kari 3: wyali - momxmarebeli.ge
kari 3: wyali - momxmarebeli.ge
kari 3: wyali - momxmarebeli.ge
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<strong>kari</strong> 3: <strong>wyali</strong><br />
<strong>wyali</strong> Cveni planetis erT-erTi Seucvleli resursia. misi<br />
racionaluri gamoyenebisa da dacvis problemas didi yuradReba unda<br />
daeTmos.<br />
zedapiruli hidrosfero (msoflio okeaneebi, zRvebi, mdinareebi,<br />
tbebi, myinvarebi, atmosferuli teni) da miwisqveSa hidrosfero<br />
(dedamiwis qerqis is nawili, romelSic SeiZleba miwisqveSa wylebi<br />
arsebobdes) ganixileba, rogorc erTi mTlianis _ hidrosferos _<br />
Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli nawilebi da maTi resursebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba<br />
uSualodaa damokidebuli rogorc qveynis bunebrivi pirobebis<br />
mravalferovnebasa da klimatze, ise atmosferuli naleqebisa da<br />
zedapiruli Camonadenis sididesa da xarisxze.<br />
hidrosferos saerTo balansis formirebaSi zedapiruli da<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis bunebriv resursebs mniSvnelovani roli akisria.<br />
isini wylis bunebrivi wrebrunvis Sedegad mudmiv ganaxlebas ganicdian<br />
da erTmaneTTan uSualo hidravlikuri kavSiris gamo swrafad reagireben<br />
rogorc bunebrivi, aseve anTropo<strong>ge</strong>nuri faqtorebis yovelgvar (negatiur<br />
Tu pozitiur) zemoqmedebaze.<br />
Tavi 5. miwisqveSa wylebi<br />
reziume<br />
mtknari miwisqveSa wylebis hidromonitoringi dRes saqarTveloSi<br />
ar xorcieldeba. Tumca 2000 wels ganxorcielebuli SefasebebiT<br />
miwisqveSa wylebi seriozulad iyo dabinZurebuli rogorc organuli,<br />
ise araorganuli nivTierebebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesoba sasmelad miwisqveSa wyals<br />
iyenebs. aqedan naxevari damoukideblad moipovebs sasmel wyals EWebisa<br />
da wyaroebis saSualebiT da moixmars mas yovelgvari gawmendis gareSe.<br />
Sesabamisad, miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebam Zalze didi zegavlena<br />
SeiZleba iqonios mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze. aucilebelia saswrafod<br />
aRd<strong>ge</strong>s miwisqveSa wylebis hidromonitoringi im regionebSi, sadac<br />
rogorc maTi <strong>momxmarebeli</strong> mosaxleobis raodenoba, aseve miwisqveSa<br />
wylebis dabinZurebis albaToba maRalia. pirvel rigSi esenia<br />
samegrelos, wyaltubos, alaznis da marneuli-gardabnis arteziuli<br />
auzebi.<br />
1. normatiuli baza (H1)<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, miwisqveSa wylebi, zedapiruli<br />
wylebisagan gansxvavebiT, sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo wiaRiseul resurss warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. am<br />
resursis marTvaze sxvadasxva uwyebebia pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli:<br />
• wylis resursebis marTva, dacva, kontroli da monitoringi<br />
saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis<br />
saministros kompetenciaa.<br />
• licenzias miwisqveSa wylebis sar<strong>ge</strong>blobisaTvis gascems<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro `sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo<br />
wiaRiseulis mopovebis licenziis gacemis wesis Sesaxeb~<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dad<strong>ge</strong>nilebis Sesabamisad. miwisqveSa<br />
wylebis gamoyenebaze licenzia gaicema auqcionis wesiT da<br />
1
savaldebuloa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miwisqveSa wylebis<br />
gamoyeneba xdeba komerciuli miznebisaTvis. miwisqveSa sasmeli<br />
wylis xarisxis kontrols axorcielebs soflis meurneobis<br />
saministro.<br />
• wylis standartebTan (wylis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli<br />
sanitariul-higienuri xasiaTis normebTan da wesebTan)<br />
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos Sromis,<br />
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mtknari <strong>wyali</strong> sxva wiaRiseulTan SedarebiT<br />
farTodaa gavrcelebuli dedemiwaze, igi bevrad naklebadaa Seswavlili<br />
da ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze arasakmarisad aris daculi.<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis obieqtebis dacvis ZiriTad meqanizms warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns<br />
kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiT gansazRvruli sanitariuli dacvis<br />
