Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Raw Food Samples from Vietnam ...

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appreciation to the members of Microbiology lab, especially Celia and Rebecca, for their kind assistant whenever I needed. To Dung of Nafiquacent, Trang, Long, Thanh, Hue in Biotech lab, HCM city Natural Sciences University and Tuyen, Tony, Kent and Peter in EMAI lab for help. Your friendship has ensured that I never felt isolated in your labs. Many thanks my friends Viet Nguyen, Ngoc Le, Huong Ha, Danny Pitts, Huong Le, Roslina Setiawan, and Alex Yala. Your care and help during my time away from my family has been of great support to me and your delicious foods have given me lots of energy for my study. To my husband Khoa Do for your love, understanding, I want to thank you for being always beside me. Thank you to my family for their love, unconditional support and encouragement, especially my mother and my parents in law. And special thanks to my deceased father, who has sacrificed much for our education through his whole life. You are not on this earth with me now but I know that you are always around to support me. I wish that you were here, to see with your own eyes your daughter finishing this important task in life, for I know that you will be happy. iii
Table of Content List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xvi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... xix Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Enteric bacteria as food contaminants ........................................................................ 7 1.1.1. Foodborne diseases worldwide ........................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Foodborne diseases in Asia and Vietnam ........................................................... 8 1.1.3. Enteric and pathogenic bacteria in food .............................................................. 9 1.1.4. Disease and symptoms caused by enteric bacteria in food ............................... 11 1.1.4.1. Diseases and symptoms caused by Salmonella spp. ................................ 11 1.1.4.1.1. Description of the genus Salmonella ..................................................... 11 1.1.4.1.2. Salmonella epidemiology and transmission .......................................... 12 1.1.4.1.3. Salmonella spp. disease and treatment .................................................. 14 1.1.4.2. Diseases and symptoms caused by diarrhoeagenic E. coli ....................... 14 1.1.4.3. Diseases and symptoms caused by Vibrio spp. ........................................ 18 1.2. Virulence genes in foodborne bacteria ..................................................................... 22 1.2.1. The virulence genes invA and spv in Salmonella spp. ...................................... 22 1.2.2. The virulence genes in E. coli ........................................................................... 24 1.3. Antibiotic resistance as a major problem in bacteria isolates from food .................. 27 iv
Page 1 and 2: Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Ra
Page 3: Acknowledgement I would first like
Page 7 and 8: 2.1.6. Media and solutions for tiss
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 3: The Detection of Enteric
Page 11 and 12: 4.2.6. The transfer ability of anti
Page 13 and 14: Term Meaning AMP Ampicillin AMO Amo
Page 15 and 16: LDC Lysine Decarboxylase MDR Multid
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures Figure 1.1: The pos
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33 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The deve
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35 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plasmids
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Figure 1.2: General structures of i
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39 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION horizont
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41 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1998; Ri
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43 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Salmonel
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45 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Morabito
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47 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL MATERIALS AND
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Petri dish Nunc, Denmark 49 CHAPTER
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2.1.3. General media and solutions
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Trypan blue solution: 1% (w/v) tryp
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2.2.2.1.3. Isolation and identifica
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Table 2.2: Bacterial strains and ba
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2.2.3.2. Inoculation of test plates
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2.2.4.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction
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CHAPTER 3: THE DETECTION OF ENTERIC
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CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHAN
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4.2. Method CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR GE
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Isolate name Sources CHAPTER 4: MOL
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Isolates Sources CHAPTER 4: MOLECUL
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CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY OF SALMONE
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Primer set CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY
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Primer set CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY
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Isolate name CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICI
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Chapter 6: General Discussion 251 C
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253 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION s
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255 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION I
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257 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION m
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259 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION r
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261 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION p
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263 REFERENCE Angkititrakul, S., C.
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265 REFERENCE Bauernfeind, A., S. W
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267 REFERENCE Boyd, D. A., G. A. Pe
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269 REFERENCE Catry, B., H. Laevens
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271 REFERENCE enterica serovars Typ
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273 REFERENCE multiple-antibiotic r
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275 REFERENCE Shiga toxin-producing
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277 REFERENCE Fitzgerald, C., K. St
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279 REFERENCE Graninger, W., K. Zed
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281 REFERENCE Heffernan, E. J., J.
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283 REFERENCE Jarrett, P., and M. S
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285 REFERENCE Kauffmann, F. 1972. S
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287 REFERENCE Leverstein-van Hall,
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289 REFERENCE Maguire, H. C., A. A.
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291 REFERENCE Meng, J., M. P. Doyle
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293 REFERENCE Nakamura, M., S. Sato
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295 REFERENCE Christenson, M. L. Bi
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297 REFERENCE Phan, Q., P. Mshar, T
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299 REFERENCE Refsum, T., E. Heir,
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301 REFERENCE Salyers, A. A. 1993.
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303 REFERENCE Identification of ant
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305 REFERENCE patterns produced by
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307 REFERENCE Vaudaus, P., and F. A
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309 REFERENCE White, D. G., S. Zhao
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311 REFERENCE Yavzori, M., N. Porat
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APPENDIX Table A1: Salmonella spp.
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Isolates Source Group Serotype 315
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Table A2: E. coli isolates which we
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Isolates Source AMP AMO AUG TET 319
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Table A3: V. parahaemolyticus isola
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323 CONFERENCES/ PROCEEDINGS and PU
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