Consultancy for Conservation Study of Chik Kwai Study Hall at Pat ...

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2.1 Lai Uk Tsuen, Pat Heung 2 SITE Lai Uk Tsuen 黎屋村 is a small village situated in Pat Heung 八鄉, developed by the Lai Clan one hundred years ago. The village is largely occupied by Lai’s Clan. According to the villagers, the Lai in Lai Uk Tsuen was a main branch of the Lai Clan in Sheung Tsuen. Various clans have settled in Pat Heung for several centuries, while the Lai clan is considered as an important lineage in Pat Heung area. 2.1.1 Pat Heung Pat Heung was an area nestled in the middle of the New Territories by several settlements of eight rural townships. It is lying partly in a valley, is connected with Kam Tin 錦田 on the west, Tai Mo Shan 大帽山 and Kwun Yam Shan 觀音山 between in the northeast. It is said that there were eight villages when Pat Heung was formed, Pat Heung 八鄉 was so named. Heung 鄉 Heung, had the same meaning of Yeuk 約, a traditional social organization which was dominated by inter-village mutual defence alliances. 1 The village alliance provided a mechanism for the resolution of irrigation disputes. According to the Lockhart observed, the member villages of an alliance often occupy a common drainage system, which suggests that one important determinant of alliance membership may have participated in a common irrigation system. It is 1 P.H. Hase, “The Mutual Defence Alliance (約, Yeuk) of the New Territories”, in Journal of The Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 29, 1989, pp. 384-385. 3
clearly advantageous for villages sharing an irrigation source to band together in parapolitical organization. 2 Besides the paramilitary and economics aspect, the village alliance was active in the adjudication of other types of dispute arising within their boundaries. In the Ming and Ching Dynasty, the coast was often robbed by pirates, which not only caused tremendous disruption to coastal trade, but also tremendous loss to villages when they landed and sacked the villages. They often resorted to rape, pillage or kidnapping. Quarrels were also often occurred between the clans. It is common that village alliance organized trained personal combat against common enemies. Hugh Baker’s research in the New Territories between 1963 and 1965 has the following observations: 4 Disputes were common, and all the clans were involved in one time or another. Alliances were made between clans against others, and sometimes smaller lineages from outside the five [five big clans referred to Tang, Hau, Pang, Man and Liu in this article] would be brought in. 3 To have better defensive power, villages often grouped together to protect themselves. For this reason, various inter-village alliances were formed in the Ming – Qing Dynasty. There is an example of village alliances in the New Territories known to have maintained a formal legal code. A tablet kept in one of the side rooms of the Hau Wong temple 侯王廟, which is dated in 19 th year of Guangxu 光緒 era (1893), of the Tung Chung village alliance specified the fines to be paid for various common offences and procedures to be followed in trying the accused persons before the village alliance council. 4 The tablet was drawn up by Tung Chung Hap Heung 東涌合鄉 or Tung Chung Valley. 5 According to James Watson, the neighboring lineages of Ha Tsuen and Ping Shan have often been violent conflict over water, land and marketing rights. In the mid-nineteen century, Tang clan of Kam Tin forged an alliance with Tang clan of Wai Dak 懷德 to break Tang clan of Ha Tsuen with small tenant villages. 6 It is common that village alliance organized trained personal combat to against common enemies, such as Ha Tsuen 廈村 and Shap Pat Heung 十八鄉 2 John A.Brim, “Village alliance temples in Hong Kong” in Emily M. Ahern et al., Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society, Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1974, p.95. 3 See Baker, Hugh, “The Five Great Clans of the New Territories: Based on a lecture delivered on 1st March, 1965”, in Journal of The Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, The Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 5, 1965, p. 39. 4 John A.Brim, op. cit., p. 95 5 James Hayes, “The Pattern of Life in the New Territories in 1898”, in Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, The Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 2, 1962, p. 84. 6 Watson, James L., Death ritual in late imperial and modern China, Berkeley; London, University of California Press, c. 1988, p. 219.
Page 1 and 2: Consultancy for Conservation Study
Page 3 and 4: Research Team Team Members Position
Page 5 and 6: iv 5.1 Historic place..............
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Front eleva
Page 10 and 11: Fig. 37. Map showing Chik Kwai Stud
Page 12 and 13: Fig. 83. Side chambers with cocklof
Page 14 and 15: Fig. 142a-b. changgong 撐栱 [diag
Page 16: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. A list show
Page 19: 2 This report is to provide a conse
Page 23 and 24: After the British takeover of the N
Page 25 and 26: Pat Heung 八鄉 8 Fig. 3. The Dist
Page 27 and 28: 10 In the Yudiiue 輿地略 [Chapte
Page 29 and 30: 12 Fig. 7. Enlargement of the Xin
Page 31 and 32: Pat Heung valleys are the richest r
Page 33 and 34: 16 Tai Kong Po 大江埔 Yeung 楊
Page 35 and 36: 18 Fig. 11. Cheung Ancestral Hall
Page 37 and 38: 20 Fig. 14. Map showing ancestral h
Page 43 and 44: organized Tat Tak Alliance 達德
Page 45 and 46: 28 According to the elders from Pat
Page 47 and 48: Guanyin 觀音, Tinhou 天后 and G
Page 49 and 50: 32 district. It has already had the
Page 51 and 52: During the Japanese occupation, the
Page 53 and 54: 36 Fig. 24. Genealogy of the Lais i
Page 55 and 56: According to the report wrote by La
Page 57 and 58: Sheung Tsuen Shui Lo (Fig. 29.). Ch
Page 59 and 60: 42 Fig. 29. Sheung Tsuen Shui Lo, 1
Page 61 and 62: 44 Fig. 32. Lai Uk Tsuen was named
Page 63 and 64: 46 3 HISTORY 3.1 Founding of Chik K
Page 65 and 66: 48 The exact year of its constructi
Page 67 and 68: 50 Fig. 37. Map showing Chik Kwai S
Page 69 and 70: 3.2.1 Study Hall In the Ming and Qi
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54 孺人之神主廿六世
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3.3.3 1970s - 1980s The setting of
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58 Fig. 41. Aerial photo of 1945. (
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60 Fig. 43. Aerial Photo of 1963. (
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62 Fig. 45. Aerial Photo of 1985. (
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The 27th year of Kangxi 康熙 28th
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66 1963 Pat Heung Old Temple 八鄉
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68 recipients of plants and seeds.
