Consultancy for Conservation Study of Chik Kwai Study Hall at Pat ...

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alliances were long-standing military allies. 7 In traditional times, village alliances in the New Territories provided an insurance against the pirate and other invasions. According to the research from Mr. Stewart Lockhart in 1899, the New Territories was under the jurisdiction of Shenzhen Dongpingju 深圳東平局, which was an administrative institution in Qing Dynasty. 8 There were many Xiangyue 鄉約 under the control of Shenzhen Dongpingju 深圳東平局. Dongpingju 東平局 acted as a higher appeal court for either criminal or civil cases which had passed through the hands of the Village Councils and Tung 洞 Councils. Stewart Lockhart has the following descriptions of Dongpingju 東平局, Each council of a Tung contains representatives of the villages which make up the Tung. In addition to a council of a Tung there is a general council for the whole of the Tung Lo or Eastern Section… This general council is styled the Tung Ping Kuk or Council of Peace for the Eastern Section. It has its chamber at the market town of Sham Chun, which is regarded as the centre of the Eastern Section. 9 Even though Tung 洞 was never mentioned in any Chinese Official Document, it is believed that Tung 洞 was a native name in countryside. Historian Ng Lun Ngai-ha 吳倫霓霞 indicated that Tung 洞 is the regional alliance in the New Territories. Each Tung 洞 had its own council, various village councils were under the control of Tung 洞. There is another source suggests other names for Tung 洞 are tun 屯 or tung 董. 10 They were organized to manage the associations in villages. 11 Tung 董 was the regional director in the province. 7 John A.Brim, op. cit., p. 98. 8 David Faure 科大衛, “Bu Luo Xianglin jiaoshou zhi youguan xinjie daizu yanjiu 補羅香林教授之有關新界大族研究 [Supplement to the Researches Realated to the Great Clans in New Territories by Professor Luo Xianglin]”, in Zhuhai wenshi yanjiusuo xuehui 珠海文史研究所學會, Luo Xianglin jiaoshou jinian lunwenji 羅香林教授紀念論文集 [Collection of Essays in the Memory of Professor Lo Hsiang Lin], Taibei, Xinwenfeng chuban gufen youxian gongsi 新文豐出版股份有限公司, 1992, p. 518. 9 Reported by Mr.Stewart Lockhart on the Extension of the Colony of Hong Kong in Papers Relating to Extension of Colony of Hong Kong, SP 1899, pp. 16 -17. 10 Wu Lun Nixia 吳倫霓霞, “lishi de Xinjie 歷史的新界 [The Historical New Territories]”, in Zheng Yushuo 鄭宇碩, Bianqian zhong de Xinjie 變遷中的新界 [The Transformation of the New Territories], Hong Kong, University Publisher and Printer Limited., 1983, p. 19. 11 See the description of Tung 董, “軍興以來,各省團練民勇,有董,有總董,大同小異” [Since the rise in military affairs, voluntary groups such as tuannian 團練 or minyong 民勇 [trained village soldiers] were called tung, or main tung. They are all more or less the same throughout the province.] in Feng Guifen 馮桂芬, Jiaobilu kangyi 校邠廬抗 5
After the British takeover of the New Territories in 1899, the colonial government incorporated the major village alliances into the administrative structure, conferring semi-official status on recognized alliance leaders. New Territories was divided into eight districts and 48 subdistricts. 12 The report doing by Mr.Stewart Lockhart in 1900 has following description, 6 The principle following in dividing the territory into Districts and Sub-Districts was to adhere as closely as possible to the divisions recognized by the Chinese inhabitants for many years. These divisions as a rule follow the natural features of the country. Each subdistrict on the mainland is in most cases contained in a valley, throughout which are dotted groups of villages and small hamlets. In some cases a sub-district originally arose from the combination of a number of villages. Clan fights have been a common practice in the San On District for centuries and it has not been unusual for groups of villages to combine together for purposes of offence and defence. 