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SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2007 by Walter Isaacson All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Simon & Schuster and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc. For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-800-456-6798 or business@simonandschuster.com. Endpapers: Alan Richards, Princeton University Library Frontispiece: Ullstein Bilderdienst/The Granger Collection, New York Illustration credits are on page 679. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Isaacson, Walter. Einstein : his life and universe / Walter Isaacson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. 2. Physicists—Biography. 3. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Friends and associates. 4. Relativity (Physics). 5. Unified field theories. I. Title. QC16.E5I76 2007 530.092—dc22 [B] ISBN-13: 978-0-7432-6473-0 ISBN-10: 978-0-7432-6473-8 eISBN-13: 978-1-4165-3932-2 2006051264
To my father, the nicest, smartest, and most moral man I know
Page 2 and 3: ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin
Page 6 and 7: In Santa Barbara, 1933 Life is like
Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER FOURTEEN Nobel Laureate, 19
Page 10 and 11: their countless acts of support ove
Page 12 and 13: ABRAHAM FLEXNER (1866-1959). Americ
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER ONE THE LIGHT-BEAM RIDER
Page 18 and 19: The Swabian CHAPTER TWO CHILDHOOD 1
Page 20 and 21: during the years he lived alone in
Page 22 and 23: elementary school seemed to me like
Page 24: fulfill my wishes and expectations,
Page 27 and 28: taken out of the black case. It pro
Page 29 and 30: one of her female friends in Zurich
Page 32 and 33: Summer Vacation, 1900 CHAPTER FOUR
Page 34 and 35: The first of these papers was on a
Page 36 and 37: Lake Como, May 1901 “You absolute
Page 38 and 39: molecular forces, which used calcul
Page 40 and 41: His office in Bern’s new Postal a
Page 42 and 43: affection, and it concluded on that
Page 45 and 46: Turn of the Century CHAPTER FIVE TH
Page 47 and 48: These packets or bundles of energy
Page 49: though it did not help him get an a
Page 52 and 53: elative to the medium (the water or
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finally he added, “I guess I just
Page 56 and 57:
Suppose that at the exact instant (
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With all this talk of distance and
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his one-sentence drunken postcard t
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was better suited to theorizing. Fo
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Adler made sure that the Zurich aut
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Zurich, 1909 CHAPTER EIGHT THE WAND
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invitation to stay with Lorentz and
Page 72 and 73:
As Einstein wandered around Europe
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The visitors made their case during
Page 76:
Mari accepted the terms. When Haber
Page 79 and 80:
When Einstein moved back to Zurich
Page 81 and 82:
indistinguishable from a case where
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Haber’s son in math. 45 But when
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Part of Einstein’s genius was his
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the Annalen der Physik, “The gene
Page 90 and 91:
e a heavy blow for my boys. Therefo
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“The Nobel Prize—in the event o
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Germany’s new left-wing governmen
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Cosmology and Black Holes, 1917 CHA
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quanta involved probability rather
Page 102 and 103:
“Lights All Askew” CHAPTER TWEL
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celebrity, were thrilled that the n
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a “single-minded and single-hande
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Kinship CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE WANDER
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(There was one odd coda to this eve
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Einstein drew packed crowds whereve
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1920s was not a good place or time
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The 1921 Prize CHAPTER FOURTEEN NOB
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photoelectrical effect has been ext
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Atoms emit radiation in a spontaneo
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An additional step was taken by ano
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The Quest CHAPTER FIFTEEN UNIFIED F
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even now. He also gave an interview
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Its shortcoming was that it “make
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Caputh CHAPTER SIXTEEN TURNING FIFT
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later declared. Although she could
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Einstein said, “encases the mind
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His fears were realized. The confer
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN EINSTEIN’S GOD
Page 145:
with, his scientific work. “The c
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Christ Church, his college at Oxfor
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new chancellor of Germany. Einstein
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directed to the cottage amid the du
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friends. Most of it was about poor
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Princeton CHAPTER NINETEEN AMERICA
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Flexner’s interference infuriated
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the mailman.” 38 “The professor
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Nassau Inn refused her a room. So E
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Wolfgang Pauli wrote Heisenberg a l
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Bell was less than comfortable with
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Was Infeld right? Was tenacity the
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The Letter CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE THE B
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the progress being made in producin
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Americans rush to complete one? And
Page 180 and 181:
So Einstein sought to make it clear
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monopolies,” they wrote. They den
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In it he argued that unrestrained c
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ather than (or in addition to) expa
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he read aloud to her. Sometimes the
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The Rosenbergs CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
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need to keep thrusting himself into
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Intimations of Mortality CHAPTER TW
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peace. 23 Einstein went in to work
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studying the DNA from Einstein’s
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SOURCES EINSTEIN’S CORRESPONDENCE
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Greene, Brian. 1999. The Elegant Un
Page 207 and 208:
———. 2005b. “Standing on th
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NOTES Einstein’s letters and writ
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CHAPTER THREE: THE ZURICH POLYTECHN
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55. Einstein to Mileva Mari , Nov.
