Proceedings of the Desert Fishes Council 2000

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE DESERT FISHES COUNCIL - VOLUME XXX1I (2000 SYMPOSIUM) – PUBLISHED NOVEMBER 13, 2001 Mateos, M 1 ; Sanjur, OI 2 ; Vrijenhoek, RC 1 (1-Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; 2-NAOS Marine Lab, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama) Genealogical relationships among species of the genus Poeciliopsis ABSTRACT We examined mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to assess phylogenetic relationships among 12 of 20 extant species in the genus Poeciliopsis (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Although relationships among several morphologically similar species had been hypothesized, this is the first attempt to infer phylogenetic relationships among members of the genus. Monophyly of the subgenus Poeciliopsis was strongly supported, as well as monophyly of the subgenus Aulophallus (represented by Poeciliopsis elongata and P. retropinna). However, monophyly of the genus was not supported. Thus, the genus Poeciliopsis as presently constructed may comprise an artificial grouping. Earlier proposals regarding relationships among several closely related species in the subgenus Poeciliopsis were confirmed for the most part and grouped the 11 species into four 4 main clades. However, the relationships among these clades could not be resolved. Furthermore, the Leptorhaphis superspecies group (Poeciliopsis infans, Poeciliopsis lucida, and Poeciliopsis occidentalis) was also found to contain Poeciliopsis prolifica. Possible causes for the low resolution of these analyses are mutational saturation (especially in relation to the outgroup taxa) and lineage sorting. Additional taxa and characters (other genes) are needed to fully resolve these relationships. RESUMEN Relaciones genealógicas entre especies del género Poeciliopsis Analizamos secuencias de citocromo b mitocondrial con el fin de investigar las relaciones filogenéticas entre 12 de 20 especies existentes del género Poeciliopsis (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Aunque ya se habían propuesto relaciones filogenéticas entre varias especies morfológicamente similares del género, este constituye el primer intento por comprobar tal hipótesis. Los resultados apuntan fuertemente hacia una monofilia del subgénero Poeciliopsis asi como el subgénero Aulophallus (representado por Poeciliopsis elongata y P. retropinna), sin embargo, la monofilia del género no fue verificado. Por lo tanto, el género Poeciliopsis pudiera ser considerado como una agrupación artificial en su forma actual. Se confirmó que anteriores suposiciones sobre las relaciones entre varias especies cercanas del subgénero Poeciliopsis eran ciertas en su mayoría, y las 11 especies fueron agrupadas en cuatro clades principales. No obstante, no fue posible dirimir las relaciones entre tales clades. Más aún, se encontró que el grupo superespecífico Leptorhaphis (Poeciliopsis infans, P. lucida y P. occidentalis) incluye también a Poeciliopsis prolifica. Las causas posibles de la baja resolución de estos análisis son la saturación de mutaciones (en particular en relación a los taxa externos [“outgroups”]), y separación de linajes [“lineage sorting”]. Para resolver estas relaciones por completo se requieren taxa adicionales además de otros caracteres (otros genes). Simms, JR (US Bureau of Land Management) Cienega Creek stream restoration project ABSTRACT A 1.4-mile reach of Cienega Creek, Pima County, Arizona, was disturbed by farming activities in the 1970s. Modifications included three dams, one levee and a road crossing/canal system that diverts water away from three miles of the creek into a small tributary. This disturbance has affected riparian vegetation development and habitat for a multitude of special-status species, including Poeciliopsis occidentalis (Gila topminnow), Gila intermedia (Gila chub), Empidonax traillii (southwestern willow flycatcher), Thamnophis eques (Mexican garter snake) and Rana chiricahuensis (Chiricahua leopard frog). The hydrologic and ecologic processes of this stream segment were restored using principles of stable natural channel morphology with the idea that restoration would be self-sustaining under the current sediment load and hydrography. Key aspects of the design were to maintain the proper pattern, dimension and profile of the segment being restored. Structures were removed, the diversion canal blocked, road crossing moved and reconstructed, and a new stream segment constructed. 13