zonebis (sdz) mowyoba da wiaRiseulis sabadoebis damuSavebis<br />
proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebi. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT<br />
yvela tipis wyalmomara<strong>ge</strong>bis obieqtebisaTvis unda SemuSavdes<br />
sanitariuli dacvis zonebis proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs I (mkacri),<br />
II da III sdz-is mowyobasa da im specialuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas,<br />
romelTa meSveobiTac gamoiricxeba miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba, maTi<br />
resursebis araswori eqspluatacia da aramiznobrivi xarjva.<br />
mosaxleobis saxelmwifo standartebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi<br />
wyliT uzrunvelsayofad da wylis kontrolis mizniT SemuSavebulia<br />
`wyalmomara<strong>ge</strong>bis wyaroebis da sasmel-sameurneo daniSnulebis<br />
wyalsadenebis da kurortebisa da sakurorto adgilebis sanitariuli<br />
dacvis zonebis~ da `Camosxmuli sasmeli wylis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli<br />
sanitariul-higienuri moTxovnebis~ sanitariuli wesebi da normebi,<br />
romelic am wylebSi sxvadasxva dambinZurebel nivTierebaTa zRvrulad<br />
dasaSveb koncentraciebs (zdk) ad<strong>ge</strong>ns. iTvleba, rom Tuki wyalSi<br />
dambinZureblis odenoba zdk-s ar aremateba, aseTi <strong>wyali</strong><br />
janmrTelobisTvis usafrTxoa.<br />
2. miwisqveSa wylebis resursebi (H1)<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis miwisqveSa hidrosferos farglebSi<br />
naTladaa warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili sruli speqtri rogorc klasikuri, aseve<br />
metad iSviaTi hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri kanonzomierebebisa da anomaliebisa,<br />
rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs am teritoriaze ZiriTadi, iSviaTi da<br />
unikaluri tipis miwisqveSa wylebis farTo gavrcelebas.<br />
hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri daraionebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
gavrcelebulia arteziuli auzebi da wyalwneviani sistemebi, romlebic<br />
Seicaven forovan, napralur da napralur-karstuli cirkulaciis<br />
wylebs. maT axasiaTebs didi resursebi, maRali xarisxobrivi<br />
maCveneblebi da droSi ganaxleba (ix. sqematuri ruka 1).<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis resursebis gamovlena da damuSaveba sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo<br />
wiaRiseulis mopovebis licenziis safuZvelze xdeba, xolo sabados<br />
gaTvlili saeqspluatacio mara<strong>ge</strong>bis damtkicebas axorcielebs<br />
saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosTan<br />
arsebuli sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo wiaRiseulis mara<strong>ge</strong>bis saxelmwifo uwyebaTaSorisi<br />
komisia.<br />
2
uka 1. saqarTvelos hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri daraionebis sqematuri ruka<br />
le<strong>ge</strong>nda:<br />
hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri<br />
I.<br />
II.<br />
regioni<br />
mTavari<br />
kavkasionis<br />
kristaluri<br />
substratis<br />
gruntis wylebis<br />
zona<br />
mTavari<br />
kavkasionis<br />
samxreT ferdis<br />
wyalwneviani<br />
sistemebis zona<br />
III. saqarTvelos<br />
beltis<br />
arteziuli<br />
auzebis zona<br />
IV. aWara-TrialeTis<br />
naoWa zonis<br />
wyalwneviani<br />
sistemebis zona<br />
V. arTvin-bolnisis<br />
beltis gruntis<br />
wylebis zona<br />
hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri raioni<br />
II1 afxazeTis napraluri wyalwneviani sistema<br />
II2 svaneTis napraluri wyalwneviani sistema<br />
II3<br />
mestia-TianeTis napraluri<br />
wyalwneviani sistema<br />
da napralur-karstuli<br />
II4 yazbeg-mTaTuSeTis napraluri wyalwneviani sistema<br />
II5<br />
kelasuris kristaluri<br />
wylebis raioni<br />
masivis gruntis napraluri<br />
II6<br />
yeli-yazbegis lavuri<br />
wylebis raioni<br />
ganfenebis gruntis napraluri<br />
bzifis napraluri<br />
III1<br />
arteziuli auzi<br />
da napralur-karstuli wylebis<br />
kodoris forovani, napraluri da napralur-karstuli<br />
III2<br />
wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
samegrelos napraluri da napralur-karstuli wylebis<br />
III3<br />
arteziuli auzi<br />
raWa-leCxumis napraluri da napralur-karstuli wylebis<br />
III4<br />
arteziuli auzi<br />
kolxeTis forovani napraluri da napralur-karstuli<br />
III5<br />
wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
III6 guriis forovani, napraluri wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
wyaltubos forovani, napraluri da napralur-karstuli<br />
III7<br />
wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
argveTis forovani, napraluri<br />
III8<br />
wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
da napralur-karstuli<br />
qarTlis forovani, napraluri<br />
III9<br />
wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
da napralur-karstuli<br />
alaznis forovani, napraluri<br />
III10<br />
wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
da napralur-karstuli<br />
iori-Siraqis forovani da napraluri wylebis arteziuli<br />
III11<br />
auzi<br />
marneuli-gardabnis<br />
III12<br />
arteziuli auzi<br />
forovani da napraluri wylebis<br />
Zirulis kristaluri masivis gruntis napraluri<br />
III13<br />
napralur-karstuli wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
da<br />
IV1 aWara-imereTis napraluri wyalwneviani sistema<br />
IV2<br />
TrialeTis napraluri<br />
wyalwneviani sistema<br />
da napralur-karstuli<br />
IV3<br />
Tbilisis napraluri<br />
wyalwneviani sistema<br />
da napralur-karstuli<br />
IV4 axalcixis napraluri wylebis arteziuli auzi<br />
V1<br />
axalqalaqis lavuri warmonaqmnebis napraluri gruntis<br />
wylebis raioni<br />
V2<br />
javaxeTis qedis aRmosavleTi kalTis napraluri gruntis<br />
wylebis raioni<br />
3
saqarTveloSi miwisqveSa wylebi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nilia msoflioSi cnobili<br />
yvela unikaluri wylis sruli speqtriT, rogorc qimiuri Sed<strong>ge</strong>nilobis,<br />
temperaturis, ise Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiT. pirobiTad isini<br />
mineralizaciisa da temperaturis mixedviT iyofa Semdeg jgufebad:<br />
a) mtknari sasmeli wylebi (mineralizaciiT ara umetes 1,0 g/l).<br />
b) mineraluri wylebi (1,0 g/l-ze maRali saerTo mineralizaciiT).<br />
g) Termuli wylebi _ samkurnalo (20-35 0 C), Tboener<strong>ge</strong>tikuli (40-108 0 C)<br />
miwisqveSa mtknari wylebi (H2)<br />
miwisqveSa mtknari wylebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns sasmelad vargisi umaRlesi<br />
xarisxis wylebis yvelaze saimedod dacul wyaros. saqarTvelos sasmeli<br />
wylis resursebis saerTo raodenobis 60-70% swored am miwisqveSa<br />
wylebze modis (ix. diagrama 1).<br />
miwisqveSa mtknari sasmeli wylebi saerTo mineralizaciis mixedviT<br />
iyofa ultramtknar _ 0,2-0,3 g/l (ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia samxreT<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze) da 0,3_1,0 g/l mineralizaciis wylebad.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze sul moZiebulia mtknari miwisqveSa<br />
wylebis 100-ze meti sabado, romelTa bunebrivi resursebi Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns 18<br />
mlrd m3 /weliwadSi (573 m3 /wm). isini qveynis hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri olqebis<br />
mixedviT Zalze araTanabradaa ganawilebuli (ix. diagrama 1). am wylebis<br />
siuxviT gamoirCeva qarTlis, alaznis, bzifis, samegrelos, raWa-leCxumis<br />
arteziuli auzebi. SedarebiT Raribia axalcixis, guriis da iori-Siraqis<br />
arteziuli auzebi.<br />
aWara-TrialeTis<br />
naoWa zonis<br />
wyalwneviani<br />
sistemis zona<br />
9%<br />
mTavari<br />
kavkasionis<br />
samxreT ferdis<br />
gruntis<br />
wylebisa da<br />
wyalwneviani<br />
sistemis zona<br />
52%<br />
arTvin-bolnisis<br />
beltis gruntis<br />
wylebis zona<br />
10%<br />
OsaqarTvelos<br />
beltis<br />
arteziuli<br />
auzebis zona<br />
30%<br />
dasavleTis<br />
daZirvis<br />
18%<br />
aRmosavleTis<br />
daZirvis<br />
11%<br />
diagrama 1. miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis bunebrivi resursebis ganawileba<br />
hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri olqebis mixedviT.<br />
moqmedi normebis mixedviT, miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis bunebrivi<br />
resursebis gamoyenebis dasaSvebi raodenoba, anu saeqspluatacio<br />
resursi, ar unda aRematebodes mTliani resursis naxevarze mets, Cvens<br />
4
SemTxvevaSi _ 9 mlrd m 3 / weliwadSi (285,5 m 3 /wm). jerjerobiT saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze gamovlenili miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis resursebis<br />
mxolod mesamedia detalurad Seswavlili da mara<strong>ge</strong>bis saxelmwifo<br />
