echiparea si modernizarea vagoanelor de calatori in ... - IPA SA
echiparea si modernizarea vagoanelor de calatori in ... - IPA SA
echiparea si modernizarea vagoanelor de calatori in ... - IPA SA
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
PROGRAMUL CEEX<br />
CONTRBUTII STIINTIFICE IN TRANSPORTURI<br />
ECH<strong>IPA</strong>REA SI MODERNIZAREA VAGOANELOR DE<br />
CALATORI IN CONFORMITATE CU NORMELE<br />
EUROPENE<br />
Contract CEEX nr. X1C04/2005<br />
Coordonator: Prof. Dr. Ing. Corneliu Mihail ALEXANDRESCU, UPB-CEPETET<br />
Conf. Dr. Ing. Ioan STRAINESCU, ICPE-<strong>SA</strong>ERP<br />
Ing. Va<strong>si</strong>le RADULESCU, ICPE-<strong>SA</strong>ERP<br />
Sef. lucrari Dr. Ing. Dor<strong>in</strong> Laurentiu BURETEA, UPB-CEPETET<br />
Ing. Flor<strong>in</strong> BOZAS, ICPE-<strong>SA</strong>ERP<br />
Ing. Beniam<strong>in</strong> ENACHE, ICPE-<strong>SA</strong>ERP<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong> contractul <strong>de</strong> cercetare X1C04/2005 s-a propus <strong>mo<strong>de</strong>rnizarea</strong> unor echipamente electrice<br />
<strong>de</strong> pe vagoanele <strong>de</strong> <strong>calatori</strong> aflate <strong>in</strong> exploatare sau care vor fi construite <strong>in</strong> Romania. Contractul are<br />
drept obiect sursele <strong>de</strong> electroalimentare <strong>si</strong> echipamentele <strong>de</strong> comanda <strong>si</strong> diagnoza pentru <strong>in</strong>stalatiile <strong>de</strong><br />
aer conditionat.<br />
SURSELE STATICE<br />
In prezent sunt <strong>in</strong> tara <strong>in</strong> exploatare un numar mare <strong>de</strong> vagoa`ne <strong>de</strong> <strong>calatori</strong> care nu au dotarile<br />
necesare sa a<strong>si</strong>gure un confort rezonabil al <strong>calatori</strong>lor <strong>si</strong> care au costuri <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>tret<strong>in</strong>ere ridicate.<br />
Majoritatea sunt dotate cu grupuri rotative ce a<strong>si</strong>gura la ie<strong>si</strong>re o ten<strong>si</strong>une <strong>de</strong> 28 Vcc necesara pentru<br />
<strong>in</strong>carcarea bateriilor <strong>de</strong> acumulatoare <strong>si</strong> a consumatorilor auxiliari. Tend<strong>in</strong>ta actuala este <strong>de</strong> a dota noile<br />
vagoane sau cele mo<strong>de</strong>rnizate <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> clasa <strong>de</strong> utilizare cu <strong>si</strong>steme <strong>de</strong> climatizare precum <strong>si</strong><br />
utilitati ce cresc gradul <strong>de</strong> confort al <strong>calatori</strong>lor (prize pentru laptopuri, aparate <strong>de</strong> ras, televizoare,<br />
cuptoare cu microun<strong>de</strong>, etc). S-a pus problema d<strong>in</strong> ce <strong>in</strong> ce mai acuta ca pentru rentabilizarea<br />
<strong>vagoanelor</strong> romanesti, acestea sa poata circula pe traficul <strong>in</strong>ternational. Sursele statice ce sunt <strong>de</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ate<br />
sa doteze vagoanele <strong>de</strong> <strong>calatori</strong> pentru trafic european sunt surse ce admit la <strong>in</strong>trare toate cele 4 ten<strong>si</strong>uni<br />
conform UIC 550 0R. Sursele statice cu 2 ten<strong>si</strong>uni <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare (1.500 Vca-50 Hz <strong>si</strong> 1.000 Vca- 16 2/3<br />
Hz) sunt <strong>de</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ate traficului <strong>in</strong> Romania, Ungaria <strong>si</strong> Austria. Sursele statice cu o <strong>si</strong>ngura ten<strong>si</strong>une <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>trare vor echipa vagoane pentru traficul <strong>in</strong>tern. Indiferent <strong>de</strong> numarul <strong>si</strong> valoarea ten<strong>si</strong>unilor <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>trare, sursele statice <strong>de</strong> pe vagon trebuie sa a<strong>si</strong>gure:<br />
Alimentarea <strong>si</strong>stemului <strong>de</strong> climatizare cu o ten<strong>si</strong>une <strong>de</strong> 3 x 400 Vca – 50 Hz sau alta ten<strong>si</strong>une<br />