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長春園 Lik Wing Tong 力榮堂 Y
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Kang Yung Study Hall 鏡蓉書屋 (
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74 Fig. 49. Tai Kei Ka Shuk 大紀
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76 Fig. 53. Kang Yung Study Hall
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78 Successful candidates in xiang-s
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80 Fig. 58. Lesson in old-style pri
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82 The teachers’ incomes are quit
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84 Fig. 61. Sung Tsun School 崇真
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Population Boom The increase of pop
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4.1 Setting 88 4 BUILDING Chik Kwai
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90 Fig. 66. Chik Kwai study hall an
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occupying a footprint measuring 13.
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94 Fig. 75. The porch at the front
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96 The fourth and sixth purlins in
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98 Fig. 81. The finely craved rain
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From the aerial photograph of 1963,
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102 Fig. 89. Two storeys side chamb
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104 Fig. 91. Main hall of Chik Kwai
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4.3.2 Stable 106 Fig. 95. A small c
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4.4.1 Chik Kwai Study Hall Entrance
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110 Fig. 100a-f. Details of the fro
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112 Fig. 102a-e. Details of the rea
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peach that signifies longevity. At
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vase is a bat, symbol of fu 福 [go
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118 Fig. 107a-d. Details of the eav
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120 [Drinking in front of the flowe
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122 Fig. 109a-c. Murals atop the ma
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124 Fig. 112. Mural on the right ga
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126 The tuofeng 駝峰 atop the low
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128 Fig. 117. tuofeng 駝峰 [suppo
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Friezes of the walls 130 Fig. 119a-
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132 [A wandering exile, I came away
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134 Fig. 124. The mural on the rear
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Eave board at the rear eave Below t
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Courtyard 138 Fig. 127a-e. Details
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shoushi 壽石 [aged rock] that is
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Gable walls The gable walls of the
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Fang 枋 [lintel] 144 Fig. 134a-g.
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Structural frames 146 Fig. 135. The
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148 Fig. 138a-b. tuofeng 駝峰 [su
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150 Fig. 140a-d. tuofeng 駝峰 [su
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Decorative surround 152 Fig. 142a-b
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longevity] (Fig. 144). On the rear
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156 Fig. 144. The mural on the part
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Along the top part of the walls in
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160 Fig. 150. The mural on the part
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4.4.2 Stable There is no particular
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instance, wishes such as riches and
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09 upper floor in the side bays of
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168 Fig. 159. A line of granite fou
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170 Fig. 164. Traces of the seconda
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172 Fig. 167. Lattice window openin
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174 literary knowledge, emoluments,
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176 Fig. 175. Openings on the upper
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178 Fig. 178. Ladder leading to the
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180 Fig. 180. Ladder located in the
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182 Fig. 183. Sketch showing the re
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184 Fig. 185. Sketch showing the re
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Kwai Study Hall could be read as a
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Si Wang Study Hall 士宏書室 Kun
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6.1 The Inspection 190 6 CONDITION
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6.4.1.3 The Side Halls 192 Photo 1
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6.4.3 The Forecourt 194 Photo 6 Clo
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vegetation spreads along the roofs
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198 Photo 15 The side wall showing
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200 Photo 19 The timber beam to the
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202 Photo 23 The columns were in a
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Right-hand side hall The external w
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206 Photo 31 The rear wall of the M
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Left cockloft The 1/F cockloft was
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6.5.2.6 Wall paintings and the alta
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The original wide door openings had
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6.7 Work required to remove the int
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216 An example of propping of struc
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218 Other work may be carried out d
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220 The exposed hole may then be en
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3.0 Demolition of cocklofts slabs,
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3.0 Demolition down to 1/F slab and
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7.1 Conservation Philosophy 226 7 C
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228 � Re-construction of timber s
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230 … Competent direction of cons
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232 with dimensions, shape, design
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8.3 Restoration and conservation
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� Water with a natural P.H. deter
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(b) Take down all electrical light
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240 � the four richly decorated w
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8.4.6.3 Floor finishes - (a) Clean
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8.4.8.3 Wall mural on wall frieze o
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(c) Make good timber altar to match
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2.0 Demolition and Cart Away 2.1 Wo
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250 10.4 Make good partition in fro
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APPENDIX I 252 Fig. 187. First floo
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254 Fig. 191. Section A-A and B-B o
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APPENDIX III PRINCIPLES FOR THE PRE
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258 conservation may require the co
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APPENDIX IV ICOMOS PRINCIPLES FOR T
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plaster, etc. Prerequisites for any
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Competent direction of conservation
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Rob Crèvecoeur (The Netherlands) L
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Gui Wencan 桂文燦 et al., Guangd
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Land Registration in the New Territ
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Consultancy for Conservation Study of Chik Kwai Study Hall at Pat ...

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