komisiis mier damtkicebuli maTi saeqspluatacio mara<strong>ge</strong>bi Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns 4,2<br />
mlrd m 3 /weliwadSi (133 m 3 /wm) (ix. diagrama 2).<br />
mTavari kavkasionis samxreT<br />
ferdis gruntis wylebisa da<br />
wyalwneviani sistemis zona<br />
saqarTvelos beltis<br />
arteziul i auzebis<br />
dasavleTis daZirvis zona.<br />
saqarTvelos beltis<br />
arteziul i auzebis<br />
aRmosavleTis daZirvis zona.<br />
arTvin-bolnisis bel tis<br />
gruntis wylebis zona<br />
aWara-TrialeTis naoWa zonis<br />
wyalwneviani sistemis zona<br />
0 2 4 6 8 10<br />
mlrd m3 /ww<br />
resursi<br />
damtkicebuli<br />
saeqspluatacio<br />
maragi<br />
diagrama 2. saqarTvelos miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis bunebrivi<br />
resursebis Sefardeba damtkicebul saeqspluatacio mara<strong>ge</strong>bTan da maTi<br />
ganawileba hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri olqebis mixedviT.<br />
2008 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi mtknari miwisqveSa wylebi<br />
weliwadSi gamoyenebuli iyo 427,9 mln. m 3 odenobiT, maT Soris sasmeli<br />
wylis sistemebisTvis _ 425,3 mln. m 3 , xolo sawarmoo saWiroebisaTvis _<br />
2,6 mln. m 3 . garda amisa, saqarTveloSi qalaqis mosaxleobis 5% da<br />
soflis mosaxleobis 65% sasmel wyals damoukideblad moipovebs da<br />
amisaTvis ZiriTadad miwisqveSa wylebs iyenebs.<br />
5
450<br />
400<br />
350<br />
300<br />
?<br />
?<br />
250<br />
?<br />
200<br />
?<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
diagrama 3. saqarTvelos regionebis mosaxleobis raodenoba,<br />
romelic mtknar sasmel wyals individualurad moipovebs.<br />
sasmeli da samkurnalo daniSnulebis mineraluri wylebi (H2)<br />
saqarTvelo agreTve mdidaria mineraluri miwisqveSa wylebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenili farTo speqtris mineraluri<br />
Sed<strong>ge</strong>nilobis, temperaturisa da sxva unikaluri Tvisebebis mqone<br />
mineraluri wylebis gamosavlebis (wyaroebi, WaburRilebi) saerTo<br />
raodenoba 2000-s aWarbebs, maTi jamuri debiti 160 aTasi m 3 -ia dRe-RameSi.<br />
qimiuri Sed<strong>ge</strong>nilobisa da saerTo mineralizaciis maCveneblebis mixedviT<br />
es wylebi pirobiTad dayofilia 1,0-4,5 g/l-mde, 5,0-10,0 g/l-mde da 6,0-12,0<br />
g/l-mde mineralizaciis jgufebad.<br />
qveynis mineraluri wylebis prognozuli resursebi dReRameSi<br />
daaxloebiT 50 mln. m3-is tolia. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
detalurad Seswavlilia mineraluri wylis 45 sabado. mara<strong>ge</strong>bis<br />
saxelmwifo komisiaSi damtkicebuli mara<strong>ge</strong>bis raodenoba Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns 76,2<br />
aTas m3 /dR.R. maTgan meoTxedis gamoiyeneba xdeba balneologiuri<br />
miznebisaTvis (samkurnalo abazanebi) _ `wyaltubo~, `menji~, `caiSi~.<br />
naxevarze mets sammagi gamoyeneba aqvs (samkurnalo, sasmel-samkurnalo,<br />
samrewvelo Camosxma): `borjomi~, `nabeRlavi~, `sairme~, `uwera~, xolo<br />
nawili gamoiyeneba samrewvelo CamosxmisaTvis _ `mitarbi~, `flate~,<br />
`likani~, `zanavi~, `kokotauri~ `yvibisi~ da sxv.<br />
Termuli wylebi (H2)<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia 40_108 0 C temperaturis mqone<br />
wylis 200-ze meti bunebrivi (8 wyaro) da xelovnuri (200 WaburRili)<br />
calkeuli da jgufuri gamosavlebi. maTi jamuri debiti Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns<br />
daaxloebiT 160 aTas m 3 /dR.R.<br />
6
<strong>ge</strong>oTermuli Seswavlis donis mixedviT, wiaRSi arsebuli Termuli<br />
wylebis prognozuli resursi Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns 350-400 mln. m 3 /weliwadSi.<br />
mara<strong>ge</strong>bis saxelmwifo komisiaSi damtkicebuli Termuli wylis<br />
saeqspluatacio mara<strong>ge</strong>bi (15 sabado) 126 aTasi m 3 /dR.R. tolia, rac<br />
saerTo prognozuli resursebis mxolod 20%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns.<br />
qveynis teritoriaze arsebul <strong>ge</strong>oTermul wylebs, maTi<br />
temperaturuli maCveneblebis mixedviT, iyeneben rogorc soflis<br />
meurneobaSi, aseve komunalur meurneobasa da balneologiaSi (Tbilisilisi,<br />
oxurei, zugdidi-caiSi).<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom qveynis miwisqveSa wylebis sabadoebze<br />
damtkicebuli mara<strong>ge</strong>bis samrewvelo aTvisebis xvedriTi wili<br />
daaxloebiT 12% mineralur wylebze modis, 4% _ Termoener<strong>ge</strong>tikul<br />
