ISLAMIC & WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY

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<strong>ISLAMIC</strong> STUDIES, 25: 4 (1986) TRANSLATOR'S NOTES [A] On this subject see the revised and much augmented second edition of HOMH, by Franz Rosenthal (1968) pp. 653 with short but useful bibliography, XIV-XVI: also its Arabic translation by Salih Ahmad al-'Ah and Muhammad Tawfiq Husain, (1963) p. 860; B. Lewis and P.M. Holt, HOME. pp. 519; Francesco Gabrieli. L 7shm Nelh Storio, pp. 173-193 (Storiographia dell' Oriente Islamico) M.M. Sharif (ed.) A History of Muslim Philosophy (1966) 11, Chap. LX; pp. 1195-1219; 'Abdu'l 'A& al-Diiri, BNIT. pp. 438; M.S. Khan, "~kawaih and Arabic Historiography" in the JAOS 8914 (Oct. Dec. 1%9), pp. 710-730. The English translation of Gustav Richter's treatise listed in the Bibliography of Spuler has been published in vol. XXII1/3. July to September, 1984 of this Journal, pp. 225-247. Muhammad 'Abdu'lGhani Hasan, ITIA, pp. 264; A. Zeki Velidi Togan; TU. pp. 350; Julian Obermann, "Early Islam" in The Idea of History in the Ancient Near East ed. by Robert C. Dentan (1955). 237-310; Abmed Amin, Zuhar al-Islim. 2nd ed. (1957), 11, pp. 210-209; at- To 'rikh 'ind 01-Muslimin by Farid Wajdi. in the DM, I, pp. 154- 160; Gaston Wiet, Introduction, pp. 114-124; See the comprehensive chapter "Geschichteschreibung" in Fuat Sezgin's GAS. 1, pp. 237-389 which amply supplements the information given by C. Brockelmann. lgnaze Goldzieher/Joseph de Somogyi, A Short History bf Arabic Literature, (1958), pp 88-94 (short but critical); Constantine Zurayq's shrewd comments on historiography in general in his Nabn wa't -Ta'rikh (1963), pp. 13-85 and the remarks of H.H. Kramers in "Science in Islamic Civilization," Analecta Orientalis (1956), 11, pp. 95-99. G.E. Von Grunebaum, MI. (Phoenix, 2nd ed. 1961), pp. 281-287. [B] This was due to the influence of the Qur'an. See the Quranic Concept of History by Mazheruddin Siddiqi, pp. 238. In the Old Testament also this view of history is expressed. Bertil Albrektson;. History and the Gods: an essay on the idea of historical events as divine manifestations in the ancient Near East and in Israel, (1967). pp. 138. As regards God in history in general M. Seignobos writes that "the tendency to explain historical facts with the help of transcendental causes persists even in modern theories where metaphysics take scientific disguise." See Introduction to the Study of History, by Ch. V. Langlois and Ch. Seignobos, tr. by G.G. Berry (London, 1966), '11. [C] Without doubt the Qur'Hn plays a much more important part in the life of the Muslim community than does the Bible in the life of the Christians. As regards an early Arabic historian's kqowledge of The old and (he New Testaments see G. Lemmte. "Les citations de PAncien et du Nouveau Testament dans l'oeuvre d'Ibn Qutaybah" in the Arabica (1958), pp. 34-36. Also T.W. Arnold, The Old and New Testament in Muslim Religious Art, pp. 47-19. The influence of the Biblical tradition on Muslim historiography has been discussed in detail by Franz Rosenthal. See HOME eds. B. Lewis and P.M. Holt, pp. 35-45. It may be stated that at least
