Rural water supply and water demand ... - Up To - SOPAC

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[5] • Though community ownership seems to be the only viable solution some thoughts should be given whether regular maintenance and minor spare parts (eg washers) should be provided. This could be supported by a water committee that collects a very modest connection fee. • RWSS should purchase essential water supply system monitoring equipment, ie a portable flowmeter, pressure reader connectable to hydrants and taps, a pressure transducer to read and log water levels in tanks and reservoirs and basic leak detection tools, eg listening sticks. (see also Appendix 3 for more details.) • RWSS need to stiffen building standards and measure system performance right after project completion. • RWSS should develop a leakage policy that applies to all systems or at least to all system implemented from a certain size on (eg population connected). Compliance should be monitored by rotating equipment between field staff and non-compliance should trigger remedy actions in coordination with the water committee. • Though outside the scope of this trip RWSS should re-think current practice of providing water without looking (or providing) adequate sanitation. Prior to the trip, RWSS identified the water supply systems villages of Mele/Mele-Maat as a pilot area. During the trip some WDM measurements could be carried out in the respective area indicating that the Minimum Night Time Flow was around 6 l/s. Assuming a constant inflow into the tank of about 8.7 l/s (derived from measurements and calculations) water losses would amount to about 68 % of the production. Even though it was not possible to confirm this result with more and longer-lasting measurements (bad weather and equipment failure due to the bad weather) current 'operation procedures' confirm (artificial) water shortages (no 24 hour water supply.) These shortages are attributable not only to leakage but also to massive over-sizing of the system. (Admittedly a problem rather uncommon in the Pacific.) • The problem could be solved by installing a flow control valve at the end of 150 mm GI trunk main. [MR351 - Schölzel]
[6] Introduction In the past, development projects in the water supply sector have mainly concentrated on the upgrading or extension of existing water supply hardware. This supply-driven approach has proved to be very costly for both the donor and the receiving country and has not lead to a safe water supply even for the bigger urban centres in most of the Pacific Islands Countries (PIC). Most water supply systems operate at the edge of collapse not because that there is not enough water available at the source of abstraction, but because water supply systems in PIC lose more water through leakage and wastage than they actually deliver to customers. The patchy design of these distribution systems render not only the technical design of many aid projects technically questionable but also makes the management and operation by the local water authority very difficult. With more pressure on very limited resources, many PIC have realised that the key towards sustainability lies, not necessarily, in costly infrastructure extension but more in the sound management of the water supply system. This trend has been enforced with the appearance of institutional strengthening projects in the water sector, mainly funded by AusAID, that concentrate on building national capacity rather than giving away hardware. Generally speaking, water leakage and wastage are the main reasons for water problems in Pacific Island Countries and previous initiatives to resolve this problem have been limited to unsystematic and isolated projects. This often resulted in the only temporary set-up of leak detection units, instructed and trained over a very limited period by consultants. From time to time, multi-international donors fund some isolated activity to reduce leakage with little or no follow-up. Though a good part of the project is aimed at this particular problem of water conservation water demand management (WDM) stands for much more than that. It is a holistic approach towards controlling the water supply system and making fully-informed decisions. It includes preventative maintenance as well as setting up performance-monitoring devices or the zonation of the system by districts and pressure sub-zones. Economic and environmental issues influence the degree to which leakage detection program will be carried out and are part of WDM. After all, water pricing is an important tool for influencing consumer demand together with Public Awareness Campaigns. In short: 'Water Demand Management involves the adoption of policies or investment by a water utility to achieve efficient water use by all members of the community. (White, 1998) 1 ' In the past, SOPAC managed and implemented a water demand management (WDM) project in the Pacific funded by the Republic of China. The current WDM project is funded by the New Zealand Overseas Development Assistance (NZODA). The current project aims to implement the recommendations and conclusions of a regional meeting with 25 participants from 13 countries on Water Demand Management held in Nadi from the 21 st to the 26 th of June 1999. It comprises Technical Assistance with the assessment of water losses, generation of 'as-built' electronic maps (inventories), generation of hydraulic network models, 1 White, S., (1998), Wise Water management: A demand Management Manaual for Water Utilities, Institute for Sustainable Future, Universitty of Technology, Sydney, Research Report No. 86. [MR351 - Schölzel]
Page 1 and 2: SOPAC Water Resources Unit Water De
Page 3: [4] Summary This report summarises
Page 7 and 8: [8] Acknowledgment The SOPAC Secret
Page 9 and 10: [10] In general, economies of scale
Page 11 and 12: [12] Table 1: Identified WDM topics
Page 13 and 14: [14] The design population for Mele
Page 15 and 16: Flow [l/s] 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 [16] Flo
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6: Imposed demand according
Page 19 and 20: [20] References Montgomery & Watson
Page 21 and 22: [22] Appendix 2: Mele-Maat System I
Page 23 and 24: [24] [MR351 - Schölzel]
Page 25 and 26: [26] [MR351 - Schölzel]
Page 27 and 28: A. General Operational Data Managem
Page 29 and 30: Data loggers [30] Data loggers are
Page 31 and 32: • estimated leakage and priority
Page 33 and 34: [34] Equipment Comments / Applicati
Page 35: Leak detection equipment costs [36]

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