Guam National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan

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Guam National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Guam, Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,328 feet (Puglise and Kelty 2007). The eastern slopes are steep near the ridgeline, but become more gradual as elevation decreases, terminating in broad valleys near the coastline. Offshore, wide reef flats are cut by numerous bays (USFWS 1992, Guam EPA 2006). Sea floor topography off the coast of Ritidian Point is depicted in Figure 8. The northern coast is surrounded by a shallow fringing reef up to 200 feet offshore (USFWS and U.S. Air Force 2002). The submerged portion of the Ritidian Unit extends offshore to the 100-foot depth. The backreef is a relatively flat area, 16 to 33 feet deep, which consists of hard pavement with 50 to 90 percent turf (Burdick 2005). This rises to the reef crest which is formed by terraced algal pools. The reef complex is transected at various points by spur-and-groove zones (cracks or fissures) that create shallow to slightly deeper pools in the backreef. Grooves run parallel to the shore and may merge with the reef crest to create deeper pools. Scattered sand flats are also found beyond the forereef (Burdick 2005). The ocean depth increases suddenly just off the reef (USFWS and U.S. Air Force 2002). This fringing reef offers the beach protection from heavy surf (Mylroie et al. 2001). 4.5 Geology and Soils Guam is situated on the Mariana Ridge at the boundary of the Philippine and Pacific Plates, a tectonically active region. Interactions between these plates created the deep Mariana Trench that lies 60 to 100 miles east of Guam (Khosrowpanah and Jocson 2005). Because Guam is surrounded by tropical seas, coral reef formation is an important factor in the development and structure of the island. Guam’s geology is a complex result of the tectonic movements of the plates, volcanic activity typical of island arc systems, and the production of limestone by reef growth. The volcanics that formed the basement rocks of Guam probably emerged in the early Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to present; Prasad and Manner 1994). The geological surface features have been classified into three major regions: the northern limestone plateau, the central volcanics, and the southern volcanics. The Alutom formation, which forms the central part of the island, contains the oldest exposed rocks. These volcanics are of Eocene (54.8 to 33.7 million years ago) to Oligocene (33.7 to 23.8 million years ago) age and were laid down by a volcano which was located to the west of the modern island (Tracey et al. 1964, Gingerich 2003). The southern half of Guam is composed mostly of the Umatac formation. These volcanics were derived from a younger, Miocene age (23.8 to 5.3 million years ago) volcano that was situated to the southwest of Guam. Neither of the volcanoes that formed these regions is above sea level today. The older volcanics contain limestone fragments and are capped by younger limestone in some locations (Mylroie et al. 2001). The northern limestone plateau was probably formed by a barrier reef lagoonal complex. The plateau is separated from the primarily volcanic terrain in the south by the northwest-southeast trending Pago-Adelup Fault (Mylroie et al. 2001). Subsequent tectonic activity has caused uplift and emergence of the barrier reef and associated lagoon limestone deposits (Randall 1979, Kurashina et al. 1990). 4-10 Chapter 4. Physical Environment
Figure 6. Guam NWR 144°53'00"E 144°52'00"E 144°51'00"E Figure 6 13°40'00"N 13°40'00"N G U A M Bathymetry of Northern Guam Depth from MLLW 200m-350m 100m-200m P a c i f i c O c e a n 30m-100m P h i l i p p i n e S e a 2m-30m 13°39'00"N 13°39'00"N USFWS USAF Refuge Boundary USFWS USAF Ritidian Unit Boundary UTM 55N WGS 84 Miles 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 PRIVATE PRIVATE USAF USAF 0 0.3 0.6 Kilometers 13°38'00"N 13°38'00"N 144°53'00"E 144°52'00"E 144°51'00"E 5-28-09, DH, 09-122-9.MXD
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Guam N
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Guam National Wildlife Refuge Compr
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vi Guam National Wildlife Refuge Co
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viii Guam National Wildlife Refuge
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1.2 Agency Background Guam National
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Interpretive Materials Guam Nationa
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Use: Traditional Gathering Guam Nat
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Description of Use(s): Guam Nationa
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USFWS Photo U.S. Fish & Wildlife Se
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Table of Contents Figures and Table
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Introduction Ranging from evidence
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Background Environmental Setting Gu
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ing island of Rota and the natural
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starchy foods is evidenced by a num
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great deal of information about the
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were turbulent as the Navy tried to
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sional --although not constitutiona
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Cultural Resource Investigations Su
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Figure 3. Previously surveyed areas
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Documented Cultural Resources Sites
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Purported vicinity of “Mission Si
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Management Plan/ Recommendations Gu
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Table 2. Priority list of cultural
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Collections Management: There are r
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References Allen, S. Jane 1988 Geoa
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Appendix A Regulatory Consideration
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Appendix B Contacts and Consultatio
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Appendix C Comprehensive Conservati
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Discussion: Development of an MOA p
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Region
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2.0 Pest Management Policies Guam N
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6.0 Safety 6.1 Personal Protective
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Where: Guam National Wildlife Refug
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Threshold for Approving PUPs: Guam
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Habitat Management Treatments: Guam
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Scientific Name MICRO-ORGANISM Guam
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Guam National Wildlife Refuge P.O.
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Guam National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan

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