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xvi CONTENTS 7.4.1 T-Carrier Concept / 304 7.4.2 Channelized T1 / 305 7.4.3 Unchannelized T1 / 306 7.4.4 Encoding / 307 7.4.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation / 307 7.4.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation / 309 7.4.4.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation / 310 7.4.4.4 Digital Speech Interpolation / 310 7.4.4.5 Quantizing Variations / 310 7.4.5 Framing / 311 7.4.6 Transmission / 313 7.4.6.1 Alternate Mark Inversion / 313 7.4.6.2 Bipolar with Eight-Zeros Substitution / 314 7.4.6.3 Transmission Media / 314 7.4.7 Hardware / 315 7.4.7.1 Channel Banks / 315 7.4.7.2 Channel Service Units and Digital Service Units / 315 7.4.7.3 Multiplexers (Muxes) / 315 7.4.7.4 Nodal Multiplexers / 316 7.4.7.5 Digital Access Cross-Connect System / 317 7.4.8 Variations on the Theme / 317 7.4.8.1 E-Carrier / 317 7.4.8.2 J-Carrier / 318 7.4.9 T2 and Above: The Rest of the Hierarchy / 318 7.4.10 Fractional T1 / 321 7.4.11 Digital Carrier Applications / 322 7.5 X.25 and Packet Switching / 323 7.5.1 Concept of Packet Switching / 323 7.5.2 X.25 Protocol Suite / 325 7.5.2 1 Packet Layer Protocol / 325 7.5.2.2 Link Access Procedure—Balanced / 326 7.5.2.3 X.21bis / 327 7.5.3 Error Control / 327 7.5.4 Datagram Mode: Connectionless / 328 7.5.5 Virtual Circuits: Connection Oriented / 330 7.5.5.1 Permanent Virtual Circuits / 330 7.5.5.2 Switched Virtual Circuits / 331 7.5.6 Protocol Conversion / 331 7.5.7 Latency / 332 7.5.8 Access / 332
Page 2: TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DATA COMMUNI
Page 10: TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DATA COMMUNI
Page 14: To Margaret, For whom my love and d
Page 20: viii CONTENTS 1.5.2 Digital Bit Str
Page 24: x CONTENTS 2.7.10 Security / 74 2.7
Page 28: xii CONTENTS 4.1.4 Fax-On-Demand /
Page 32: xiv CONTENTS 5.5.1.6 Tie Lines and
Page 38: 7.5.9 Network Interconnection: X.75
Page 42: CONTENTS xix 9 BROADBAND NETWORK IN
Page 46: CONTENTS xxi 10.3.5.6 ATM Traffi c
Page 50: 12.9 Session Initiation Protocol /
Page 54: 13.13.2 Virtual Private Networks /
Page 58: PREFACE I was a civil engineering s
Page 62: HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED PREFACE
Page 66: PREFACE xxxi media networking is hi
Page 72: xxxiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS new technolog
Page 78: ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ray Horak is an in
Page 82: CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TECHN
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Source Link Access Line Edge Office
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DEDICATED, SWITCHED, AND VIRTUAL CI
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Traditionally, dedicated digital ci
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Edge Office Switch Figure 1.4 2-Wir
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BANDWIDTH 11 1.4.2 Hertz Hertz (Hz)
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1.5.1 Analog Sine Waves: Starting P
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ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL 15 Central Of
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ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL 17 process it
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LOADING COILS, AMPLIFIERS, AND REPE
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detection and correction process si
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nection, reversing the process, or
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X ’ ed - out devices is unused if
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MULTIPLEXERS (MUXES) 27 nature and
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SWITCHES AND SWITCHING: THE BASICS
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was typical in those days, the oper
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SWITCHES AND SWITCHING: THE BASICS
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high - speed facilities, and switch
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CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSMISS
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communication over distances of mor
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TABLE 2.1 Band Designation Frequenc
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA SELECTION CRITER
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TABLE 2.2 TRANSMISSION MEDIA SELECT
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA SELECTION CRITER
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2.3.1 Twisting Process The manufact
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TABLE 2.3 Twisted-Pair (TP) Categor
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TWISTED PAIR: INTRODUCTION TO TELEP
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applications due to its overall eas
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The additional cost of shielded cop
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10 Mbps; Base band (single channel)
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Figure 2.7 Point - to - point micro
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Radio LOS Optical LOS Optical LOS M
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MICROWAVE RADIO 65 connected to a s
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22,237 mi. Figure 2.10 Satellites i
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SATELLITE RADIO 69 various applicat
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SATELLITE RADIO 71 atmospheric atte
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the signals must travel a longer di
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are considerably more expensive. As
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FSO systems suffer from environment
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Figure 2.15 TABLE 2.7 ITU-T Transmi
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fi ber - optic systems largely beca
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Figure 2.16 62.5 μm MMF Cladding:
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FIBER OPTICS 85 a few kilometers, t
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Laser Diode Figure 2.19 5 μm SMF C
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FIBER OPTICS 89 contemporary speeds
