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Josep Lluís Sert, Motor City civic center, Brasil (1943). © Sert, medio siglo de Arquitectura, Fundación Joan Miró. extending the «habitable area of the planet into places never before inhabited», regions «which have almost as few historical associations as the craters of the moon». In such contexts, «design... can be a sensitively suitable import, profoundly capable of fusion with the natural scene and its changing needs». After their Brazilian Motor City project and another shortlived Brazilian commission –a 1946 study for a coastal housing development about which little is known –Sert and Wiener were commissioned to produce a master plan for the Peruvian industrial port of Chimbote by the Corporacion Peruana del Santa. This was a Peruvian government agency established by a democratic reformist regime to encourage the industrial development of northern Peru, inspired by the American Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Sert and Wiener’s wellknown plan included both a pedestrian civic center and neighborhood units that were based not on the Corbusian Unité model, widely publicized at this time, but instead on a dense “tapis urbain” (urban fabric) of new courtyard housing. Their main Peruvian supporter, Fernando Belaúnde Terry, Wiener y Sert, master plan for Chimbote (1947-1948). © Sert, medio siglo de Arquitectura, Fundación Joan Miró. Wiener, Sert and Luis Dorich, pilot plan for Lima. © Sert, medio siglo de Arquitectura, Fundación Joan Miró. Josep Lluís Sert, the Ciam "Heart of the City" and the Bogotá Plan | Eric Mumford 241
The heart of the city: towards the humanisation of urban life; edited by J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert, E.N. Rogers (1952). The image in the cover is from the pilot plan for Cali, made by Sert. © Lund Humphries, London. the founder of the Peruvian Instituto de Urbanismo and editor of El Arquitecto Peruano, had been elected to the Peruvian congress in 1945, and new planning laws based on CIAM ideas began to be enacted. A national planning office, the Oficina Nacional de Planeamiento (ONPU) was established, and a national housing authority, the Corporacion Nacional de la Vivienda (CNV) was created, along with a national program to provide recreational facilities and a new property law to facilitate urban redevelopment. These efforts had a major impact on development in Lima and other Peruvian cities. One outcome was the commissioning by ONPU of the Plan Piloto de Lima in 1947, designed by Sert and Wiener and Peruvian CIAM member Luis Dórich, with advice from Ernesto Rogers, then teaching as a visitor at Tucuman University in Argentina. This plan called for the preservation of most of the historic Spanish colonial center, the creation of a new civic center adjacent to Exposition Park, new auto transportation routes, and a system of urban greenways and neighborhood cores. It was around the same time that Sert was appointed president at CIAM 6, held in 1947 in Bridgwater, near Bristol, England, replacing Cornelis van Eesteren. His Chimbote and Lima projects clearly demonstrated the new CIAM emphasis on the civic center and pedestrian urban life in the context of urban master planning based on the neighborhood unit. These projects, along with those that Town Planning Associates began to do after 1947 in Colombia (where Sert began to organize a Colombian CIAM group in March 1948) were intended as postwar CIAM models of comprehensive, architecturally based urbanism. Colombian cities were growing rapidly then after the introduction of international air service, and new national legislation was passed in 1947 that required planes reguladores (master plans) for new urban development. The Sert and Wiener plans for the small Pacific Ocean port of Tumaco (1947-48), for Medellín (1948–50), and eventually Bogotá (1949–53) as well as an abortive pilot plan for Cali (1949–50), used as the cover image for CIAM 8: the Heart of the City book, were intended as models for such plans. Each began by defining the area of the regional «planning unit» and included documentation on conditions of climate, topography, and existing patterns of transportation and inhabitation. Within this regional framework the basic «unit of urbanization» was the unidad vecinal, or neighborhood unit. These urbanization units were to be large superblocks with open centers for pedestrian circulation, recreational