state of the environment in Somalia - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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Environment in Somalia 36 UNEP Desk Study
Table 3. Recent natural disasters in Somalia Disaster Date Number of Number of people killed people affected Drought December 1964 700,000 1974 19,000 230,000 1987 600 500,000 January 2000 650,000 June 2001 1,100,000 December 2001 500,000 2004 200,000 Flood November 1961 200 October 1997 2,311 1,230,000 July 2000 220,000 Epidemic March 1985 1,262 October 1997 500 January 1986 1,307 February 1998 248 April 2000 390 Wave/Surge (tsunami) December 2004 298 44,000 Famine March 1999 375,000 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.em-dat.net. Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. May 2005. Additional Ogaden refugees as well as Ethiopian Oromos joined this group of refugees from 1984 to 1991. By 1987, one in six persons in Somalia was registered as a refugee (Gundel, 2002). The eruption of the civil war in 1988 was another period of mass population movement, when more than 600,000 people fled from Somalia to Ethiopia. Further escalation of the conflict produced a refugee flow of more than one million people from southern Somalia to neighbouring and distant countries. Refugees continued to leave southern Somalia in large numbers until 1995. Since then there has been a decline in refugee flows from Somalia and a gradual process of repatriation and re-integration has been taking place, with people resettling in “Somaliland” and “Puntland” in particular. By 2004, UNHCR had recorded the voluntary repatriation of some 476,000 refugees (UNHCR, 2005a). At the same time, however, a quarter of a million Somalian refugees remain in camps in Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Yemen and other neighbouring countries. Hundreds of thousands of other Somali refugees are scattered across the globe. In addition to this massive human upheaval to neighbouring countries, there is also a significant population of internally displaced people in Somalia. The largest war-related internal displacements from central and southern Somalia took place between 1991 and 1993, initially on account of the war, but also because of drought and food scarcity. In September 1992 there were estimated to be between 556,000 and 636,000 ‘visible’ displaced people in camps of which 50 per cent were in Mogadishu (Gundel, 2002). The overall trend since 1993 has been one of diminishing internal displacement as the war subsided and people either returned to their homes or resettled in different regions. But the vagaries of climate and economic hardship are now the main causes of population movement. In 2000, there were estimated to be 300,000 internally displaced including 40,000-50,000 newly displaced in 1999. Internally displaced persons constitute more than 60 per cent of those Somalis considered to be ‘food insecure’ (Gundel, 2002). Environment in Somalia 37 UNEP Desk Study
Page 1 and 2: The State of the Environment in Som
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents A NOTE ON DATA SO
Page 5 and 6: A NOTE ON DATA SOURCES, NOMENCLATUR
Page 7 and 8: ● control of soil erosion; ● fi
Page 9 and 10: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed in mid-Octobe
Page 11 and 12: Environment in Somalia 9 UNEP Desk
Page 15 and 16: Box 1. The Somali clan-based social
Page 19 and 20: Box 3. Vulnerability of the economy
Page 21 and 22: Somalia’s Environment Minister Mo
Page 23 and 24: Box 4. Local institutions take the
Page 25 and 26: HUMAN AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT Introdu
Page 27 and 28: Muhammad Ahmad or the Mahdi, whose
Page 29 and 30: Box 6. Abandoned pesticides An aban
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Number of livestock The 19
Page 33 and 34: inputs and disrupted technical supp
Page 35 and 36: The absence of surveillance means t
Page 37: A Somali child rescues a kitten who
Page 43 and 44: Box 10. Land ownership and land dis
Page 45 and 46: The lucrative charcoal trade raises
Page 47 and 48: proposed upstream as well as a hydr
Page 49 and 50: Lobster, commonly fished in Somali
Page 51 and 52: Box 16. Decentralization of ‘fish
Page 53 and 54: Table 4. Rare and endangered bird s
Page 57 and 58: RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction An acc
Page 59 and 60: Existing solar stove pilot projects
Page 61 and 62: REFERENCES Agrosphere, 2004. Impact
Page 63 and 64: Somaliland Centre for Peace and Dev
Page 65 and 66: ANNEX I Chronology of Key Political
Page 67 and 68: 1994 UNOSOM seeks to broker a deal
Page 69 and 70: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS asl abov

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