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‘In determining whether it has been shown that the applicant runs a real risk, if expelled,<br />

of suffering treatment proscribed by Article 3, the Court will assess the issue in the light of<br />

all the material placed before it, or, if necessary, material obtained proprio motu, in particular<br />

where the applicant – or a third party within the meaning of Article 36 of the Convention<br />

– provides reasoned grounds which cast doubt on the accuracy of the information<br />

relied on by the respondent Government. In respect of materials obtained proprio motu,<br />

the Court considers that, given the absolute nature of the protection afforded by Article 3,<br />

it must be satisfied that the assessment made by the authorities of the Contracting State is<br />

adequate and sufficiently supported by domestic materials as well as by materials originating<br />

from other, reliable and objective sources, such as, for instance, other Contracting<br />

or non-Contracting States, agencies of the United Nations and reputable non-governmental<br />

organisations. In its supervisory task under Article 19 of the Convention, it would<br />

be too narrow an approach under Article 3 in cases concerning aliens facing expulsion<br />

or extradition if the Court, as an international human rights court, were only to take into<br />

account materials made available by the domestic authorities of the Contracting State<br />

concerned without comparing these with materials from other, reliable and objective<br />

sources.’ 54<br />

In de zaak Sufi en Elmi tegen het Verenigd Koninkrijk zette het EHRM deze redenering<br />

door. In deze zaak oordeelde het EHRM dat bij het bepalen van de waarde van landeninformatie,<br />

rekening moet worden gehouden met: ‘its source, in particular its independence,<br />

reliability and objectivity. In respect of reports, the authority and reputation of the<br />

author, the seriousness of the investigations by means of which they were compiled, the<br />

consistency of their conclusions and their corroboration by other sources are all relevant<br />

considerations’. 55 In dezelfde zaak oordeelde het EHRM dat de waarde van een rapport<br />

van de Verenigde Naties niet onderdoet voor die van een ambtsbericht. 56<br />

Ten slotte heeft het EHRM zich in Sufi en Elmi uitgelaten over het gebruik van anonieme<br />

bronnen voor het opstellen van landeninformatie. Het Europese Hof erkent dat<br />

het soms niet te voorkomen is om met anonieme bronnen te werken, of met informatie<br />

‘van-horen-zeggen’, maar het gebruik daarvan kent grenzen. Het EHRM oordeelde: ‘In<br />

the absence of any information about the nature of the sources’ operations in the relevant<br />

area, it will be virtually impossible for the Court to assess their reliability. Consequently,<br />

the approach taken by the Court will depend on the consistency of the sources’ conclusions<br />

with the remainder of the available information. Where the sources’ conclusions<br />

are consistent with other country information, their evidence may be of corroborative<br />

weight. However, the Court will generally exercise caution when considering reports<br />

from anonymous sources which are inconsistent with the remainder of the information<br />

before it.’ 57<br />

In de juridische wetenschap wordt wel betoogd dat de nationale rechter minimaal<br />

dezelfde toets moet uitvoeren als het Straatsburgse Hof. Wanneer dat niet gebeurt, kan<br />

het zijn dat de nationale rechtsgang geen effectief rechtsmiddel biedt, zoals wordt voorgeschreven<br />

door artikel 13 EVRM. Voor deze stelling zijn verschillende aanwijzingen te<br />

vinden in de jurisprudentie van het EHRM. 58 Dit standpunt is echter niet onomstreden.<br />

54 Idem, par. 136.<br />

55 EHRM 28 juni 2011, 8319/07, LJN: BR5143, par. 230.<br />

56 Idem, par. 231.<br />

57 Idem, par. 233.<br />

58 Zie voor een bespreking hiervan: T.P. Spijkerboer, B.P. Vermeulen, Vluchtelingenrecht, Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri,<br />

2005, p. 291 e.v.<br />

ac v z - juli 201 2 28 expert ise getoetst

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