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La Ley de Memoria Histórica: reparación e insatisfacción Julio ...

La Ley de Memoria Histórica: reparación e insatisfacción Julio ...

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Permanecen, sin duda, no pocos riesgos. Unos <strong>de</strong> ellos, por <strong>de</strong>más evi<strong>de</strong>nte, no es instrumental sino<br />

conceptual. <strong>La</strong>s <strong>Memoria</strong>s Colectivas, sus ten<strong>de</strong>ncias y sus luchas, no pue<strong>de</strong>n ni oscurecer ni, menos,<br />

sustituir o cambiar la Historia. <strong>La</strong>s <strong>Memoria</strong>s, las batallas <strong>de</strong> la <strong>Memoria</strong>, como hemos dicho en otras ocasiones,<br />

no pue<strong>de</strong>n separarse un ápice <strong>de</strong> las <strong>Memoria</strong> <strong>de</strong> las batallas. <strong>La</strong>s <strong>Memoria</strong>s tienen que templarse y<br />

confrontarse en el yunque duro <strong>de</strong> una Historia bien sabida, bien explicada y bien comprendida. <strong>La</strong><br />

Historia prevalece sobre la <strong>Memoria</strong>, la justifica o la rectifica y, como bien público, colectivo y trascen<strong>de</strong>nte,<br />

no pue<strong>de</strong> ser escrita a gusto <strong>de</strong> todos, pero tampoco al gusto <strong>de</strong> unos pocos. <strong>La</strong>s <strong>Memoria</strong>s son<br />

cambiantes, generacionalmente cambiantes. <strong>La</strong> Historia, lo consiga o no, <strong>de</strong>be ser un espejo en el que<br />

todos, todas esas <strong>Memoria</strong>s, puedan reflejarse sin acusar <strong>de</strong>formaciones.<br />

Nuestro país llega tar<strong>de</strong> a la <strong>reparación</strong> moral y material <strong>de</strong> sus tragedias en el panorama <strong>de</strong> la convulsa<br />

Europa <strong>de</strong>l siglo XX. Esta tardanza no altera, en absoluto, su necesidad. Nosotros <strong>de</strong>bemos superar las<br />

consecuencias <strong>de</strong> un conflicto <strong>de</strong> mayor entidad y gravedad que otros, como es la guerra civil y no el <strong>de</strong>rivado<br />

<strong>de</strong> la proyección <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ologías, intereses y ansias hegemónicas a escala internacional que <strong>de</strong>terminan<br />

las catástrofes europeas y mundiales <strong>de</strong>l siglo anterior. Un conflicto civil es el peor <strong>de</strong> los traumas que<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> vivir una sociedad constituida. Reparar sus consecuencias no admite ningún subterfugio.<br />

Una prueba <strong>de</strong> generosidad más y final es la renuncia colectiva a retomar la <strong>de</strong>puración <strong>de</strong> las responsabilida<strong>de</strong>s,<br />

manifiestas y enumerables, que caben a personas y colectivos por haber <strong>de</strong>senca<strong>de</strong>nado la<br />

tragedia que hoy se preten<strong>de</strong> reparar en lo posible. Es tar<strong>de</strong> para ello, y no caben lamentaciones por la<br />

forma en que la Historia ha transcurrido. <strong>La</strong>s responsabilida<strong>de</strong>s son conocidas. Su <strong>de</strong>puración no es inseparable<br />

<strong>de</strong> la <strong>reparación</strong> <strong>de</strong> sus consecuencias. Por ello, el tránsito por la vía <strong>de</strong> las sanciones penales<br />

para los responsables no es obligatorio, aunque fuese plausible. Nuestra reconsi<strong>de</strong>ración <strong>de</strong>l pasado<br />

pue<strong>de</strong> transitar por el perdón <strong>de</strong> quienes fueron culpables. Pero no por el olvido <strong>de</strong> sus culpas.<br />

<strong>La</strong> llamada <strong>Ley</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Memoria</strong> <strong>Histórica</strong> es un proyecto <strong>de</strong> Justicia que nos pone ante el reto <strong>de</strong> hacerla<br />

completa, ciega, generosa y reconciliadora. Y la responsabilidad colectiva <strong>de</strong> los españoles <strong>de</strong> hoy es<br />

asumir tal reto. Cualquier otra consi<strong>de</strong>ración es tan engañosa, tan falaz, como inútil.<br />

Madrid, mayo <strong>de</strong> 2009.<br />

The <strong>La</strong>w, with greater or lesser accuracy, tries to address<br />

this Memory to a much more <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d <strong>de</strong>gree than what<br />

took place in the Transition, without forgetfulness nor false<br />

reconciliation. From there it has been said with accuracy, as<br />

far as we believe, that the true spirit of the text reflects the<br />

feelings of a good part of a new generation which does not<br />

base the reconciliation in the transitional thinking of the<br />

1970s but rather in the search for an historical legitimacy<br />

like that which the Republic had possessed subverted by an<br />

illegitimate uprising. The fundaments of <strong>de</strong>mocracy are<br />

thereby consolidated and not by the obligatory necessary<br />

transactions in a process of overcoming of old tragedies,<br />

but in the legitimacy granted by a freely elected regime.<br />

Was it necessary that this new spirit of reparation could<br />

work itself out precisely through a <strong>La</strong>w? Could the same<br />

goals have been achieved by other less-solemn but perhaps<br />

more pragmatic routes? Here are questions for<br />

which the majority of opinions would today be superfluous.<br />

The <strong>La</strong>w of reparation exists and the great challenge<br />

now is to make it effective, to use all its resources and to<br />

make its utility recompense its lateness. This is also due<br />

to very explainable reasons. Justice is stronger when it<br />

comes in its own time and tempo. But History almost<br />

always imposes its own prescriptions.<br />

Without a doubt, there remain no few risks. One of them,<br />

otherwise evi<strong>de</strong>nt, is not instrumental but rather concep-<br />

58<br />

tual. The Collective Memories, their trends and their<br />

fights, can neither darken nor, even less, substitute or<br />

change History. The Memories, the battles of the Memory,<br />

as we’ve said on other occasions, cannot be separated by<br />

a hair from the Memory of the battles. The Memories<br />

need to calm down and confront themselves on the hard<br />

anvil of a History that’s well known, well explained, and<br />

well un<strong>de</strong>rstood. History prevails over Memory, justifies it<br />

or rectifies it and, as a public, collective, and transcen<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

good, cannot be written to the taste of all, but neither<br />

to the taste of just a few. The Memories are changing,<br />

generationally changing. History, whether it achieves<br />

it or not, should be a mirror in which all, all those<br />

Memories, can be reflected without <strong>de</strong>formations.<br />

Our country arrives late to the moral and material reparation<br />

of its tragedies in the panorama of the convulsive<br />

Europe of the 20th Century. This lateness does not<br />

change one whit its necessity. We must overcome the<br />

consequences of a conflict of greater importance and<br />

gravity than others, as is the Civil War and not that<br />

<strong>de</strong>rived from the projection of i<strong>de</strong>ologies, interests, and<br />

hegemonic anxieties on an international scale which<br />

<strong>de</strong>termine the European and world catastrophes of the<br />

past century. A civil conflict is the worst of the traumas<br />

that a constituted society can live. To make reparation for<br />

its consequences allows for no subterfuges.

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