436 NOTA Fernan<strong>da</strong> Rodrigues Fernandes, Leonardo Dominici Cruz and Antonio Augusto Ferreira Revista Brasileira Rodriguesde Ornitologia 15(3):436-438 setembro de 2007 Molt cycle of the Gray-Breasted Martin (Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e: Progne chalybea) in a wintering area in Maranhão, Brazil Fernan<strong>da</strong> Rodrigues Fernandes 1 , Leonardo Dominici Cruz 1 and Antonio Augusto Ferreira Rodrigues 2 1. Curso de Pós-Gradução em Ecologia, Universi<strong>da</strong>de Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Caixa Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil. E-mail: nan<strong>da</strong>fernandes@gmail.com 2. Universi<strong>da</strong>de Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Av. dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, CEP 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brasil. E-mail: augusto@ufma.br Recebido em 07 de agosto de 2006; aceito em 27 de março de 2007. Resumo: Ciclo de mu<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Andorinha-doméstica-grande (Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e: Progne chalybea) no estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Entre abril e outubro de 2004 a andorinha-doméstica-grande (Progne chalybea) foi captura<strong>da</strong> mensalmente para registro do ciclo de mu<strong>da</strong> no município de Presidente Dutra. Os primeiros indivíduos de P. chalybea foram capturados em maio e 34,5% estavam mu<strong>da</strong>ndo a 7ª primária e 31% estavam mu<strong>da</strong>ndo a 5ª retriz. Em agosto 60% dos indivíduos capturados apresentavam mu<strong>da</strong> <strong>completa</strong> de rêmiges e 76% apresentavam mu<strong>da</strong> <strong>completa</strong> de retrizes. Em setembro foram capturados apenas três indivíduos de P. chalybea que provavelmente não puderam migrar por não terem concluído o ciclo de mu<strong>da</strong>, por não terem alcançado o peso ideal para a migração ou por apresentarem infestação excessiva de parasitas não permitindo a migração. Portanto pode-se concluir que o município de Presidente Dutra funciona como área de inverna<strong>da</strong> de populações de P. chalybea do período de maio a agosto, sendo que a mu<strong>da</strong> provavelmente inicia-se nos sítios de reprodução e é concluí<strong>da</strong> na área de inverna<strong>da</strong> antes <strong>da</strong> migração de retorno. PalavRas-chave: Progne chalybea, ciclo de mu<strong>da</strong>, área de inverna<strong>da</strong>, Brasil. Key-woRds: Progne chalybea, molt cycle, wintering area, Brazil. Ecological and biogeographic factors like seasonality, spatiotemporal distributions of resources, habitats, pre<strong>da</strong>tion and competition are the basic driving forces for migration (Alerstam et al. 2003). Molting is related directly to migrations and reproduction and is an important process resulting in a new set of feathers (Holmgren and Hedenström 1995). Molt and migration are energy demanding activities and consequently are commonly separated in time and generally do not overlap (Svensson and Merilä 1996). Some birds molt on breeding grounds immediately after breeding (summer molt), others migrate to wintering grounds before molt is initiated (winter molt) whereas some birds have biannual molt (summer and winter) and molt migration (Holmgren and Hedenström 1995). Martins belong to the family Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e (Bull and Farrand 1977) and most of the temperate species are migratory (Igl and Johnson 1997). Three species of the genus Progne occur in Brazil: P. subis (Purple Martin), P. modesta (Southern Martin) and P. chalybea (Gray-breasted Martin) (Souza 2002). Progne chalybea domestica is a Neotropical migrant that reproduces in southern Brazil (Eisenmann and Haverschmidt 1970) and migrates to northern South America during the non-breeding period (April to September), where it occupies urban areas (Naka et al. 2002). In martins, there are two annual molts, one before and one after breeding, although individual variation may be observed (Azevedo Junior et al. 2001). The molting sequence of the primaries in Progne is the same as that of the majority of passeriforms: the primary remiges molt from the most internal (P1) to the most external (P9), while the rectrices change from the central pair to the extremities (Niles 1972). The aim of the present study is provide some information on molting patterns of the population of P. chalybea that winters in Presidente Dutra, in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The primary questions answered with this study were: a) Which period the species remains in its wintering area (when the birds arrive and when the birds leave the area)?; b) The individuals initiate and complete its molt in the wintering area? The study was carried out in the Eletronorte property in the town of Presidente Dutra (05°16’04”S, 044°28’57”W) in the northeastern Brazilian state of Maranhão, where graybreasted martins use electrical capacitors as roosts. Data was collected from April to October, 2004. Martins were captured using one nylon mist net (12 m long, with a 36 mm mesh), which was opened in the height of the capacitors in which they roost at 17:40 h to coincide with the arrival of the birds. All martins captured were examined to evaluate molting patterns of the remiges (primary feathers) and rectrices. Birds were not banded. In April individuals of Progne subis were in the area, but they have gone in May when the first individuals of P. chalybea were captured. In May, 29 P. chalybea were captured, of which 34.5% presented molting of P7 (Figure 1a) and 31% of R5 (Figure 2a). Individuals that presented molting of P1 (10,3%) and R1 (6,9%), and one individual that presented no molting may correspond to residents or individuals that could not migrate to its breeding area in the previous year. In June and July most of the individuals presented molting of P8 and
