2010 Vol. 4 Num. 2 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad ...

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Conditional volatility in sustainable and traditional stock exchange indexes: analysis of the Spanish market1062. BackgroundSRI has existed in several forms since hundreds of years (Renneboog et al., 2008a; Le Mauxand Le Saout, 2004). Although original SRI is based on religious traditions, modern SRI hasadded other ethical and social convictions. There are some recent evidence of ethical investmentfrom 1960s and 1970s, mainly based on the anti-wars, anti-racism and anti-apartheidcampaigns, and showing the society the social consequences of their investments. A decadelater, on the 1980s, the Chernobyl and Exxon Valdez disasters expanded the SRIapproach to a wide range of investors that consider the negative environmental and socialconsequences of industrial activities. Thus the SRI has changed from being a niche marketto become a core factor for mainstream investors (Le Maux and Le Saout, 2004). Duringthe 21st century the SRI has experienced a high increase. Thus the EUROSIF (2008) reportemphasizes that ‘the total SRI Assets under Management (AuM) in Europe reached €2,665trillion in 2007, whereas they rose to €336 trillion in 2002’. Likewise, this report shows thatthe presence of SRI in the market has grown, with SRI assets representing about 17.6% ofthe AuM in European industry in 2007. This corresponds to a remarkable growth of 102%since 2005. This significant increase was mainly motivated by the demand from institutionaland individual investors, the mainstreaming of environmental, social and governance principlesinto traditional financial services and by the external pressure from the main NGOsworldwide (EUROSIF, 2008).Research about SRI performance dates back from the 1970s (Moskowitz, 1972). and hasgrowth significantly during the recent decades. Most of research about SRI performanceis linked to measure the performance achieved by SRI funds. Thus, some studies haveanalysed the differences in risk-adjusted returns between SRI and conventional investmentfunds (Luther et al., 1992; Hamilton et al., 1993; Luther and Matatko, 1994; White, 1995).These papers use simple regressions of SRI investment funds’ return against some marketindexes’ return in order to show if the SRI funds out or under-performance the traditionalbenchmarks. In general, these works do not evidence out or under-performance of SRIfunds compared with the traditional ones. However, these results should be carefully interpretedbecause they do not broad consider the transaction costs of investment funds. Theyalso do not take into account the ability of the portfolio managers to produce an outstandingperformance (Schröder, 2007), that could interferes with the SRI screening criteria effect.Recent works mitigates these shortcomings by analysing SRI and conventional funds ofsimilar characteristics applying the ‘matching approach’ (Mallin et al., 1995; Gregory et al.,1997; Statman, 2000; Stone et al., 2001; Kreander et al., 2002; Bauer et al., 2005). Thesestudies overcome the limitations of the previous studies, but they observe that SRI andconventional funds show a similar performance. There are studies showing a significant outperformance(Derwall et al., 2005) and under-performance (Geczy et al., 2005) of SRI funds.Other studies have focused on portfolio risk reduction by investing in SRI funds (Hickmanet al., 1999).Sustainability stock exchange indexes constitute a tool to enable responsible investors toidentify companies that meet globally-recognised CSR principles. Although there are severalsocially responsible stock exchange indexes, the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes(DJSI) and the FTSE4Good families are the most important. There are very few papers thatGCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA 2010 VOL. 4 NUM. 2 ISSN: 1988-7116
Eduardo Ortas, José M. Moneva & Manuel Salvadoranalyse the risk associated directly with SRI stock indexes (Kurtz and DiBartolomeo, 1996;Sauer, 1997; DiBartolomeo and Kurtz, 1999; Statman, 2000; Garz et al., 2002). These studies,mainly focused on Domini 400 Social index and DJSI, conclude that SRI equity indices showsimilar risk-adjusted returns to their benchmarks. A recent study of Schröder (2007), whichanalyses 29 SRI equity indices around the world, confirms the results obtained in previousresearch, and indicates that investing in SRI stock exchange indexes does not impose additionalcosts in terms of lower returns to the investors. In the Spanish market, the appearanceof the FTSE4Good-IBEX in April 2008 enabled the market to invest in Spanish best-in-classsustainability companies for the first time. The launch of the FTSE4Good-IBEX took placeduring the financial crisis which is currently affecting the international markets. Confidencein the stock markets has fallen and the volatility levels of the main stock exchange indexeshas risen, a common effect in periods of economic downturn and financial crisis (Schwert,1989). In these periods of uncertainty in stock markets, it is desirable for investors to be ableto identify, as precisely as possible, their portfolio risk levels.1072.1. Sustainable stock exchange indexes: FTSE4good familyThe DJSI and FTSE4Good indexes are the main families of stock exchange indexes thatapply social and environmental screening criteria worldwide. The DJSI, created in 1999, werethe first global indexes to track the financial performance of leading sustainability-drivencompanies around the globe. Later, in 2001, as a result of the growing interest in SRI, theFTSE launched a family of tradable indexes (see Table I). The FTSE4Good indexes seek tomeasure the performance of companies that meet globally-recognised corporate responsibilitystandards and to facilitate investment in socially responsible companies.Table I. Main FTSE4Good IndexesBenchmark IndexFTSE4Good Global IndexFTSE4Good USA IndexFTSE4Good Europe IndexFTSE4Good UK IndexFTSE4Good Japan IndexTradable IndexFTSE4Good Global 100 IndexFTSE4Good USA 100 IndexFTSE4Good Europe 50 IndexFTSE4Good UK 50 IndexNot availableIn addition, the FTSE4Good Index series incorporates the following indexes: FTSE4GoodAustralia 30 Index, FTSE4Good Environmental Leaders Europe 40 Index, FTSE EnvironmentalMarket Index, FTSE KLD Index and FTSE4Good-IBEX.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA 2010 VOL. 4 NUM. 2 ISSN: 1988-7116
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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SUMARIO SUMMARY SUMÁRIO1Ú2Efectos
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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SELECCIÓN PROCEDURE PROCEDIMENTOIN
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Instrucciones para Autores y Proced
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Instrucciones para Autores y Proced
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16 Efectos de la inversión en I+Ds
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Efectos de la inversión en I+D sob
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28El Pacto Mundial de las NacionesU
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El Pacto Mundial de las Naciones Un
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40La política de Industrializació
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La política de Industrialización
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54autorMiguel Blanco-Callejo 1Depar
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Page 72: 72 Inversión extranjera yCompetiti
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