Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Raw Food Samples from Vietnam ...

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E. coli pathotype Table 1.1: PCR used for detecting different E. coli pathotypes Target genes Criteria for determination of E. coli pathotype EPEC bfpA bfpA and eaeA PCR-positive for typical EPEC, only eaeA PCR-positive for atypical EPEC 26 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Reference Rich et al., 2001; Nguyen et al., 2005b ETEC eaeA eltB eltB and/or estA PCR-positive Nguyen et al., 2005b ETEC estA LT LT- and/or STa-PCR-positive EIEC ST ial ial PCR-positive Tornieporth et al., 1995; Yavzori et al., 1998; Rich et al., 2001 Tornieporth et al., 1995; Rich et al., 2001; Nguyen et al., 2005b EAEC pCVD pCVD PCR-positive Nguyen et al., 2005b EHEC stx1 stx1 and/or stx2 PCR-positive. The additional eaeA PCR-positive for typical EHEC strain. stx2 eaeA ExPEC papA and/or papC afa/dra sfa/foc iutA kpsMT II At least 2 markers have PCR-positive: papA and/or papC, afa/dra, sfa/foc, iutA, kpsMT II Rich et al., 2001; Nguyen et al., 2005b Johnson et al., 2003a
27 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Studies worldwide have reported virulence genes in E. coli isolated from raw meats and poultry. Most of the studies were based in industrialised countries, with most studies concentrating on STEC pathotype (Guth et al., 2003; Conedera et al., 2004; Carney et al., 2006; Samadpour et al., 2006) and some on ETEC pathotype (Rasrinaul et al., 1988; Olsvik et al., 1991). STEC isolates have been reported to be present in beef (Pierard et al., 1997; Parma et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2001; Guth et al., 2003; Blanco et al., 2004; Conedera et al., 2004; Barlow et al., 2006; Carney et al., 2006; Samadpour et al., 2006). The presence of extra- intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) from retail meat and poultry has been reported (Johnson et al., 2003a; Johnson et al., 2005b). 1.3. Antibiotic resistance as a major problem in bacteria isolates from food 1.3.1. Antibiotics Antimicrobials are drugs that either kill or suppress microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Antibiotics are the sub-group of antimicrobial drugs that act against bacteria. The terms antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic resistance are used interchangeably in this thesis. Following the introduction of penicillin into human therapeutics in the 1940s, soon thereafter, antibiotics were not only used to treat human infection diseases but also used in veterinary, animal and plant agriculture and aquaculture, both used and misused (overuse and inappropriate use) (Barbosa and Levy, 2000). Approved use of antimicrobial drugs continues to expand each year, literally hundreds of them have been developed or synthesised (Yao and
Page 1 and 2: Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Ra
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement I would first like
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77 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL MATERIALS AND
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CHAPTER 3: THE DETECTION OF ENTERIC
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CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHAN
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4.2. Method CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR GE
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Isolate name Sources CHAPTER 4: MOL
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CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY OF SALMONE
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Primer set CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY
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Primer set CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY
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Chapter 6: General Discussion 251 C
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253 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION s
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255 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION I
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257 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION m
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259 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION r
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261 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION p
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263 REFERENCE Angkititrakul, S., C.
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265 REFERENCE Bauernfeind, A., S. W
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267 REFERENCE Boyd, D. A., G. A. Pe
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269 REFERENCE Catry, B., H. Laevens
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271 REFERENCE enterica serovars Typ
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273 REFERENCE multiple-antibiotic r
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275 REFERENCE Shiga toxin-producing
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277 REFERENCE Fitzgerald, C., K. St
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279 REFERENCE Graninger, W., K. Zed
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281 REFERENCE Heffernan, E. J., J.
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283 REFERENCE Jarrett, P., and M. S
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285 REFERENCE Kauffmann, F. 1972. S
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287 REFERENCE Leverstein-van Hall,
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289 REFERENCE Maguire, H. C., A. A.
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291 REFERENCE Meng, J., M. P. Doyle
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293 REFERENCE Nakamura, M., S. Sato
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295 REFERENCE Christenson, M. L. Bi
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297 REFERENCE Phan, Q., P. Mshar, T
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299 REFERENCE Refsum, T., E. Heir,
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301 REFERENCE Salyers, A. A. 1993.
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303 REFERENCE Identification of ant
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305 REFERENCE patterns produced by
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307 REFERENCE Vaudaus, P., and F. A
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309 REFERENCE White, D. G., S. Zhao
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311 REFERENCE Yavzori, M., N. Porat
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APPENDIX Table A1: Salmonella spp.
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Isolates Source Group Serotype 315
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Table A2: E. coli isolates which we
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Isolates Source AMP AMO AUG TET 319
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Table A3: V. parahaemolyticus isola
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323 CONFERENCES/ PROCEEDINGS and PU
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