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* I am using the numbers in Einstein’s original calculations. Subsequent data caused it to be revised to about 0.85 second of arc. Also, as we shall see, he later revised his theory to predict twice the bending. An arc-second, or second of arc, is an angle of 1 ?3,600 of a degree.
* Here’s how it works. If you are at some point in curved space and want to know the distance to a neighboring point—infinitesimally close— then things can be complicated if you have just the Pythagorean theorem and some general geometry to use. The distance to a nearby point to the north may need to be computed differently from the distance to one to the east or to one in the up direction. You need something comparable to a little scorecard at each point of space to tell you the distance to each of these points. In four-dimensional spacetime your scorecard will require ten numbers for you to be able to deal with all the questions pertaining to spacetime distances to nearby points. You need such a scorecard for every point in the spacetime. But once you have those scorecards, you can figure out the distance along any curve: just add up the distances along each infinitesimal bit using the scorecards as you pass them. These scorecards form the metric tensor, which is a field in spacetime. In other words, it is something defined at every point, but that can have differing values at every point. I am grateful to Professor John D. Norton for helping with this section.
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ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin
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SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center
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In Santa Barbara, 1933 Life is like
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN Nobel Laureate, 19
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their countless acts of support ove
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ABRAHAM FLEXNER (1866-1959). Americ
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CHAPTER ONE THE LIGHT-BEAM RIDER
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The Swabian CHAPTER TWO CHILDHOOD 1
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during the years he lived alone in
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elementary school seemed to me like
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fulfill my wishes and expectations,
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taken out of the black case. It pro
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one of her female friends in Zurich
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Summer Vacation, 1900 CHAPTER FOUR
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The first of these papers was on a
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Lake Como, May 1901 “You absolute
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molecular forces, which used calcul
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His office in Bern’s new Postal a
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affection, and it concluded on that
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Turn of the Century CHAPTER FIVE TH
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These packets or bundles of energy
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though it did not help him get an a
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elative to the medium (the water or
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finally he added, “I guess I just
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Suppose that at the exact instant (
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With all this talk of distance and
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his one-sentence drunken postcard t
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was better suited to theorizing. Fo
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Adler made sure that the Zurich aut
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Zurich, 1909 CHAPTER EIGHT THE WAND
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invitation to stay with Lorentz and
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As Einstein wandered around Europe
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The visitors made their case during
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Mari accepted the terms. When Haber
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When Einstein moved back to Zurich
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indistinguishable from a case where
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Haber’s son in math. 45 But when
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Part of Einstein’s genius was his
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the Annalen der Physik, “The gene
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e a heavy blow for my boys. Therefo
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“The Nobel Prize—in the event o
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Germany’s new left-wing governmen
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Cosmology and Black Holes, 1917 CHA
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quanta involved probability rather
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“Lights All Askew” CHAPTER TWEL
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celebrity, were thrilled that the n
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a “single-minded and single-hande
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Kinship CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE WANDER
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(There was one odd coda to this eve
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Einstein drew packed crowds whereve
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1920s was not a good place or time
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The 1921 Prize CHAPTER FOURTEEN NOB
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photoelectrical effect has been ext
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Atoms emit radiation in a spontaneo
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An additional step was taken by ano
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The Quest CHAPTER FIFTEEN UNIFIED F
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even now. He also gave an interview
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Its shortcoming was that it “make
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Caputh CHAPTER SIXTEEN TURNING FIFT
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later declared. Although she could
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Einstein said, “encases the mind
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His fears were realized. The confer
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN EINSTEIN’S GOD
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with, his scientific work. “The c
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Christ Church, his college at Oxfor
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new chancellor of Germany. Einstein
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directed to the cottage amid the du
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friends. Most of it was about poor
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Princeton CHAPTER NINETEEN AMERICA
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Flexner’s interference infuriated
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the mailman.” 38 “The professor
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Nassau Inn refused her a room. So E
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Wolfgang Pauli wrote Heisenberg a l
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Bell was less than comfortable with
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Was Infeld right? Was tenacity the
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The Letter CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE THE B
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the progress being made in producin
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Americans rush to complete one? And
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So Einstein sought to make it clear
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monopolies,” they wrote. They den
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In it he argued that unrestrained c
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ather than (or in addition to) expa
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he read aloud to her. Sometimes the
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The Rosenbergs CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
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need to keep thrusting himself into
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Intimations of Mortality CHAPTER TW
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peace. 23 Einstein went in to work
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studying the DNA from Einstein’s
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SOURCES EINSTEIN’S CORRESPONDENCE
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Greene, Brian. 1999. The Elegant Un
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———. 2005b. “Standing on th
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NOTES Einstein’s letters and writ
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CHAPTER THREE: THE ZURICH POLYTECHN
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55. Einstein to Mileva Mari , Nov.
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Earman, Clark Glymour, and Robert R
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61. Einstein to Maurice Solovine, u
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14. Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, Ja
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25. Einstein, “On the Foundations
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89. Reid, 142. Although this commen
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die Theorie stimmt doch.” 23. Max
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39. “Einstein Sees End of Time an
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sold the house but not the right to
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34. Einstein, “Speech to Professo
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65. Einstein, “The 1932 Disarmame
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10-255. 52. Einstein to Herbert Sam
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CHAPTER TWENTY: QUANTUM ENTANGLEMEN
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Szilárd Refrigerators,”Scientifi
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44. Einstein, “Why Socialism?,”
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1. Johanna Fantova journal, Mar. 19
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Page numbers in italics refer to il
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Bose-Einstein statistics, 327-28 Bo
Page 249 and 250: Edison, Thomas, 6, 299 Edison test,
Page 251 and 252: nervous strain of, 184, 217-18, 255
Page 253 and 254: as cosmologist, 223-24, 248, 249-62
Page 255 and 256: Feynman, Richard, 515, 584n “Fiel
Page 257 and 258: Hertz, Paul, 208 Hibben, John, 298
Page 259 and 260: Konenkov, Sergei, 436, 503 Konenkov
Page 261 and 262: Matthau, Walter, 13 Maxwell, James
Page 263 and 264: nuclear weapons, 482-84, 487-95, 53
Page 265 and 266: entanglement in, 454, 455, 458-59
Page 267 and 268: Remembrance of Things Past (Proust)
Page 269 and 270: superposition, 456-60 surface tensi
Page 271 and 272: Whitehead, Alfred North, 261 “Why
Page 273 and 274: ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Numbers in rom
Page 275 and 276: 5 With Mileva and Hans Albert, 1905
Page 277 and 278: 12 Hiking in Switzerland with Madam
Page 279 and 280: 18 The 1927 Solvay Conference 19 Re
Page 281 and 282: 23 Werner Heisenberg 24 Erwin Schr
Page 283 and 284: 29 With Elsa and her daughter Margo
Page 285 and 286: 34 Welcoming Hans Albert to America
Page 287 and 288: * The official name of the institut
Page 289 and 290: * The letters were discovered by Jo
Page 291 and 292: * A person “at rest” on the equ
Page 293 and 294: * If the source of sound is rushing
Page 295 and 296: * The German phrase he used was “
Page 297 and 298: * She was born Elsa Einstein, becam
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Page 303 and 304: * Einstein’s salary after tax was
Page 305 and 306: * See chapter 14 for Einstein’s d
Page 307 and 308: * I have used the translation prefe
Page 309 and 310: * Robert Andrews Millikan would win
Page 311 and 312: * The de Broglie wavelength of a ba
Page 313 and 314: * From his 1905 special relativity
Page 315 and 316: * As Eddington showed, the cosmolog
Page 317 and 318: * There are two related concepts th
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