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FIBER OPTICS 91 extremes of ambient
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FIBER OPTICS 93 system, converted i
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FIBER OPTICS 95 cable, physical tap
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Substation HV Transmission Lines MV
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technology at various levels. Broad
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CHAPTER 3 VOICE COMMUNICATIONS SYST
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effective and personalized service
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KEY TELEPHONE SYSTEMS 105 • Speak
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KEY TELEPHONE SYSTEMS 107 • Do No
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TABLE 3.1 PBX Generations a Generat
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Starting Time 12:30 12:35 12:45 Ela
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PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGES 113 • Un
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PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGES 115 • Fo
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PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGES 117 3.2.1.
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3.2.2.2.1 Nonblocking Switch A TDM
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TABLE 3.2 Excerpted Poisson Distrib
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PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGES 123 Techno
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PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGES 125 of voi
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digital Centrex software for market
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CENTREX 129 management. Additionall
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institutions, and not - for - profi
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Figure 3.10 AUTOMATIC CALL DISTRIBU
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AUTOMATIC CALL DISTRIBUTORS 135 Cal
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calls are free to both parties. I d
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PSTN Remote ACDs IVR If no ANI Ente
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IP SYSTEMS 141 facilitating the dev
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TDM Trunks TDM PBX IP Gateway PSTN
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PSTN PDN Gateway Router Analog Adju
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IP SYSTEMS 147 3.6.3.1 IPBX Feature
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IP SYSTEMS 149 every job is a candi
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IP SYSTEMS 151 which essentially fu
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REFERENCES 153 16. Klenke , Maggie.
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MESSAGING SYSTEMS 155 Store - and -
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FACSIMILE (FAX) SYSTEMS 157 Standar
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FACSIMILE (FAX) SYSTEMS 159 the com
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LAN Group III Fax Server T1 Group I
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FACSIMILE (FAX) SYSTEMS 163 • Dir
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FACSIMILE (FAX) SYSTEMS 165 4.1.6.1
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FACSIMILE (FAX) SYSTEMS 167 • Del
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VOICE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 169 Voice
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VOICE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 171 monly
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VPIM VPIM Internet VPIM VOICE PROCE
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VOICE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 175 and fl
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ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL) 177 While
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ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL) 179 doubli
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Vendor A Client Lotus CC:Mail Vendo
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ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL) 183 and de
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ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL) 185 direct
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ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL) 187 4.3.5
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mation necessary for the scam artis
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Billions of Instant Messages per da
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Extensions (SIMPLE) protocol, inter
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MOBILE MESSAGING: SMS AND MMS 195 I
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mixed reviews because of lingering
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REFERENCES 199 33. Vaas , Lisa and
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PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK 2
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NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS 203 emphasi
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NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS 205 Backbon
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NUMBERING PLAN ADMINISTRATION 207 o
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DOMAINS 209 to all network switches
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DOMAINS 211 The demarc generally is
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DOMAINS 213 So, a full - mesh confi
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DOMAINS 215 5.3.1.5 Signaling and C
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DOMAINS 217 provision for companies
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DOMAINS 219 and so on, just as coul
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Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Cla
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End Office Switch Tandem Office Swi