13 Eight alliances are Kowloon Yeuk 九龍約, Sha Tau Kok Yeuk 沙頭角約, Yuen Long Yeuk 元朗約, Sheung Yue Yeuk 雙魚約, Luk Yeuk 六約, Tung Hoi Yeuk 東海約, Tung Tao Tung Yeuk 東島洞約, Sai Tao Tung Yeuk 西島洞約. 14 Yuen Long Yeuk consists of eight divisions. They are Pat Heung 八鄉, Kam Tin 錦田, Shap Pat Heung 十八鄉, Ping Shan 屏山, Ha Tsuen 廈村, Tuen Mun 屯門, Tai Lam Chung 大欖涌, Lung Kwu Tan 龍鼓灘. 議 [Essays of protest from the cottage where one studies the ancient system of the Zhou], Xuehaichu banshee 學海出版社, 1967, p. 11. 12 Report on New Territory SP 1900 (1996). Retrieved on 8 August 2006 from Hong Kong Government Reports Online (1853 - 1941) under the University of Hong Kong Web Site: http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/s1900/1667.pdf, p. 2. 13 Ibid., p. 2. 14 Kowloon Yeuk 九龍約 included Kau Yeuk 九約, Luk Yeuk 六約 and Tsuen Wan Yeuk 荃灣約; Sha Tau Kok Yeuk 沙頭角約 included Wo Hang 禾坑, Lin Ma Hang 蓮麻坑, Ha Po 下堡, Luk Keng 鹿頸, Nam Yeuk 南約, Kuk Po 谷埔, Hing Chun 慶春; Yuen Long Yeuk 元朗約 included Pat Heung 八鄉, Kam Tin 錦田, Shap Pat Heung 十八鄉, Ping Shan 屏山, Ha Tsuen 廈村, Tuen Mun 屯門, Tai Lam Chung 大欖涌, Lung Kwu Tan 龍鼓灘; Sheung Yue Yeuk 雙魚約 included Lam Tsuen 林村, San Tin 新田, Lung Yeuk Tau 龍躍頭, Plover Cove 船灣, Jap Wo 翕和, Tsoi Hang 蔡坑, Sheung Shui 上水, Fanling 粉嶺, Hou Yeuk 候約; Luk Yeuk 六約; Tung Hoi Yeuk 東海約 included Sai Kung 西貢, Cheung Muk Yau 樟木頭, Ko Tong 高塘, Chek Keng 赤涇; Tung Tao Tung Yeuk 東島洞約 included Kat O 吉澳, Ping Chau 坪洲, Tap Mun 塔門, Pak Tam Chau 白潭洲, Pak Lap Chau 白蠟洲, Kau Sai 滘西, Yim Tin Tsai 鹽田仔; Sai Tao Tung Yeuk 西島洞約 included Lung Kwu 龍鼓, Chek Lap Kok 赤蠟角, Ma Wan 馬灣, Tsing Yi 青衣, Lantau Island 大嶼山, Peng Chau 平洲, Nei Ku Chau 尼姑洲, Cheung Chau 長洲. As citied in Xianggang Xingzheng quhua yanbian 香港行政區劃演變 [The Transition of Hong Kong Administrative Region]. Retrieved 8 August 2006, from Hong Kong Commerial Daily 香港商報, under Shenzhen Press Group 深圳報業集團, Website: http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/2003-11-16/GW-198263.htm 28 February 2005, http://www.cnwnc.com/20050228/ca1454447.htm.
Page 1 and 2: Consultancy for Conservation Study
Page 3 and 4: Research Team Team Members Position
Page 5 and 6: iv 5.1 Historic place..............
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Front eleva
Page 10 and 11: Fig. 37. Map showing Chik Kwai Stud
Page 12 and 13: Fig. 83. Side chambers with cocklof
Page 14 and 15: Fig. 142a-b. changgong 撐栱 [diag
Page 16: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. A list show
Page 19 and 20: 2 This report is to provide a conse
Page 21: clearly advantageous for villages s
Page 25 and 26: Pat Heung 八鄉 8 Fig. 3. The Dist
Page 27 and 28: 10 In the Yudiiue 輿地略 [Chapte
Page 29 and 30: 12 Fig. 7. Enlargement of the Xin
Page 31 and 32: Pat Heung valleys are the richest r
Page 33 and 34: 16 Tai Kong Po 大江埔 Yeung 楊
Page 35 and 36: 18 Fig. 11. Cheung Ancestral Hall
Page 37 and 38: 20 Fig. 14. Map showing ancestral h
Page 43 and 44: organized Tat Tak Alliance 達德
Page 45 and 46: 28 According to the elders from Pat
Page 47 and 48: Guanyin 觀音, Tinhou 天后 and G
Page 49 and 50: 32 district. It has already had the
Page 51 and 52: During the Japanese occupation, the
Page 53 and 54: 36 Fig. 24. Genealogy of the Lais i
Page 55 and 56: According to the report wrote by La
Page 57 and 58: Sheung Tsuen Shui Lo (Fig. 29.). Ch
Page 59 and 60: 42 Fig. 29. Sheung Tsuen Shui Lo, 1
Page 61 and 62: 44 Fig. 32. Lai Uk Tsuen was named
Page 63 and 64: 46 3 HISTORY 3.1 Founding of Chik K
Page 65 and 66: 48 The exact year of its constructi
Page 67 and 68: 50 Fig. 37. Map showing Chik Kwai S
Page 69 and 70: 3.2.1 Study Hall In the Ming and Qi
Page 71 and 72: 54 孺人之神主廿六世
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3.3.3 1970s - 1980s The setting of
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58 Fig. 41. Aerial photo of 1945. (
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60 Fig. 43. Aerial Photo of 1963. (
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62 Fig. 45. Aerial Photo of 1985. (
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The 27th year of Kangxi 康熙 28th
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66 1963 Pat Heung Old Temple 八鄉
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68 recipients of plants and seeds.