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Earman, Clark Glymour, and Robert R
Page 217 and 218:
61. Einstein to Maurice Solovine, u
Page 219 and 220:
14. Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, Ja
Page 221 and 222:
25. Einstein, “On the Foundations
Page 223 and 224:
89. Reid, 142. Although this commen
Page 225 and 226:
die Theorie stimmt doch.” 23. Max
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39. “Einstein Sees End of Time an
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sold the house but not the right to
Page 231 and 232:
34. Einstein, “Speech to Professo
Page 233 and 234:
65. Einstein, “The 1932 Disarmame
Page 235 and 236:
10-255. 52. Einstein to Herbert Sam
Page 237 and 238:
CHAPTER TWENTY: QUANTUM ENTANGLEMEN
Page 239 and 240:
Szilárd Refrigerators,”Scientifi
Page 241 and 242:
44. Einstein, “Why Socialism?,”
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1. Johanna Fantova journal, Mar. 19
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Page numbers in italics refer to il
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Bose-Einstein statistics, 327-28 Bo
Page 249 and 250:
Edison, Thomas, 6, 299 Edison test,
Page 251 and 252:
nervous strain of, 184, 217-18, 255
Page 253 and 254:
as cosmologist, 223-24, 248, 249-62
Page 255 and 256:
Feynman, Richard, 515, 584n “Fiel
Page 257 and 258:
Hertz, Paul, 208 Hibben, John, 298
Page 259 and 260:
Konenkov, Sergei, 436, 503 Konenkov
Page 261 and 262:
Matthau, Walter, 13 Maxwell, James
Page 263 and 264:
nuclear weapons, 482-84, 487-95, 53
Page 265 and 266:
entanglement in, 454, 455, 458-59
Page 267 and 268:
Remembrance of Things Past (Proust)
Page 269 and 270:
superposition, 456-60 surface tensi
Page 271 and 272:
Whitehead, Alfred North, 261 “Why
Page 273 and 274:
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Numbers in rom
Page 275 and 276:
5 With Mileva and Hans Albert, 1905
Page 277 and 278:
12 Hiking in Switzerland with Madam
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18 The 1927 Solvay Conference 19 Re
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23 Werner Heisenberg 24 Erwin Schr
Page 283 and 284:
29 With Elsa and her daughter Margo
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34 Welcoming Hans Albert to America
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* The official name of the institut
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* The letters were discovered by Jo
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* A person “at rest” on the equ
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* If the source of sound is rushing
Page 295 and 296:
* The German phrase he used was “
Page 297 and 298:
* She was born Elsa Einstein, becam
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* See chapter 7. For purposes of th
Page 301 and 302:
* Here’s how it works. If you are
Page 303 and 304:
* Einstein’s salary after tax was
Page 305 and 306:
* See chapter 14 for Einstein’s d
Page 307 and 308:
* I have used the translation prefe
Page 309 and 310:
* Robert Andrews Millikan would win
Page 311 and 312:
* The de Broglie wavelength of a ba
Page 313 and 314:
* From his 1905 special relativity
Page 315 and 316:
* As Eddington showed, the cosmolog
Page 317 and 318:
* There are two related concepts th
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