<strong>ISLAMIC</strong> STUDIES, 25:4 (1986) ancient history of the Prophets recorded by al-Tabari is based on tl~c Old Testament. For the translation of the Bible in Arabic see Gcorge Graf. ~;esclriclrtc. du christlichen arabisrhen Litrratur. (Rome, 1944-1953). 5 vols. see hjil by B. Carra de Vaus in Enc. of Islam, (1927). 11, 501-504 (good bibliography) revised by G.C. Anawati, Eric. oj. Islam, (1971). 111, 1205-1208. Arabic trans. in the Di'imt al- Ma'ririf a/-Islimiyah (1969), IV, pp. 576-583 and the useful and critical comnlents on this article and on the Bible in general by A!lnled Mu!wnnlad Sh-&ir and others, Ibid. 583-599. [Dl See the transIator's note (F) to the translation of Ka~nil 'Ayad's paper publisl~ed in the Islamic Studies, vol. XVIIII (Spring, 1978) p-16 and J. Robson, Isnad. El (New) vol. 1V (1 978) p. 207 (unsatisfactory). [El 'A. 'A. ad-Diiri discusses the special features of the Iraqi school of history writing of the ninth century. See his BNIT, pp. 118-1 30 and HOME, pp. 46-53. But it has to be stated here that there were many historians of the second century who belonged to the Medina school. See D.S. Margoliouth, LAH, 82, 100; For the Medina school of Arabic historiography see 'A. 'A. adduri, op. cit., pp. 61-102. [F] See note (d) to the translation, notes and commentary of Francesco Galerieli's paper published in the Vol. XIX/1 (Spring 1980) p. 55 of thisjournal. [GI On the Sh'ites see 'Religion and politics in Iran' by Leonard Binder in Arabic 6 Islamic Studies in Honour of Hamilton A.R. Gibb (1965), 118-140; W. Montgo- mery Watt, "The Reappraisal of Abbasid Shi'ism" in the Ibid, pp. 638-654; V. Mionorsky's "Persia: Religion and History," in Unity and Variety in Muslim Civili- zation ed. by G.E. Von Grunebaum (1955), 183-201. M.D. Donaldson, The Shi 'ire Religion. (1 933), pp. 393; C. Van Arendonk, Les Debuts De L 'Imamat Zaidite Au Yemen (1960). pp. 375; For a discussion of the friction between the Shi'ites and the Sufi (Mystics) all over the Islamic world till the 12th century A.H. See Kamil Mustafa ash-Shaibi a/-Fikr ash-Shi'it ten h-Naza'ot as-Sufiyoh (1 386/1966), pp. 6 11. H.A.R. Gibb. "Notes on Shi'ism" in A.J. Toynbee Study of History 1, pp. 400402. A balanced account of the Shi'ite beliefs and practices is given by Mahmud Shebabi m "Shi'a" in the Islam, the Strai@r Path (ed. Kenneth W. Morgan 1958). pp. 18Cb223. The Shi'a philosophers have been studied by 'Abdullah Ni'ma in his Falasifat ash-Shib which has been translated into Persian by syed Ja'far Ghadban (1 347 A.H. Shamsi), pp. 648. For balanced Sunni views concerning the Shi'a see Ahmed Amin, Fair al-lslam. 7th ed. (1955), 266-278; See P.M. Holt and ors (eds.) CHIS. I, pp. 81-82; 109-115, 12Cb133; 143-44, 31314 (Shi'ism among Turkish people), 398-99 (in Persia) and the recent study of Henri Laoust, Les schisms dons I'lslam: Introduction a un-etude de la religion Muwlmane (1965, not seen). G.E. Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam, tr. by Katherine Watson (1970) pp. 61-63, 107- 110 and passim: Seyyed Hossain Nasr, "lthna 'Ashari Shi'ism and Iranian Islam" in Religion in the Middle East, I1 (1969), pp. 96-1 18. [HI On the available literature of the Sasanian period see Mario Grignaschi 'Quelques specimens De la literature Sasanide conserves Dam Les Bibliotheques D'Istanbul in the Journal Asiatique Vol. CCLIV, Fasc. 1. (1966) pp. 142; See also A. Christen- sen, Lhn sous les Sassanides, 2nd augmented ed. (1944 repr. 1971), pp. 560; Ahmed Amin, op. cit, pp. 113124 discuss the influence of the Pahlawi literature on early Arabic literature. Alessandro Bausani. La Lettratum Persinno (1968). pp. 61-127; Otakar KLima. History of Iranian Literature (ed. Jan Rypka, 1968), pp. 3Cb58. A comprehensive bibliography of the Sasanids is available in Ludwig Forrer/Bertold Supler. DVO, pp. 77-79; Muhammad Jawad Mashkur, ~arhonge Huzvareshave Pahlavi (1 34611 967). pp. XXIV-303.
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