ISLAMIC & WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY

442 ISLAMIC STUDIES, 25:4 (1986)
[l] For an account of the translations from Arabic in Spain, Sicily, North Africa and
East see R. Walzer, "Arabic Transmission of Greek Thought to Medieval Europe"
in the &lletin of the John Ryknds Libmry (194546) vol. XXIX. pp. 160-83. See
also Mehdi Nakosteen. History of Iskmic Origins of Edumtion. A.D. 800-1350
(1964) chapter entitled "The Transmission of Muslim Learning and Europe's
Intellectual Awarkening." pp. 179-195 (informative but contains minor errors);
Eugene A. Myers, Ambic 7hought and the Western World. (1967). p. 156. The
Tokdo school of translation was active as early as the thud quarter of the twelfth
century. G. Thery . Toledo, grclnde vi'lle de lo Remissonce Medieval (1944); A.
Alonso. 01-Andadus (1947). XII. pp. 295-338. T.d'alverney in Archives d' histoire
. doctrimle et litemire du Moyen Age (1952). vol. XIX. pp. 337-58 and in the
Academia noziomle dei Lincei (1957) XI, pp. 71-87; See R.W. Southern me
Making of the Middle Ages, pp. 64-68; 174-75; J. Fuck, Die orobischen Studien in
Europo vom 12 bis in den Anfong des 19 Johrhunderts (1944); K.H. Dannenfeldt.
"The Renaissance Humanists and the knowledge of Arabic" in Studies in the
Remismnce (1955). 11. pp. 96-1 17; M. Steiruchneider. Die Europnischen Ubersetsungen
ous dem Arobischen bis Mitte des 17 Johrhunderts (1956). pp. XI1 +108;
Friderich Heer, MEW, pp. 194-95; F. Gabrieli. " he Trallsmission of Learning and
Literary Influences to Western Europe" in CHIS (1970), i1 pp. 851-857. A list of
translators from Arabic into different European languages is also given by Nako~
teen. op. cit. pp. 277-293; Details of the translation and names of translators of the
second half of the twelfth century is recorded by George Sarton, IHS. 11, pt. 1.
pp. 338346; and for the thirteenth century see IW, 11, pt. 2, pp. 790-93. See also
"Transmission of Knowledge" in Will Durant's 7he Age of Faith. (1950) pp. 909-
91 3.
[m] See the substantial study of A.R. Nykl. Hispono-Ambic Poetry and its Relation
with the ad Rovenml Tkoubdours (1946 repr. 1970), pp. XXW1+416. Friedrich
Heer, MEW. pp. 14041 states "About one hundred troubadours are known by
name from the century between 1150 and 1250 and 1250 including twenty or so
women." They were influenced by the "bilingual lyrics written in +bit and
Hebrew or in Arabic with the refrain in a very early form of Spanish." Henri Peres,
"La Poesie arabe d'andalousie et ses relations possible avec la poesie des troubadours"
in the L'hkm et I' Occident, Gzhiers du Sud, (Marseilles and Paris, 1947).
The question of the influence of Arabic poetry on the Troubadours has been
discussed by F. Gabrieli who mentions the titles of two works in which Barbieri
and Andre's advocated this theory in the sixteenth century. See "Transmission of
Learning: The Middle Ages" in CHIS, pp. 87 1-876. Gabrieli exprews his opinion
in favour of this theory. G.E. Von Grunebaum. Ckssicol Iskm, tr. by Katherine
Watson (1970), pp-120. The nypothesis of the influence of Spanish Arabic poetry
on the Troubadours has been more of less supported by Henri Davenson. Les
Troubadours (19611, pp. 109-128. Robert S. Briffault. me 7boubadours, (Bloomington.
1 %5), pp. 296 at pp. 24-79.227-26 1; Peke Cardenal's Poesies Compliates
lh l'koubdour edited and translated by Rene Lavand (Toulouse, 1957); G.E. Von
Grunebaum, 'The Arab Contribution to Trnnhadnr~r Pnetrv." in &l&tin of the
Ironhn Instifute, VI (1946). pp. 117-128.
.
[n] It seems that three Latin historical works of Paulus Orosius, of St. Jerome (d.
420 A.D.) and of Isidore of Seville (died Seville 636 A.D.) =re known to Ibn
Juljul, the Spanish historian of Science (d. ca. 3841994). See the edition of his
Tobqot 01-Atibb'Hb'l-Hukamn' published by Fa'ad Sayyid (1955). Introduction
6 ff. and G. Levi Della Vida, Loc. cit. Bernard Lewis, "The use by Muslim Histo-
h