Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Raw Food Samples from Vietnam ...

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1.3.1. Antibiotics ......................................................................................................... 27 1.3.2. The use of antibiotics in food animal ................................................................ 28 1.3.2.1. The use of antibiotics in food animal worldwide ..................................... 28 1.3.2.2. The use of antibiotics in food animals in Vietnam ................................... 30 1.3.3. The development of antibiotic resistance due to the use of antibiotic in food animals .............................................................................................................. 30 1.4. Genetics of antibiotic resistance in bacteria ............................................................. 33 1.4.1. Mechanisms of resistance ................................................................................. 33 1.4.2. Elements involved in horizontal transfer of resistance genes ........................... 34 1.4.3. Gene transfer mechanisms ................................................................................ 38 1.4.4. Salmonella genomic island I (SGI1) ................................................................. 40 1.5. Investigation of antimicrobial resistant phenotypes and genotypes of enteric bacteria in raw food: worldwide and in Vietnam .................................................................. 44 1.6. Project aims .............................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 2: General Materials and Methods ...................................................................... 47 2.1. Material ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.1.1. General equipment ............................................................................................ 47 2.1.2. General chemicals ............................................................................................. 49 2.1.3. General media and solutions ............................................................................. 55 2.1.4. Media and solutions for Salmonella spp., E. coli and Vibrio spp. isolation and identification. .................................................................................................... 56 2.1.5. Solutions for Southern blotting ......................................................................... 59 v
2.1.6. Media and solutions for tissue culture .............................................................. 60 2.1.7. Antibiotics ......................................................................................................... 61 2.1.7.1. Antibiotic stock solutions ......................................................................... 61 2.1.7.2. Antimicrobial susceptibility discs ............................................................ 62 2.2. Methods .................................................................................................................... 62 2.2.1. General Procedures ........................................................................................... 62 2.2.2. Microbiological methods .................................................................................. 63 2.2.2.1. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp., E. coli and Vibrio spp. .. 63 2.2.2.1.1. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. ..................................... 63 2.2.2.1.2. Isolation and identification of E. coli .................................................... 64 2.2.2.1.3. Isolation and identification of Vibrio spp. ............................................. 65 2.2.2.2. Bacterial strains ........................................................................................ 68 2.2.2.2.1. Bacterial strains and bacteriophage which were provided for this study .. ............................................................................................................... 68 2.2.2.2.2. Bacterial strains which were isolated from this study ........................... 68 2.2.2.3. Bacterial culture conditions ...................................................................... 68 2.2.2.4. Storage of bacterial strains and phage ...................................................... 68 2.2.3. Antibiotic susceptibility tests ............................................................................ 70 2.2.3.1. Preparation of agar plates ......................................................................... 70 2.2.3.2. Inoculation of test plates ........................................................................... 71 2.2.3.3. Dispensing of discs ................................................................................... 71 2.2.3.4. Measurement of zones .............................................................................. 72 vi
Page 1 and 2: Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Ra
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement I would first like
Page 5: Table of Content List of Abbreviati
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 3: The Detection of Enteric
Page 11 and 12: 4.2.6. The transfer ability of anti
Page 13 and 14: Term Meaning AMP Ampicillin AMO Amo
Page 15 and 16: LDC Lysine Decarboxylase MDR Multid
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures Figure 1.1: The pos
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Page 21 and 22: Table 4.2: E. coli isolates used to
Page 23 and 24: Abstract 1 ABSTRACT Food is essenti
Page 25 and 26: 3 ABSTRACT was also observed. In co
Page 27 and 28: 5 ABSTRACT The ownership of resista
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35 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Plasmids
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Figure 1.2: General structures of i
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39 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION horizont
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41 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1998; Ri
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43 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Salmonel
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45 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Morabito
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47 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL MATERIALS AND
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Petri dish Nunc, Denmark 49 CHAPTER
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2.1.3. General media and solutions
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Trypan blue solution: 1% (w/v) tryp
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2.2.2.1.3. Isolation and identifica
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Table 2.2: Bacterial strains and ba
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2.2.3.2. Inoculation of test plates
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2.2.4.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction
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CHAPTER 3: THE DETECTION OF ENTERIC
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CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHAN
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4.2. Method CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR GE
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Isolate name Sources CHAPTER 4: MOL
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Isolates Sources CHAPTER 4: MOLECUL
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Integron size (kb CHAPTER 4: MOLECU
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CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY OF SALMONE
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Primer set CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY
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Primer set CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICITY
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Isolate name CHAPTER 5: PATHOGENICI
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Chapter 6: General Discussion 251 C
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253 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION s
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255 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION I
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257 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION m
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259 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION r
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261 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION p
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263 REFERENCE Angkititrakul, S., C.
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265 REFERENCE Bauernfeind, A., S. W
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267 REFERENCE Boyd, D. A., G. A. Pe
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269 REFERENCE Catry, B., H. Laevens
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271 REFERENCE enterica serovars Typ
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273 REFERENCE multiple-antibiotic r
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275 REFERENCE Shiga toxin-producing
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277 REFERENCE Fitzgerald, C., K. St
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279 REFERENCE Graninger, W., K. Zed
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281 REFERENCE Heffernan, E. J., J.
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283 REFERENCE Jarrett, P., and M. S
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285 REFERENCE Kauffmann, F. 1972. S
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287 REFERENCE Leverstein-van Hall,
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289 REFERENCE Maguire, H. C., A. A.
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291 REFERENCE Meng, J., M. P. Doyle
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293 REFERENCE Nakamura, M., S. Sato
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295 REFERENCE Christenson, M. L. Bi
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297 REFERENCE Phan, Q., P. Mshar, T
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299 REFERENCE Refsum, T., E. Heir,
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301 REFERENCE Salyers, A. A. 1993.
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303 REFERENCE Identification of ant
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305 REFERENCE patterns produced by
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307 REFERENCE Vaudaus, P., and F. A
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309 REFERENCE White, D. G., S. Zhao
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311 REFERENCE Yavzori, M., N. Porat
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APPENDIX Table A1: Salmonella spp.
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Isolates Source Group Serotype 315
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Table A2: E. coli isolates which we
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Isolates Source AMP AMO AUG TET 319
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Table A3: V. parahaemolyticus isola
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323 CONFERENCES/ PROCEEDINGS and PU
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Detection of Enteric Bacteria in Raw Food Samples from Vietnam ...

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