facilities, parking, and green space, and the new planning legislation was written to produce such outcomes. It was this approach that Sert offered as the official postwar CIAM «doctrine of urbanism» at CIAM 8. It included elements of earlier Dutch, Soviet, Corbusian, and American and British Garden City planning, and combined Sert’s postwar focus on the need for places for pedestrian civic gathering and on the importance of historic urban centers as models for urbanism with planning practices already widely in use by the 1940s. The plan for Chimbote was shown for the first time at CIAM 7 in Bergamo, Italy, in 1949, along with Sert’s plans for Tumaco and Medellín, based on similar principles. These projects, like others at this congress, were shown in Le Corbusier’s new «CIAM grid» format. Sert opened the congress by comparing the «human scale» of the upper town of the historic medieval city of Bergamo with that of «great modern cities, victims of the chaos resulting from their disorderly development and lack of planning». He also told Giedion that he would speak there on the «synthesis of architecture, painting, and sculpture», using his Spanish Pavilion and its works by Picasso, Miró, Calder, and others as an example of this synthesis, which he and Le Corbusier saw as logically occurring at the heart of the city. Sert stayed with Rogers in Milan during CIAM 7, and it was at this same time that his firm BBPR (Banfi, Belgiojoso, Peressutti e Rogers) was continuing their ongoing attempts, begun under Mussolini before the war, to use modernist design methods to infill the fabric of existing historic Italian cities. This attention to the heart of the city and to the vitality of pedestrian streets was new in CIAM, however. Le Corbusier’s Propos d’urbanisme, published in 1947, poetically evoked a Paris briefly free of vehicular traffic at the end of the war, but this interest in the pedestrian urban experience seems to have been more Sert’s than Le Corbusier’s, as the monumental core of Chandigarh, also first shown at CIAM 8 in 1951, would soon demonstrate. It was Sert who emphasized that the civic center element should be a key component of postwar CIAM urbanism, which went along with a new attention to the value of historic urban environments. He combined this with the continuing prewar CIAM focus on issues of housing organization, sitting, solar orientation, and both high-tech and low-tech regional building traditions, all of which were evident in some of the prewar plans of modern urbanists. In 1947, Sert had published a short essay in the book Le Corbusier: Architect, Painter, Writer, edited by Stamo Papadaki, a former CIAM member from Greece. Sert recounted how Le 242 Le Corbusier en Bogotá, 1947-1951: Precisiones en torno al Plan Director
Page 1 and 2: Palabras y trazos: las unidades de
Page 3 and 4: Una misión integrada por el Sr. Bo
Page 5 and 6: Le Corbusier, proyecto Plan Directo
Page 7 and 8: sobre la calle, la calle en zigzag,
Page 9 and 10: Repetimos, le agradeceríamos si no
Page 11 and 12: «La unidad de Habitación» se opo
Page 13 and 14: Le Corbusier, planta de localizaci
Page 15 and 16: en épocas anteriores? No es posibl
Page 17 and 18: étabissements humains, Denoël, Co
Page 19 and 20: La Sabana es dominable desde un avi
Page 21 and 22: de los años 30, que dominaban el d
Page 23 and 24: 12. Le Corbusier: propuesta de loca
Page 25 and 26: (indicadas en el plano urbano como
Page 27 and 28: Bogotá es una ciudad corbu Fernand
Page 29 and 30: Finalmente se encontraban el marco
Page 31 and 32: En septiembre de 1953, Le Corbusier
Page 33 and 34: Le Corbusier, registro de las fotos
Page 35 and 36: Le Corbusier, «Bogotá, Plan Regul
Page 37 and 38: El Centro Cívico del Plan Director
Page 39 and 40: acional los lugares de habitación
Page 41 and 42: eunión de la colectividad, debidam
Page 43: Josep Lluís Sert, the CIAM «Heart
Page 47 and 48: Le Corbusier, cabanon at Cap Martin
Page 49 and 50: Le Corbusier and Sert were aware th
Page 51 and 52: mer colleague from GATCPAC in Barce
Page 53 and 54: La influencia del Plan Director en
Page 55 and 56: Acuerdo 7 de 1979. Departamento de
Page 57 and 58: El trabajo del equipo de Jorge Gait
Page 59 and 60: de la implantación del «ordenamie
Page 61 and 62: De la negación al redescubrimiento
Page 63 and 64: veer simultáneamente las infraestr
Page 65 and 66: Programa de Vivienda de Interés So

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