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DOMAINS 225 ment bankers in Novembe
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DOMAINS 227 effected through a leas
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SIGNALING AND CONTROL: EXPANDED VIE
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LATA # 1 End Office Switch End Offi
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NETWORK SERVICES 233 and in most ca
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NETWORK SERVICES 235 because the or
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Seattle Hong Kong POP Office Switch
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called party controlling options fo
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VoIP: NEXT-GENERATION PSTN 241 each
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VoIP: NEXT-GENERATION PSTN 243 If t
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transmissions such as voice. Packet
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CHAPTER 6 FUNDAMENTALS OF DATA COMM
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FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS 249 included in
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FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS 251 6.1.3 Commun
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DCE: EXPANDED VIEW 253 6.2.1.2 Shor
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DCE: EXPANDED VIEW 255 modem pools,
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Unmodulated Carrier 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
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Binary Values 0000 0001 0010 0011 0
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DCE: EXPANDED VIEW 261 prior to tra
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DCE: EXPANDED VIEW 263 expensive) m
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DCE: EXPANDED VIEW 265 the user equ
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PROTOCOL BASICS 267 that, at a basi
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PROTOCOL BASICS 269 extensively in
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PROTOCOL BASICS 271 punctuation mar
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PROTOCOL BASICS 273 simply sync up
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PROTOCOL BASICS 275 the next standa
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Mark Start 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Parity Sto
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PROTOCOL BASICS 279 6.3.5 Error Con
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PROTOCOL BASICS 281 Longitudinal re
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PROTOCOL BASICS 283 • Commonly us
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PROTOCOL BASICS 285 to be very inef
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NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 287 Defense
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP
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SECURITY 291 6.5.3 Authorization Au
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REFERENCES 293 12. Pappalardo , Den
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CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL AND DATA NETWO
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CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL AND DATA NETWO
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Everett Seattle New York Tacoma Edg
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equivalent of a voice telephone num
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DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEMS AND NETWORK
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Host Router, Data Switch, or Concen
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Page 702:
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Page 714:
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TABLE 7.3 DS Level DIGITAL CARRIER
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7.5 X.25 AND PACKET SWITCHING X.25
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X.25 AND PACKET SWITCHING 325 7.5.2
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1 1 1 Variable Flag Address Control
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Figure 7.18 Host X.3 PAD 1 2 3 4 5
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Host Figure 7.19 X.3 PAD 1 2 3 4 5
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X.25 AND PACKET SWITCHING 333 the a
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INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
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1 2 3 4 R R R R R TA PBX S S S S NT
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Bits Channel Synchronization Word I
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• I.441/4511: ISDN Primary Rate I
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such as 1B+D and 0B+D for applicati
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CHAPTER 8 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: CONN
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everting to the name Ethernet ; it
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LAN DIMENSIONS 357 its performance
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LAN DIMENSIONS 359 construction. Ca
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LAN DIMENSIONS 361 technique is use
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LAN DIMENSIONS 363 a remote site, b
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Figure 8.4 Ethernet Switch 100Base
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LAN DIMENSIONS 367 frequency modems
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LAN DIMENSIONS 369 request is ackno
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Octets Figure 8.7 Token passing, wi
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Octets Preamble S O F Destination A
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LAN EQUIPMENT 375 serves to reduce
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Bridge Bridge Ethernet Frame Token
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LAN EQUIPMENT 379 A collapsed backb
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Hub Cont ext Corporati on Figure 8.