necesara;<br />
Alimentarea consumatorilor <strong>in</strong>terni ai vagonului cu ten<strong>si</strong>unea monofazata <strong>de</strong> 230 Vca- 50 Hz<br />
(prize pentru laptopuri, calculatoare, televizoare, aparate <strong>de</strong> ras, cuptoare cu microun<strong>de</strong>, etc).<br />
Sursele sunt realizate <strong>in</strong> tehnologia IGBT cu <strong>in</strong>vertoare <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>alta frecventa ce le confera un randament<br />
ridicat corelat cu un gabarit redus. Sistemul <strong>de</strong> comanda, control <strong>si</strong> diagnoza este realizat cu<br />
microprocesoare <strong>si</strong> este ierarhizat pe nivele. Schema partii <strong>de</strong> putere a unei surse statice este prezentata<br />
<strong>in</strong> figura 1.<br />
Sursele susmentionate au la baza o schema cu <strong>in</strong>vertor cu tranzistoare IGBT <strong>de</strong> frecventa alimentat<br />
direct pe <strong>in</strong>alta ten<strong>si</strong>une <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare, utilizand <strong>si</strong>steme <strong>de</strong> izolatie a<strong>de</strong>cvate. Frecventa <strong>de</strong> lucru<br />
<strong>in</strong>termediara este cupr<strong>in</strong>sa <strong>in</strong>tre 300…400 Hz, <strong>in</strong> acest fel transformatorul pe care <strong>de</strong>biteaza <strong>in</strong>vertorul<br />
are un gabarit <strong>si</strong> cost mai mici <strong>in</strong> comparatie cu <strong>in</strong>vertoarele cu frecventa <strong>in</strong>termediara <strong>de</strong> 50 Hz.<br />
Invertorul <strong>de</strong> I.T- 19, <strong>de</strong>biteaza pe primarul unui transformator monofazat 23, realizat d<strong>in</strong> doua<br />
<strong>in</strong>fasurari primare care sunt conectate <strong>in</strong> serie cand ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare nom<strong>in</strong>ala este <strong>de</strong><br />
UCP AMTRANS - NOIEMBRIE 2007<br />
5
2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
2<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
PROGRAMUL CEEX<br />
CONTRBUTII STIINTIFICE IN TRANSPORTURI<br />
76<br />
36<br />
78<br />
E<br />
2X8<br />
1X1<br />
1500Vc.a - 50Hz<br />
1000Vc.a - 16 2/3Hz<br />
3000Vc.c<br />
1500Vc.c<br />
1X2<br />
1 2<br />
1<br />
1 2<br />
2<br />
1 2<br />
11<br />
1 2<br />
10<br />
1 2<br />
12<br />
13<br />
14<br />
15<br />
16<br />
17<br />
18<br />
19<br />
20<br />
3 4<br />
1 2<br />
22b<br />
22a<br />
22b<br />
1 2<br />
23<br />
24<br />
25<br />
26<br />
27<br />
29<br />
1 2<br />
28<br />
30<br />
31<br />
32<br />
33<br />
35<br />
34<br />
5<br />
6<br />
1x11<br />
1x12<br />
7<br />
21 36 46 55 66<br />
76<br />
1 2<br />
3<br />
1x13<br />
1x14<br />
9<br />
8<br />
1x21<br />
1 2<br />
4<br />
1x22<br />
1x23<br />
1x24<br />
82<br />
22<br />
76 21<br />
39 40 41<br />
49 50<br />
1 2<br />
1 2<br />
77<br />
76<br />
42<br />
43<br />
76<br />
51<br />
46<br />
45<br />
44<br />
55<br />
54<br />
53<br />
79<br />
80<br />
56<br />
1 2<br />
1 2 1 2<br />
37<br />
1 2<br />
1 2 1 2<br />
47<br />
38<br />
48<br />
2X3<br />
2X4<br />
2X5<br />
2X6<br />
2X7<br />
2X8<br />
2X12<br />
CONS.I 3X400<br />
Vc.a-2...50Hz<br />
CONS.I 3X400<br />
Vc.a-50Hz<br />
FIG.1<br />
1 2<br />
85<br />
83<br />
84<br />
86<br />
59 60<br />
1 2<br />
61<br />
52<br />
62<br />
63<br />
76<br />
64<br />
65<br />
66<br />
81<br />
68<br />
67<br />
69<br />
70<br />
1 2<br />
57<br />
72<br />
71<br />
73<br />
1 2<br />
74<br />
58<br />
75<br />
(-)<br />
2X13<br />
2X9<br />
2X10<br />
2X11<br />
CONS. 220<br />
Vc.a-50Hz<br />
CONS.<br />
24Vc.c<br />
6<br />
Figura 1. Schema partii <strong>de</strong> putere a sursei statice<br />
3.000 Vcc <strong>si</strong> respectiv <strong>in</strong> paralel pentru celelalte 3 ten<strong>si</strong>uni <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare, pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul contactelor 22a<br />