wylebze, xolo 2% _ mtknar miwisqveSa wylebze maSin, roca miwisqveSa<br />
sasmeli wylis resursuli potencialis mixedviT, saqarTvelo erT-erTi<br />
umdidresi qveyanaa msoflioSi.<br />
3. miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis done (H1)<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos umetesi qalaqisa da soflis<br />
mosaxleoba sasmelad iyenebs Wisa da wyaros wyals, romelic Zalze<br />
sustad aris daculi dabinZurebis rogorc anTropo<strong>ge</strong>nuri, ise bunebrivi<br />
faqtorebis zemoqmedebisgan.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis dablobi da mTaTaSorisi regionebi<br />
(kolxeTis dablobi, qarTlis veli, md. alaznis marcxena napiri da sxv.),<br />
romelTa farglebSic Tavmoyrilia erovnuli meurneobis mTeli<br />
potenciali da msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis 80%-ze meti, miwisqveSa<br />
hidrosferos, gansakuTrebiT gruntis da zedapiridan pirveli wneviani<br />
wyalSemcveli fenis umetesi nawili, dabinZurebis riskis zonaSia<br />
moqceuli.<br />
me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebSi<br />
agroqimikatebis didi dozebiT gamoyenebas mohyva rogorc zedapiruli,<br />
ise gruntis wylebis dabinZureba nitratebiT, nitritebiT, pesticidebiT.<br />
kolxeTis dablobis (samegrelos, imereTis), agreTve, qarTlisa da<br />
kaxeTis regionebSi meoTxeuli naleqebis doneze arsebuli gruntis<br />
wylebis qimiuri Sed<strong>ge</strong>nilobis analizebma aCvenes, rom maTSi nitratebis<br />
Semcveloba zRvrulad dasaSveb normas 20-30-jer aRemateba. aseve 3-4-jer<br />
metia amiakis Semcveloba, 2-3-jer _ nitritebisa. es ukanaskneli axali<br />
dabinZurebis maCvenebelia da misi wyaroa ara mxolod sasuqebiT<br />
gajerebuli saxnav-saTesi savargulebi, aramed im sawarmoebis Camdinare<br />
wylebi, romlebic sawarmoo miznebisaTvis nitratul marilebs iyeneben.<br />
aRniSnuli teritoriebis farglebSi zedapiridan pirveli<br />
wyalSemcavi horizontis udawneo wylebic mniSvnelovnad aris<br />
dabinZurebuli, razec miuTiTebs maTSi amoniumis azotisa da nitratebis<br />
maRali Semcveloba.<br />
miwisqveSa hidrosferos ekologiuri mdgomareobis dad<strong>ge</strong>nis mizniT<br />
saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mimdinareobda reJimuli dakvirvebebi (hidromonitoringi) miwisqveSa<br />
wylebis resursebis raodenobasa da xarisxze.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>ge</strong>ologiis saxelmwifo departamentis mier me-20<br />
saukunis 70-90 ww-Si Catarebuli hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri sareJimo, a<strong>ge</strong>gmviTi,<br />
saZiebo da laboratoriuli samuSaoebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bze dayrdnobiT, 2000 w-s<br />
ganxorcielda saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli liTomonitoringuli<br />
7
qselis farglebSi arsebuli miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis wyalpunqtebis<br />
wylis (707 sinjis) sxvadasxva tipis dabinZurebis kerebis analizi da<br />
gakeTda daskvna, rom: saqarTvelos teritoriaze miwisqveSa wylebma<br />
ganicades Tvisebrivi cvlilebebi xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT da<br />
rom miwisqveSa hidrosferos dabinZurebis masStabebi rogorc<br />
lokaluri, aseve regionuli xasiaTisaa da saWiroebs aucilebel<br />
reagirebas.<br />
2000 wlis mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos miwisqveSa hidrosferos<br />
ekologiuri viTarebis amsaxveli suraTi 15 hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri raionis<br />
mixedviT (ix. ruka 2-5):<br />
ruka 2-5. 1970-1990 ww-Si saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenili<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis hidro<strong>ge</strong>oekologiuri ruka (mzaddeba<br />
ramdenime ruka)<br />
2-5 rukebze Cans miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis gavrceleba,<br />
dambinZurebeli nivTierebebi da dabinZurebis xarisxi:<br />
a) axalcixis arteziuli auzi da axalqalaqis lavuri<br />
warmonaqmnebis napraluri gruntis wylebis raioni<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis farglebSi (aspinZis raionis garda)<br />
gavrcelebuli naleqebis pirveli wyalSemcveli horizontis miwisqveSa<br />
wylebi (52 WaburRilis, 29 wyaros da 6 Wis monacemebiT) gabinZurebulia<br />
azotovani naerTebiT: nitratebiT, nitritebiT da amiakiT, romelTa<br />
Semcveloba miwisqveSa wylebSi 1,5-3,0 jer aRemateba zRvrulad dasaSveb<br />
koncentracias (zdk).<br />