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Hub Hub Cont ext Corporat i on GbE
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Protocol conversion, rather than en
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throughput, and shortened response
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countries, some level of high - spe
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LIFE IN THE FAST LAN: THE NEED FOR
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+V 0 V -V Figure 8.17 LIFE IN THE F
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Figure 8.19 GbE Backbone Matrix Swi
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Despite the obvious diffi culties o
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WIRELESS LANs 399 • The bands at
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WIRELESS LANs 401 code word. The CC
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WIRELESS LANs 403 cell. Power level
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2 Mbps, it reverts to DSSS and QPSK
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WIRELESS LANs 407 • Background pr
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WIRELESS LANs 409 personal producti
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WIRELESS LANs 411 there are no erro
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enables switches and other devices
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electrical bus can vary considerabl
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Ethernet, IP, and TCP, all of which
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REFERENCES 419 59. Paulov , Steve .
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CHAPTER 9 BROADBAND NETWORK INFRAST
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 423 of 137 mill
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 425 bandwidth,
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 427 gauge) of v
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 429 sets, fax m
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 431 customer pr
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 433 During the
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Internet DSLAM Sw i tch PSTN Figure
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 437 ADSL2+ also
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Internet PSTN DSLAM Edge O ce Sw i
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 441 downstream
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 443 As HDSL eli
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 445 both voice
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 447 petitors, u
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 449 specifi ed
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 451 munications
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 453 requires Li
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 455 the Wireles
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 457 TABLE 9.6 I
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 459 carrier, an
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 461 • Broadba
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 463 some GEO -
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 465 The - Premi
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 467 at 1.244 Gb
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ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 469 TABLE 9.8 D
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Transformer Optical Fiber Injector
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SONET/SDH 473 they emit considerabl
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SONET/SDH 475 • Institute of Elec
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SONET/SDH 477 be transmitted every
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SONET Node OC-3 155 Mbps OC-3 155 M
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SONET/SDH 481 resemble those perfor
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SONET/SDH 483 the additional functi
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SONET/SDH 485 wavelength supporting
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OADM OC-192 10 Gbps SONET/SDH 487 O
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(SONET + PPP + IP) is only approxim
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REFERENCES REFERENCES 491 1. Kushni
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REFERENCES 493 56. http://www.hughe
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CHAPTER 10 BROADBAND NETWORK SERVIC
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FRAME RELAY 497 is an adaptation of
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FRAME RELAY 499 • FRF.4.1: SVC Us
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FRAME RELAY 501 be standalone or ma
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FRAME RELAY 503 FRADs offer advanta
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FRAME RELAY 505 originating FRAD in
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FRAME RELAY 507 • Measurement Int
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FRAME RELAY 509 network routers set
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PBX 64 kbps PCM 10010011 1B = 125 m
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FRAME RELAY 513 and women under con
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FRAME RELAY 515 alone or built in,
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FRAME RELAY 517 in the form of redi
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 519 rest
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 521 slot
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 523 the
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 525 •
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 527 equi
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VC VC VP VP VC VP Transmission Path
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User Layer ATM Layer Header 5 AAL P
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 533 Rate
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 535 Tole
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 537 appl
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BROADBAND ISDN 539 point, alternati
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select a product marketed over TV,
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ADVANCED INTELLIGENT NETWORKS (AINs
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ADVANCED INTELLIGENT NETWORKS (AINs
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More exotic AIN functionality, as i
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REFERENCES 549 39. “ An Overview
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WIRELESS NETWORKING: EMPHASIS ON MO
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIR
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CELL CONCEPT: FREQUENCY REUSE 555 s
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MULTIPLEXING AND ACCESS TECHNIQUES
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In a TDMA environment, multiple pai
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the United States. Nextel terminal
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1 2 Frame Relay Figure 11.7 Terrest
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CORDLESS TELEPHONY AND WIRELESS OFF
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TABLE 11.1 CORDLESS TELEPHONY AND W
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11.9 CELLULAR RADIO CELLULAR RADIO
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CELLULAR RADIO 575 TABLE 11.2 Analo
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CELLULAR RADIO 577 same 800 - MHz b
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CELLULAR RADIO 579 as he rode along
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128 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps CELLULAR R
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TABLE 11.5 GPRS Example Service Cla
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CELLULAR RADIO 585 UMTS networks cu
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CELLULAR RADIO 587 mergers have cre
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CELLULAR RADIO 589 landline. I don
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SATELLITE SYSTEMS: LEOs, MEOs, AND
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mooring station by a Kevlar cable a
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REFERENCES 599 46. “ Frequently A
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VIDEO COMMUNICATIONS: DEFINED AND E
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this chapter, I explore the nature
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• Phase Alternate Line (PAL) was
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trum available at no cost to the br
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VIDEO STANDARDS 609 include Discret
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VIDEO STANDARDS 611 Compact Disc (C
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TABLE 12.3 Overview of ITU - T Vide
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TABLE 12.4 H.320 - Related Standard
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functions, such as accounting, bill
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oth video and voice, the called cli
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frame rate supported, the image res
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Broadband networks are much more ca
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MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING 625 confere
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REFERENCES 627 3. Brooks , John. Te
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CHAPTER 13 THE INTERNET AND WORLD W
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Projects Agency, U.S. Department of
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INTERNET PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY 633 Asid
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INTERNET ACCESS 635 switched Frame
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INTERNET ACCESS 637 of standardizat
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INTERNET STANDARDS, ADMINISTRATION,
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IP ADDRESSING 641 TABLE 13.1 IPv4 A
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switches and routers must support.
