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La Ley de Memoria Histórica: reparación e insatisfacción Julio ...

La Ley de Memoria Histórica: reparación e insatisfacción Julio ...

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comunicación, al mundo académico relacionado con la Historia y las ciencias sociales y a colectivos ciudadanos<br />

interesados y activos. Y en este terreno está muy presente la aprensión <strong>de</strong> que los “movimientos<br />

por la memoria” interfieran y dificulten la tarea <strong>de</strong> elaborar una Historia verda<strong>de</strong>ramente profesional,<br />

informada, veraz e in<strong>de</strong>pendiente, <strong>de</strong> nuestros recientes conflictos. Y esa aprensión es perfectamente<br />

explicable.<br />

Al fin, tras un recorrido proceloso en muchos aspectos, la <strong>Ley</strong> 52/2007, <strong>de</strong> 26 <strong>de</strong> diciembre, ha expresado<br />

en un texto <strong>de</strong> alto rango un difícil equilibrio <strong>de</strong> propuestas <strong>de</strong> fondo y medios instrumentales para una<br />

<strong>reparación</strong>, que nadie honradamente pue<strong>de</strong> discutir pero que la realidad muestra que ha producido grados<br />

y formas <strong>de</strong> la <strong>insatisfacción</strong> que permanecen en pie. <strong>La</strong>s <strong>de</strong>rechas sociológicas y políticas españolas, e<br />

instituciones como la Iglesia Católica, han mantenido su oposición frontal. Los sectores progresistas, un<br />

amplio espectro <strong>de</strong> las personas afectadas familiar e i<strong>de</strong>ológicamente por el contenido <strong>de</strong> la <strong>Ley</strong>, han<br />

mantenido igualmente sus reticencias.<br />

Cabe ahora, pues, expuestos estos extremos, intentar expresar unos comentarios y unas explicaciones<br />

acerca <strong>de</strong> la justicia o no <strong>de</strong> esa <strong>insatisfacción</strong>, <strong>de</strong>l alcance mismo <strong>de</strong> la <strong>Ley</strong> y <strong>de</strong> lo que pue<strong>de</strong> esperarse<br />

<strong>de</strong> sus objetivos y los medios puestos en acción para conseguirlos. Y cabe expresar una impresión primera<br />

en cuanto a las perspectivas que la disposición plantea y las posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> su cumplimiento. <strong>La</strong><br />

“<strong>Ley</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Memoria</strong> <strong>Histórica</strong>” es una disposición tardía, sin duda, incompleta en ciertos aspectos, tal vez<br />

utópica en otros, pero que aborda con entera justicia la satisfacción <strong>de</strong> una <strong>de</strong>uda colectiva que nunca<br />

fue encarada con la generalidad con la que lo es ahora.<br />

<strong>La</strong> <strong>Ley</strong> ha sido promulgada en un momento histórico, al comenzar el nuevo siglo, cuyas características<br />

explican suficientemente su propia aparición. Así, si bien su Preámbulo, <strong>de</strong> gran interés, se reclama <strong>de</strong>l<br />

espíritu reconciliador <strong>de</strong> la Transición a la <strong>de</strong>mocracia como inspiración y fundamento <strong>de</strong> sus disposiciones,<br />

no es menos cierto que su contenido y el momento en que aparece nos muestran, más bien, que<br />

las carencias <strong>de</strong>nunciadas se relacionan por todos los críticos con la forma en que los protagonistas <strong>de</strong><br />

esa Transición abordaron la re-consi<strong>de</strong>ración <strong>de</strong>l pasado que había llevado a una larga Dictadura tras una<br />

guerra civil producto <strong>de</strong> un alzamiento ilegítimo, como ha sido reconocido por una <strong>de</strong>claración parlamentaria<br />

<strong>de</strong> 2002.<br />

of a full reparation of the memory of the <strong>de</strong>feated. From<br />

this realm has even arisen documents such as the<br />

“Barcelona Manifesto” from November 2006, in which a<br />

broad spectrum of institutions of different sorts asked<br />

for the categorical removal of the project sponsored by<br />

the Government. This position moves on the axis of the<br />

<strong>de</strong>mand for an explicit <strong>de</strong>claration of invalidity of all the<br />

processes and the corresponding sentences dictated by<br />

the civil and military courts that the rebels erected and<br />

which the Dictatorship maintained during two <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s<br />

to judge the supposed political crimes committed by<br />

those who <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>d the Republican legality. The generic<br />

position of the left is, therefore, that the document set<br />

into motion is clearly insufficient as a reparative instrument<br />

and didn’t fulfill its intentions.<br />

Even so, these two truly irreconcilable positions don’t<br />

make up the sum total of the spectrum of total or partial<br />

disagreements that were expressed in reaction to<br />

the possibility of the passage of a <strong>La</strong>w of this type. There<br />

was an important current of civic opinion, as well as<br />

from experts and scholars, who, recognizing in principle<br />

the need of a <strong>de</strong>finitive reparatory action, were split in<br />

the forms of its expressions and the applicable instruments<br />

to un<strong>de</strong>rtake it. The <strong>de</strong>claration of invalidity of<br />

the Courts and sentences ma<strong>de</strong> by the rebels and the<br />

Dictatorship divi<strong>de</strong>d the judges, certainly along the line<br />

that separates conservatives and progressives. The spe-<br />

cific forms in which the Collective Memory (or better yet,<br />

“the memories”) should take charge of this socially<br />

urgent need and to proceed to the due rectifications is<br />

also the source of found criteria. But it is that, for the<br />

rest, the need and the possibility that the Memory itself<br />

could be based and rectified precisely with a disposition<br />

with the range of a <strong>La</strong>w divi<strong>de</strong>d politicians, intellectuals,<br />

magistrates and the media, to the aca<strong>de</strong>mic world related<br />

to History and the social sciences and the active and<br />

implicated civic collectives. And in this field, the apprehension<br />

that the “movements for the memory” interfere<br />

and make difficult the work of elaborating a truly professional,<br />

informed, faithful, and in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt History of<br />

our recent conflicts is very present. And this apprehension<br />

is perfectly explainable.<br />

After a stormy journey in many aspects, <strong>La</strong>w 52/2007 of<br />

December 26, has finally expressed in a text of wi<strong>de</strong><br />

scope a difficult equilibrium of fundamental proposals<br />

and instrumental media for a reparation which no one<br />

honorably could dispute but which reality shows has produced<br />

<strong>de</strong>grees and forms of dissatisfaction which remain<br />

active. The Spanish sociological and political right, institutions<br />

such as the Catholic Church, have maintained<br />

their head-on opposition. The progressive sectors, a wi<strong>de</strong><br />

spectrum of the people affected through family and i<strong>de</strong>ologically<br />

by the contents of the <strong>La</strong>w, have likewise maintained<br />

their reticence.<br />

51

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