b) alaznis da iori-Siraqis arteziuli auzi<br />
kaxeTis regionis teritoriaze, miwisqveSa wylebSi (152 WaburRilis<br />
monacemebiT) zRvrulad dasaSveb koncentracias aRemateba nitratebis,<br />
nitritebisa da gogirdwyalbadis Semcveloba. wylebSi meTanisa da<br />
navTobproduqtebis arsebobis mizezi unda iyos fekaluri wylebis<br />
magistralebis dazianeba, mecxoveleobis fermebidan fekaluri wylebis<br />
da sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebidan Sxamqimikatebis CaJonva, aseve<br />
sasuqis sawyobebis gaumarTaoba da sxv.<br />
g) samegrelos arteziuli auzi<br />
samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionis teritoriaze gruntis wylebi<br />
ZiriTadad dabinZurebulia azotis naerTebiT _ nitratebiT, nitritebiT<br />
da amoniumiT, SeiniSneboda, agreTve, rkinis, fenolisa da manganumis<br />
Semcveloba. 79 WaburRilis monacemebis mixedviT, dabinZurebis maRali<br />
xarisxiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda mWidrod dasaxlebuli punqtebi.<br />
e) mestia-TianeTis wyalwneviani sistema<br />
mcxeTa-TianeTis regioni mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionebisgan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba<br />
da am teritoriaze gavrcelebulia soflis meurneobis TiTqmis yvela<br />
dargi. Sesabamisad, aq, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebSi, farTod<br />
gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva tipis Sxamqimikatebi da mineraluri sasuqebi.<br />
sakvlev teritoriaze, 58 WaburRilSi, dafiqsirda zdk-ze meti iseTi<br />
ingredientebi, rogoricaa: nitratebi, nitritebi, liTiumi, amoniumi,<br />
qlori, rkina.<br />
v) qarTlis arteziuli auzi<br />
Sida qarTlis regionSi me-20 s-is bolosaTvis didi raodenobiT iyo<br />
samrewvelo obieqtebi: cementisa da Saqris qarxnebi, xorckombinati,<br />
avtogasamarTi sadgurebi da sxv. am teritoriaze 83 WaburRilSi zdk-Tan<br />
8
SedarebiT maRali iyo iseTi damabinZurebeli ingredientebi, rogoricaa<br />
liTiumi, manganumi, rkina, nitratebi da nitritebi. gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia kadmiumis Semcvelobis momatebis faqti sof. CumaTeleTis<br />
wyaroSi, romelsac sasmelad iyenebdnen (suramis saavtomobilo gvirabis<br />
axlos, bazrobis teritoriaze).<br />
z) marneuli-gardabnis arteziuli auzi<br />
qvemo qarTlis regionis miwisqveSa wylebSi damabinZurebeli<br />
ingredientebis zdk-Tan SedarebiT momatebuli raodenoba dafiqsirebuli<br />
iyo 77 WaburRilsa da 8 wyaroSi. ZiriTadad gamovlenili iyo amoniumi,<br />
nitratebi, nitritebi, bariumi, bori, kadmiumi, kobalti, liTiumi,<br />
fenolebi, pesticidebi, rkina.<br />
T) wyaltubos, argveTis da Zirulis arteziuli auzebi<br />
imereTis regionis teritoriaze Semowmebul 53 wyalpunqtSi (6<br />
wyaro da 47 WaburRili) aRiniSneboda zdk-Tan SedarebiT momatebuli<br />
damabinZurebeli ingredientebis Semcveloba. am mxriv sayuradReboa q.<br />
quTaisis farglebSi miwisqveSa wylebSi mZime metalebis arseboba, rac<br />
uTuod gamowveuli unda iyos am regionSi ganla<strong>ge</strong>buli sawarmoebidan<br />
CaJonili wyliT. savaraudod es aris adre dabinZurebuli kera,<br />
romelmac mogvianebiT iCina Tavi.<br />
i) guriis arteziuli auzi<br />
guriis regionSi Seswavlil 25 WaburRilSi zdk-Tan SedarebiT<br />
momatebuli aRmoCnda fenolebis, mZime metalebis, nitratebis<br />
Semcveloba.<br />
k) raWa-leCxumis arteziuli auzi<br />
raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTis regionis farglebSi Seswavlili<br />
wyalpunqtebidan mxolod 5 wyaroSi aRmoCnda momatebuli zdk-Tan<br />
SedarebiT rkinis, boris da nitratebis Semcveloba.<br />
l) aWara-imereTis wyalwneviani sistema<br />
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze eqspluataciaSi myofi<br />
araRrma WaburRilebis (30 WaburRili) wylebSi nitratebis, fenolebis,<br />
mZime metalebis da navTobproduqtebis Semcveloba mniSvnelovnad<br />
aWarbebda zdk-s.<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis gamomwvevi mizezebi (H1)<br />
miwisqveSa hidrosferos dabinZurebaSi igulisxmeba wylis xarisxis<br />
cvlileba, mis bunebriv (fonur) mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT, gamowveuli<br />
rogorc bunebrivi, aseve anTropo<strong>ge</strong>nuri saqmianobiT, rac wyals<br />
nawilobriv an mTlianad gamousadegars xdis. pirvel rigSi es exeba<br />
mtknar miwisqveSa wyals.<br />
miwisqveSa hidrosferos dabinZureba mniSvnelovnad aris<br />
ganpirobebuli bunebrivi garemos sxva elementebis (niada<strong>ge</strong>bi,<br />
