271 and 272: Whitehead, Alfred North, 261 “Why
Page 273 and 274: ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Numbers in rom
Page 275 and 276: 5 With Mileva and Hans Albert, 1905
Page 277 and 278: 12 Hiking in Switzerland with Madam
Page 279 and 280: 18 The 1927 Solvay Conference 19 Re
Page 281 and 282: 23 Werner Heisenberg 24 Erwin Schr
Page 283 and 284: 29 With Elsa and her daughter Margo
Page 285 and 286: 34 Welcoming Hans Albert to America
Page 287 and 288: * The official name of the institut
Page 289 and 290: * The letters were discovered by Jo
Page 291 and 292: * A person “at rest” on the equ
Page 293 and 294: * If the source of sound is rushing
Page 295 and 296: * The German phrase he used was “
Page 297 and 298: * She was born Elsa Einstein, becam
Page 299 and 300: * See chapter 7. For purposes of th
Page 301 and 302: * Here’s how it works. If you are
Page 303 and 304: * Einstein’s salary after tax was
Page 305 and 306: * See chapter 14 for Einstein’s d
Page 307 and 308: * I have used the translation prefe
Page 309 and 310: * Robert Andrews Millikan would win
Page 311 and 312: * The de Broglie wavelength of a ba
Page 313 and 314: * From his 1905 special relativity
Page 315 and 316: * As Eddington showed, the cosmolog
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* There are two related concepts th
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