% of individuals % of individuals 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A C P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 M.C. Remiges P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 M.C. Remiges % of individuals % of individuals 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 B D P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 M.C. Remiges P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 M.C. Remiges FiguRe 1: molting PatteRn oF PRimaRy Remiges in Progne chalybea winteRing in PResidente dutRa. (A) May, n = 29; (B) June, n = 35; (C) July, n = 20; (D) August, n = 25. M.C. = Molt Completed. % of individuals % of individuals 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A C Molt cycle of the Gray-Breasted Martin (Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e: Progne chalybea) in a wintering area in Maranhão, Brazil 437 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 M.C. Retrices R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 M.C. Retrices % of individuals % of individuals 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 B D R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 M.C. Retrices R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 M.C. FiguRe 2: molting PatteRn oF RectRices in Progne chalybea winteRing in PResidente dutRa. (A) May, n = 29; (B) June, n = 35; (C) July, n = 20; (D) August, n = 25. M.C. = Molt Completed. Retrices
- Page 1 and 2:
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia V
- Page 3 and 4:
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia V
- Page 5 and 6:
ARTIGOS Revista Brasileira de Ornit
- Page 7 and 8:
ARTIGo Birds collected by P. W. Lun
- Page 9 and 10:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 11 and 12:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 13 and 14:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 15 and 16:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 17 and 18:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 19 and 20:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 21 and 22:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 23 and 24:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 25 and 26:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 27 and 28:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 29 and 30:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 31 and 32:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 33 and 34:
Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J
- Page 35 and 36:
Nomenclatura e classificação etno
- Page 37 and 38:
Nomenclatura e classificação etno
- Page 39 and 40:
Nomenclatura e classificação etno
- Page 41 and 42:
Nomenclatura e classificação etno
- Page 43 and 44:
ARtIGO Biologia da nidificação de
- Page 45 and 46:
construídos entre 4,5 e 6 m do sol
- Page 47 and 48:
nove ninhos acompanhados até o fin
- Page 49 and 50:
(n = 6) das florestas. A maioria do
- Page 51 and 52:
12/11/98, com dois ovos nos dias 26
- Page 53 and 54:
ArTIGO Distribución y migración d
- Page 55 and 56:
de 2005, 18-19 diciembre 2005, 23 a
- Page 57 and 58:
tAblA 2. Biometría de ejemplares d
- Page 59 and 60:
una tercera particularidad es que l
- Page 61 and 62: idgely, r.S. y G. Tudor (1989) The
- Page 63 and 64: undinacea, T. s. eurygnathus e T. m
- Page 65 and 66: Trinta‑réis (Sternidae) do Parqu
- Page 67 and 68: trinta‑réis que são considerada
- Page 69 and 70: Trinta‑réis (Sternidae) do Parqu
- Page 71 and 72: ARTIGO Sistema territorial e forrag
- Page 73 and 74: Sistema territorial e forrageamento
- Page 75 and 76: Sistema territorial e forrageamento
- Page 77 and 78: Sistema territorial e forrageamento
- Page 79 and 80: ARTIGO É importante pesquisar o no
- Page 81 and 82: porém, não se trata necessariamen
- Page 83 and 84: Albuquerque, U. P. e lucena, R, F.
- Page 85 and 86: ARTIGO Variação sazonal na sociab
- Page 87 and 88: como réplica, com o intuito de ver
- Page 89 and 90: Variação sazonal na sociabilidade
- Page 91 and 92: Variação sazonal na sociabilidade
- Page 93 and 94: ARTIGO Unexpected cleaners: Black V
- Page 95 and 96: Unexpected cleaners: Black Vultures
- Page 97 and 98: Unexpected cleaners: Black Vultures
- Page 99 and 100: Unexpected cleaners: Black Vultures
- Page 101 and 102: Unexpected cleaners: Black Vultures
- Page 103 and 104: ARTiGO Anodorhynchus glaucus e A. l
- Page 105 and 106: Anodorhynchus glaucus e A. leari (P
- Page 107 and 108: Anodorhynchus glaucus e A. leari (P
- Page 109 and 110: NOTA On the range of the Lesser Kis
- Page 111: On the range of the Lesser Kiskadee
- Page 115 and 116: NOTA Dieta e comportamento de forra
- Page 117 and 118: Dieta e comportamento de forrageame
- Page 119 and 120: NOTA Presença do poiaeiro-de-pata-
- Page 121 and 122: NOTA Diet of the Gray-Breasted Mart
- Page 123 and 124: Diet of the Gray-Breasted Martin (H
- Page 125 and 126: Ocorrência de Sturnella militaris
- Page 127 and 128: NOTA Primeiro registro de Agyrtria
- Page 129 and 130: NOTA Biologia reprodutiva de Elaeni
- Page 131 and 132: Biologia reprodutiva de Elaenia spe
- Page 133 and 134: NoTA Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratin
- Page 135 and 136: NOTA Combretum lanceolatum como rec
- Page 137 and 138: NOTA Predation on Todirostrum ciner
- Page 139 and 140: Predation on Todirostrum cinereum (
- Page 141 and 142: Ocorrência sazonal e reprodução
- Page 143 and 144: Ocorrência sazonal e reprodução
- Page 145 and 146: Southern range extension for the Re
- Page 147 and 148: Like an earthworm: Chalk‑browed M
- Page 149 and 150: good way to deal with lack of sampl
- Page 151 and 152: depende do tempo em que o observado
- Page 153 and 154: REFERêNCIAS Brasil (2000) Lei n. 9
- Page 155: REFERêNCIAS HÖFLING, E. - 2006 -
- Page 159 and 160: SEÇÃO CBRO Western Reef-Heron Egr
- Page 161 and 162: REFERENCES AOU [American Ornitholog
- Page 163:
ICZn (1999) International Code of Z
- Page 166 and 167:
488 citados juntos são unidos por
- Page 168 and 169:
490 texto. Informaciones inéditas
- Page 170 and 171:
492 in 1989 A. S. returned to the a
- Page 172:
ARTIGOS Revista Brasileira de Ornit