zedapiruli wylebis, atmosferos da atmosferuli naleqebis)<br />
ekologiuri mdgomareobiT. aqedan miwisqveSa wylebis binZurdeba<br />
metalebiT (maT Soris _ mikroelementebiT), arametalebiT,<br />
navTobproduqtebiT, pesticidebiT da sxva komponentebiT.<br />
hidrosferos dabinZureba ZiriTadad xdeba qimiuri, biologiuri da<br />
radioaqtiuri wyaroebidan.<br />
qimiuri dabinZureba xdeba sxvadasxva samrewvelo sawarmos (qimiuri,<br />
navTobqimiuri, navTob da samTomompovebeli, metalurgiuli, celulozaqaRaldis,<br />
ludis) da sxva warmomavlobis Txevadi Camonadenis myari<br />
narCenebis xarjze.<br />
9
miwisqveSa wylebSi, Txevadi Camonadenis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobaSi arsebuli<br />
organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebi SeiZleba moxvdes uSualod am<br />
sawarmoebis teritoriaze teqnologiuri gaJonvis Sedegad, agreTve,<br />
saleqarebidan, e.w. `kudebidan~, Slamis sacavebidan, safiltracio<br />
moednebidan da a.S. amis Sedegad miwisqveSa wylebSi Tavs iCens<br />
janmrTelobisaTvis mavne toqsikuri nivTierebebi.<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba ZiriTadad im regionebSi xdeba,<br />
sadac wyalmomara<strong>ge</strong>bis wyaroebs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns mdinareTa filtratebi da<br />
araRrmad ganla<strong>ge</strong>buli ekologiurad daucveli miwisqveSa wylebis<br />
horizontebi, romlebic metad mgrZnobiarea zedapiruli wylebis<br />
xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis mimarT, maTTan uSualo hidravlikuri<br />
kavSiris gamo. aseT wyalSemcvel horizontebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
advilad binZurdebian da moiTxoven sanitariul damuSavebas, didi<br />
praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvT.<br />
yvelaze metad binZurdeba gruntis wylebi, sadac aeraciis zonis<br />
gavliT Caedineba samrewvelo wylebi, xolo sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis miwebze atmosferul naleqebTan da sarwyav wylebTan<br />
erTad CaiJoneba Sxamqimikatebi.<br />
gacilebiT naklebad an praqtikulad ar binZurdeba wneviani<br />
miwisqveSa wylebis Semcveli horizontebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT<br />
daculia wnevis areSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar aris gamoricxuli am<br />
horizontebis kvebis aredan, wyalgaumtar fenebSi arsebuli `fanjrebis~<br />
gavliT, samrewvelo Camonadenis Rrmad ganla<strong>ge</strong>bul SreebSic moxvedra<br />
da wneviani wylebis dabinZurebac (ix. naxazi 1,2).<br />
rig regionebSi, rogoricaa samegrelo, aWara-guria, qarTli, kaxeTi,<br />
qvemo imereTi, sadac mosaxleoba mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli da<br />
centralizebuli wyalsaRebebis farTo qseli funqcionirebs, Rrmad<br />
ganla<strong>ge</strong>buli arteziuli horizontebis miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis<br />
SemTxvevebs me-20 s-is bolo aTwleulSi, marTalia iSviaTad, magram mainc<br />
hqonda adgili.<br />
qimiuri dabinZureba vrceldeba did manZilze da dabinZurebis<br />
kerebis zomebi da farTobi icvleba drosa da sivrceSi imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu rogoria konkretuli raionis hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri pirobebi da<br />
wyalSemcveli horizontis am<strong>ge</strong>bi qanebis Tvisebebi.<br />
biologiuri dabinZureba gamowveulia muclis tifis, dizinteriis,<br />
qolerisa da sxva daavadebebis baqteriebiT. es baqteriebi advilad<br />
xvdeba gruntis wylebSi fekaluri masebisa da sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo<br />
wylebis meSveobiT da dazianebuli sakanalizacio sistemebidan,<br />
mesaqonleobis fermebidan da mefrinveleobis fabrikebidan. rac Seexeba<br />
wnevian wylebs, maTi biologiuri dabinZurebis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes<br />
mitovebuli wyalsaRebebi da saZiebo WaburRilebi.<br />
kvlevebiT dad<strong>ge</strong>nilia, rom miwisqveSa wylebSi baqteriebis<br />
sicocxlisunarianobis xangrZlivoba metia, vidre zedapirul wylebSi,<br />
rac aixsneba miwisqveSa wylebis meti daculobiT mzis sxivebis<br />
zemoqmedebisgan, Sesabamisad, wylebis SedarebiT dabali temperaturis<br />
gamo.<br />
radiaciuli dabinZurebis warmoSobis or saxes ganasxvaveben _<br />
bunebrivs da xelovnurs. pirveli gamowveulia bunebriv pirobebSi<br />
wylebSi uranis, radiumis, stronciumis, tritiumisa da sxva elementebis<br />
arsebobiT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki radioaqtiuri dabinZurebis wyaroa<br />
