Mining history of fennoscandia - arkisto.gsf.fi

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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 53 P. Eilu, R. Boyd, A, Hallberg, M. Korsakova, S. Krasotkin, P. A. Nurmi, M. Ripa, V. Stromov & M. Tontti Fennoscandia has a long history of mining and exploration. For example, archaeological evidences shows that sponge iron was produced in Sweden 20 1000 Base metals Nickel Precious metals Ferrous metals Special metals Fe: Ojamo Zn-Ag-Pb: Garpenberg Fe-Mn: Dannemora Cu-Zn-Au:Falu gruva Sn,Cu,Fe: Pitkäranta Cu: Voitzkoe Cu-Zn: Orijärvi-Aijala INTrOduCTION RUSSIA Fe: Tulomozero FINLAND in Bloomery furnaces using magnetite ore during the second century AD (Kresten 1993). Archaeological evidence shows that early copper produc- Fe: Kostomuksha Fe: Kovdor Fe: Olenegorsk area P, rare metal: Hibiny area Ni: Pechenga area Cr: Kemi Zn-Cu: Pyhäsalmi Ni: Kotalahti Zn-Cu: Vihanti V-Ti-Fe: Otanmäki Cu-Co: Outokumpu NORWAY Cu-Au: Bidjovagge Ti: Tellnes Fe: Bjørnevatn Fe: Rana Cu-Zn-pyrite: Sulitjelma Mo: Knaben Ni: Evje Co: Modum Fe:Arendal-Fen Nb: Søve Cu-Zn: Løkken Cu-Zn: Røros Ag: Kongsberg Ni: Kevitsa Au: Kittilä Ni: Talvivaara SWEDEN Au: Svartliden Cu-Zn: Viscaria Cu-Zn-Ag: Stekenjokk Cu-Au: Aitik Pb: Laisvall Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au: Skellefte District Fe: Kiirunavaara Fe: Grängesberg Fe: Gällivare-Malmberget Zn-Pb-Ag: Zinkgruvan 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1950 2000 Figure 1. Milestones of the mining history of Fennoscandia: life of the most significant mines and mining camps. Lines ending as arrows indicate presently active mines. Note the non-linear time scale.
tion at the Falu mine took place during the 8th century (Eriksson & Qvarfort 1996). Statistics on copper production at Falun are available from the mid-16th century and until the closure of the mine in 1992. A similar historical background can be shown for the other countries of Fennoscandia. Metal mining and production has constantly been significant across the region. Hence, the history of mining in Fennoscandia is briefly reviewed North Atlantic SWEDEN NORWAY Gulf of FINLAND 60° N Modum Kongsberg Oslo Falu gruva Bothnia Garpenberg Ojamo Orijärvi Helsinki Knaben Evje Fen Grängesberg Dannemora Stockholm Tellnes Løkken DENMARK Røros Rana Fe Sulitjelma Stekenjokk Zinkgruvan Svartliden Viscaria Baltic Sea 21° E Kiruna Malmberget Aitik Laisvall Skellefte District Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 53 Mining history of Fennoscandia in this report. Below, the major developments, ‘milestones’, mines and mining camps important in their time are presented for each country, as individual subsections, by local experts. Furthermore, some of the immediate effects of these mines on the metals industry are discussed. The main mines and mining camps important in their time in Fennoscandia are listed in Figure 1 and their locations indicated in Figure 2. Bidjovagge Gulf of Finland Bjørnevatn Pechenga Murmansk Olenegorsk Area Kittilä Hibiny Group Kevitsa Kovdor Kemi Vihanti Pyhäsalmi Kotalahti ESTONIA LITHUANIA Otanmäki LATVIA Talvivaara Outokumpu Kostomuksha BELARUS Base and precious metals Archaean rocks Nickel Palaeoproterozoic rocks Ferrous metals Mesoproterozoic rocks High-tech metals or uranium Caledonian orogenic belt Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cobalt Phanerozoic platform cover St. Petersburg White Sea Voitzkoe Tulomozero Pitkäranta RUSSIA Figure 2. Location of the most significant mines and mining camps of their time in Fennoscandia. Geological map based on Koistinen et al. (2001). 100 km 21
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