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長春園 Lik Wing Tong 力榮堂 Y
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Kang Yung Study Hall 鏡蓉書屋 (
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74 Fig. 49. Tai Kei Ka Shuk 大紀
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76 Fig. 53. Kang Yung Study Hall
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78 Successful candidates in xiang-s
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80 Fig. 58. Lesson in old-style pri
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82 The teachers’ incomes are quit
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84 Fig. 61. Sung Tsun School 崇真
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Population Boom The increase of pop
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4.1 Setting 88 4 BUILDING Chik Kwai
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90 Fig. 66. Chik Kwai study hall an
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occupying a footprint measuring 13.
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94 Fig. 75. The porch at the front
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96 The fourth and sixth purlins in
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98 Fig. 81. The finely craved rain
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From the aerial photograph of 1963,
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102 Fig. 89. Two storeys side chamb
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104 Fig. 91. Main hall of Chik Kwai
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4.3.2 Stable 106 Fig. 95. A small c
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4.4.1 Chik Kwai Study Hall Entrance
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110 Fig. 100a-f. Details of the fro
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112 Fig. 102a-e. Details of the rea
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peach that signifies longevity. At
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vase is a bat, symbol of fu 福 [go
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118 Fig. 107a-d. Details of the eav
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120 [Drinking in front of the flowe
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122 Fig. 109a-c. Murals atop the ma
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124 Fig. 112. Mural on the right ga
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126 The tuofeng 駝峰 atop the low
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128 Fig. 117. tuofeng 駝峰 [suppo
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Friezes of the walls 130 Fig. 119a-
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132 [A wandering exile, I came away
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134 Fig. 124. The mural on the rear
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Eave board at the rear eave Below t
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Courtyard 138 Fig. 127a-e. Details
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shoushi 壽石 [aged rock] that is
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Gable walls The gable walls of the
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Fang 枋 [lintel] 144 Fig. 134a-g.
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Structural frames 146 Fig. 135. The
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148 Fig. 138a-b. tuofeng 駝峰 [su
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150 Fig. 140a-d. tuofeng 駝峰 [su
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Decorative surround 152 Fig. 142a-b
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longevity] (Fig. 144). On the rear
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156 Fig. 144. The mural on the part
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Along the top part of the walls in
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160 Fig. 150. The mural on the part
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4.4.2 Stable There is no particular
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instance, wishes such as riches and
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09 upper floor in the side bays of
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168 Fig. 159. A line of granite fou
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170 Fig. 164. Traces of the seconda
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172 Fig. 167. Lattice window openin
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174 literary knowledge, emoluments,
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176 Fig. 175. Openings on the upper
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178 Fig. 178. Ladder leading to the
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180 Fig. 180. Ladder located in the
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182 Fig. 183. Sketch showing the re
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184 Fig. 185. Sketch showing the re
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Kwai Study Hall could be read as a
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Si Wang Study Hall 士宏書室 Kun
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6.1 The Inspection 190 6 CONDITION
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6.4.1.3 The Side Halls 192 Photo 1
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6.4.3 The Forecourt 194 Photo 6 Clo
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vegetation spreads along the roofs
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198 Photo 15 The side wall showing
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200 Photo 19 The timber beam to the
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202 Photo 23 The columns were in a
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Right-hand side hall The external w
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206 Photo 31 The rear wall of the M
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Left cockloft The 1/F cockloft was
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6.5.2.6 Wall paintings and the alta
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The original wide door openings had
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6.7 Work required to remove the int
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216 An example of propping of struc
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218 Other work may be carried out d
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220 The exposed hole may then be en
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3.0 Demolition of cocklofts slabs,
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3.0 Demolition down to 1/F slab and
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7.1 Conservation Philosophy 226 7 C
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228 � Re-construction of timber s
Page 247 and 248:
230 … Competent direction of cons
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232 with dimensions, shape, design
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8.3 Restoration and conservation
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� Water with a natural P.H. deter
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(b) Take down all electrical light
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240 � the four richly decorated w
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8.4.6.3 Floor finishes - (a) Clean
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8.4.8.3 Wall mural on wall frieze o
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(c) Make good timber altar to match
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2.0 Demolition and Cart Away 2.1 Wo
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250 10.4 Make good partition in fro
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APPENDIX I 252 Fig. 187. First floo
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254 Fig. 191. Section A-A and B-B o
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APPENDIX III PRINCIPLES FOR THE PRE
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258 conservation may require the co
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APPENDIX IV ICOMOS PRINCIPLES FOR T
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plaster, etc. Prerequisites for any
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Competent direction of conservation
Page 283 and 284:
Rob Crèvecoeur (The Netherlands) L
Page 285 and 286:
Gui Wencan 桂文燦 et al., Guangd
Page 287 and 288:
Land Registration in the New Territ
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