miwisqveSa atomuri afeTqebebi, atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis<br />
narCenebi.<br />
10
gansakuTrebiT advilad binZurdeba gruntis wylebi aeraciis zonis<br />
mcire simZlavrisas. amitom aucilebelia mkacrad iyos daculi is<br />
teritoriebi, sadac uSualodaa ganla<strong>ge</strong>buli miwisqveSa wylebis sasmelsameurneo<br />
miznebisaTvis gamosayeneblad SerCeuli wyalpunqtebi. maT<br />
siaxloves dabinZurebam SeiZleba Secvalos wylis Sed<strong>ge</strong>niloba, xarisxi<br />
da wyalmomara<strong>ge</strong>bis pirobebi, aseve gamoiwvios sxva arasasurveli<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi.<br />
naxazi 1,2. potenciuri dabinZurebis riskis qveS myofi hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri<br />
auzebis Wrilebi<br />
saqarTvelos 1:600 000 masStabis hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri rukis fragmenti<br />
(i. buaCiZe, v. WumburiZe, 1970)<br />
1. iori-Siraqis arteziuli auzis hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri Wrili<br />
11
2. sarTiWalis arteziuli auzis hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri Wrili<br />
3. wyaltubo_samegrelos arteziuli auzebis hidro<strong>ge</strong>ologiuri Wrili<br />
3. ZiriTadi gamowvevebi (H1)<br />
aq moyvanili hidromonitoringuli kvlevebis masalebi aCvenebs, rom<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis miwisqveSa hidrosferos ekologiuri<br />
12
mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia. miwisqveSa sasmelma wyalma ganicada<br />
raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi rogorc lokaluri, aseve<br />
regionuli masStabiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobis mier sasmelad<br />
moxmarebuli miwisqveSa wylebis xarisxi ar Seesabameboda sasmeli<br />
wylisadmi saxelmwifo standartebiT wayenebul moTxovnebs.<br />
dReisaTvis ar arsebobs uaxlesi monacemebi qveynis miwisqveSa<br />
hidrosferos ekologiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, radgan mravali welia<br />
ar mimdinareobs miwisqveSa sasmeli wylebis ekologiur mdgomareobis<br />
kontroli; ukontrolod xdeba saeqspluatacio WaburRilebis burRva,<br />
specialuri nebarTvebisa da wiaRis Sesaxeb informaciis erTian fondSi<br />
registraciis gareSe; ugulvebelyofilia wyalmomara<strong>ge</strong>bis wyaros<br />
SerCevisa da SefasebisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebi; irRveva burRvis<br />
teqnologiuri procesebi; ar xdeba burRvis monacemTa Sesabamisi formiT<br />
dokumentireba; ar sruldeba sanitariuli dacvis zonis moTxovnebis<br />
dacva da a.S. daud<strong>ge</strong>nelia wylis resurebis dabinZurebis xarisxi da<br />
masStabebi; ar aris SemuSavebuli is RonisZiebebi, romlebic<br />
gasatarebelia, rom ar moxdes miwisqveSa wylebis resursebis gamoleva<br />
da xarisxis gauareseba, rom srulad aRikveTos an arsebiTad SeizRudos<br />
mosalodneli safrTxeebi.<br />
amasTan, ganuwyvetliv izrdeba anTropo<strong>ge</strong>nuri datvirTvebi.<br />
mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvisTvis aucilebelia aRd<strong>ge</strong>s uwyveti<br />
reJimuli dakvirvebebi miwisqveSa hidrosferos resursebis raodenobisa<br />
da xarisxis cvalebadobaze.<br />
pirvel rigSi aseTi dakvirvebebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na aucilebelia samegrelos,<br />
wyaltubos, alaznis, marneuli-gardabnis arteziul auzebSi. am<br />
arteziuli auzebis SerCevas safuZvlad daedo Semdegi kriteriumebi:<br />
a) mosaxleobis mier miwisqveSa wylebis moxmarebis maRali xvedriTi<br />
wili;<br />
b) miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis maRali riskis ubnebis arseboba;<br />
g) mWidrod dasaxlebuli teritoriebi ganviTarebuli mrewvelobiTa<br />
da soflis meurneobiT.<br />
pirvel etapze sakvlevi arteziuli auzebis farglebSi winaswar<br />
SerCeul wyalpunqtebze da maTTan hidrodinamikur kavSirSi myofi<br />
zedapiruli wylebis obieqtebze unda moewyos ramodenime aTeuli<br />
sadamkvirveblo hidromonitoringuli da hidrologiuri saguSago. maTze<br />
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlindeba miwisqveSa wylebis<br />
dabinZurebis wyaroebi da masStabebi, SemuSavdeba maTi ekologiuri<br />
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis rekomendaciebi da wyalmomara<strong>ge</strong>bis<br />
obieqtebis mosawyobad ekologiurad jansaRi teritoriebi gamoiyofa.<br />
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