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.museum — One of the original spo
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national registries to allocate IP
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servers. At your ISP, your e - mail
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VER IHL Type of Service Total Lengt
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Ver Class Payload Length Next Heade
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INTERNET PROTOCOLS 655 encapsulatio
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INTERNET PROTOCOLS 657 math and dis
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• Data: UDP SOURCE PORT UDP DESTI
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INTERNET PROTOCOLS 661 does not pro
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INTERNET PROTOCOLS 663 Differentiat
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Ethernet Header MPLS Header IP Head
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pseudowire , between two routers or
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INTERNET APPLICATIONS 669 13.8.7 Vi
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interstate in nature, rather than l
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WORLD WIDE WEB 673 While CERN serve
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WORLD WIDE WEB 675 13.11.3 Standard
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WORLD WIDE WEB 677 copyright infrin
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WORLD WIDE WEB 679 • Internet Exp
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INTERNET SECURITY: A SPECIAL ISSUE
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INTERNET SECURITY: A SPECIAL ISSUE
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Branch Office Dial-up Telecommuter
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offer service - level guarantees, a
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INTERNET ODDITIES, SCREWBALL APPLIC
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INTERNET ODDITIES, SCREWBALL APPLIC
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that I eliminate them. If my drafts
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REFERENCES 695 32. Treece , Greg ,
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CHAPTER 14 NETWORK CONVERGENCE We h
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NETWORK CONVERGENCE 699 and Global
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CONVERGENCE DEFINED 701 are based o
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DRIVING FORCES 703 that of the Alte
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• Tax reporting and fi ling • A
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THE RACE IS ON: MERGERS AND ACQUISI
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THE RACE IS ON: MERGERS AND ACQUISI
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ONE POTATO, TWO POTATO, THREE POTAT
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NEXGEN CONVERGENCE: WIRELINE AND WI
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CHAPTER 15 REGULATION: ISSUES AND (
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1996 717
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15.1.3.4 Right-of-Way Right - of -
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Well, I have never watched sausages
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APPENDIX A ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS,
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ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIO
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APPENDIX B STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
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CSA International Canadian Standard
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CEA Consumer Electronics Associatio
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The Open Group Previously the Elect
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INDEX The corporations which will e
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Advanced Program-to-Program Communi
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Broadband over power line (BPL), 96
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Command/response (C/R), 503f, 504 C
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Digital signal level x (DS-x), 305
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European Radio Message System (ERME
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Guardband, 24, 270f, 445 Guided, 38
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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
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Management Plane, 535 Mann-Elkins A
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Narrowband-Advanced Mobile Phone Sy
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Pharming, 189 Phase Alternate Line
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RFC 2543, 617 RFC 2661, 685 RFC 268
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Subscriber line charge (SLC), see A
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direct inward system access (DISA),
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Wireless, 38, 550-597 access techni
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