PROCEEDINGS OF THE DESERT FISHES COUNCIL - VOLUME XXX1I (2000 SYMPOSIUM) – PUBLISHED NOVEMBER 13, 2001 Revegetation and two grade-control structures composed of boulders were used to stabilize areas at risk of erosion. Monitoring has begun and will be used to gage the level of physical and biological change resulting from stream restoration efforts. RESUMEN Proyecto de restauración del Arroyo Ciénega Un tramo de 1.4 millas [2.25 km] del Arroyo Ciénega, Condado de Pima, Arizona, fue perturbado por actividades agrícolas en los 1970s. Las modificaciones incluyeron tres presas, un bordo y un sistema de cruce/canal que desvía el agua desde tres millas [4.8 km] del arroyo a un pequeño tributario. Esta perturbación ha impactado el desarrollo de vegetación riparia y hábitat para un sinnúmero de especies en estatus especial, incluyendo Poeciliopsis occidentalis (guatopote del Gila), Gila intermedia (carpa del Gila), Empidonax trailli (cazamoscas del suroeste), Thamnophis eques (víbora mexicana “garter”), y Rana chiricahuensis (rana leopardo de Chiricahua). Los procesos hidrológicos y ecológicos de este tramo del arroyo fueron restaurados usando principios de morfología natural estable del canal asumiendo que la restauración se mantenga por sí misma bajo condiciones actuales de carga de sedimentos e hidrografía. Los aspectos fundamentales del diseño fueron mantener el patrón adecuado, dimensión y perfil del segmento restaurado. Se removieron varias estructuras, se bloqueó la desviación de agua, el cruce se trasladó y se reconstruyó, y se construyó un nuevo segmento del arroyo. Para estabilizar áreas en riesgo de erosión, se replantó y se colocaron dos estructuras de control de dos grados de pendiente compuestos de rocas grandes. Se ha iniciado el monitoreo que servirá para observar el nivel de cambio físico y biológico resultado de los trabajos de restauración del arroyo. Ross, ST 1 ; Modde, TC 2 (1-Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi; 2-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Colorado River Fish Project) Aspects of the life history of the roundtail chub, Gila robusta (Cyprinidae), in the Yampa River Canyon, Colorado ABSTRACT The Gila robusta complex includes three large, morphologically variable cyprinid species native to the Colorado River drainage. All three members of this complex, G. cypha, G. elegans, and G. robusta, occur (or occurred) in the Yampa River Canyon. Both G. elegans and G. cypha are federally listed as endangered, with the former likely extirpated from the Yampa River; only G. robusta is still unlisted and relatively common, although it is a candidate for listing. Life history aspects, including age and growth, age at first reproduction, and secondary sex characteristics such as tubercle development are poorly known for G. robusta, and indeed for all three species. Consequently, in addition to providing information directly on G. robusta, this species may be considered a surrogate to better understand life history characteristics of G. elegans and G. cypha. Gila robusta were collected during July in 1998 and 1999 by angling and electrofishing in the Yampa River Canyon in Dinosaur National Park. Fish ranged from 90-365 mm SL. Ages were determined from scales, opercular bones and otoliths. Because data analysis is still ongoing, only data from 1998 are reported here. Actual verification of growth checks as annuli is difficult due to limited seasonal access to the study area, thus eliminating marginal increment analysis. Verification will be based on age changes of modal size groups collected in subsequent years. Based on presumed annular marks in otoliths, ages ranged from 2-21 years. Annuli from opercle bones generally agreed with otolith data. Presumed ages based on scales were less than those based on otoliths after 8 years. Based on preliminary data, gonadal maturation occurs by age 8 for females and 7 for males. Detailed field sketches of tubercle patterns were made for 8 fish (5 males, 3 females). Both males and females show tubercle development on the head, dorsum, and pectoral rays. Although data are limited, intensity of tuberculation is positively related to gonadal development. 14
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