<strong>si</strong> 22b comandate <strong>de</strong> blocul <strong>de</strong> se<strong>si</strong>zare ten<strong>si</strong>une <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare 22.<br />
Blocul <strong>de</strong> se<strong>si</strong>zare ten<strong>si</strong>une <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare realizat <strong>de</strong> ICPE <strong>SA</strong>ERP este realizat cu microprocesor, <strong>si</strong><br />
a<strong>si</strong>gura, pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>sumarea a 256 <strong>de</strong> esantioane a ten<strong>si</strong>unii <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare pe cate o durata <strong>de</strong> aproximativ 0,3 s,<br />
<strong>de</strong>term<strong>in</strong>area ten<strong>si</strong>unii efective <strong>si</strong> frecventei fara greseala, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>si</strong>v <strong>in</strong> cazurile <strong>in</strong> care ten<strong>si</strong>unea<br />
alternativa este <strong>si</strong>nusoidala, trapezoidala sau dreptunghiulara.<br />
Totodata echipamentul afiseaza la <strong>si</strong>stemul propriu <strong>de</strong> afisare ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare <strong>si</strong> respectiv<br />
transmite <strong>in</strong>formatiile necesare <strong>de</strong>spre tipul ten<strong>si</strong>unii <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trare, (ten<strong>si</strong>unea culeasa <strong>de</strong> la conducta<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipala a trenului), la tabloul <strong>de</strong> comanda al vagonului.<br />
Ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> ie<strong>si</strong>re d<strong>in</strong> transformator este redresata <strong>si</strong> filtrata <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>ductanta 25 (<strong>de</strong> valoare ridicata) <strong>si</strong><br />
con<strong>de</strong>nsatorii 27 fi<strong>in</strong>d prestabilizata la cca. 600 Vcc, acesta pr<strong>in</strong> comanda corespunzatoare a <strong>in</strong>vertorului, <strong>de</strong><br />
catre blocul <strong>de</strong> comanda <strong>si</strong> control 21 realizat cu microprocesor, pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul driverului 20. Ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong><br />
600 Vcc, este aplicatä unor con<strong>de</strong>nsatoare 61,62 <strong>si</strong> 63 <strong>si</strong> apoi este aplicata unui <strong>in</strong>vertor monofazat cu<br />
frecventa <strong>in</strong>termediara ridicata mai mare <strong>de</strong> 10 kHz- 64, realizat cu tranzistoare IGBT sau HEXFET,<br />
comandat cumicroprocesor. Ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> ie<strong>si</strong>re d<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vertor <strong>de</strong>p<strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> temperatura bateriei <strong>de</strong> acumulatoare.<br />
Invertorul monofazat <strong>de</strong>biteaza pe un transformator monofazat coborator <strong>de</strong> ten<strong>si</strong>une- 68, ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> pe<br />
<strong>in</strong>fasurarea secundarä fi<strong>in</strong>d aplicatä unei punti redresoare 69. Ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> ie<strong>si</strong>re d<strong>in</strong> redresor, este transmisä<br />
la un filtru LC – 70,71 <strong>de</strong> dimen<strong>si</strong>uni mici, <strong>de</strong>oarece ten<strong>si</strong>unea redresatä este <strong>de</strong> frecventa ridicata. Blocul <strong>de</strong><br />
reglare 66 a<strong>si</strong>gura curentul <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>carcare al bateriei <strong>de</strong> acumulatoare sa nu <strong>de</strong>paseasca o valoare data, pentru<br />
acumulatorii cu Pb utilizati fi<strong>in</strong>d <strong>de</strong> 80 A. In aceasta perioada <strong>de</strong> limitare a curentului <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>carcare al bateriei,<br />
UCP AMTRANS - NOIEMBRIE 2007
PROGRAMUL CEEX<br />
CONTRBUTII STIINTIFICE IN TRANSPORTURI<br />
<strong>de</strong> obicei o perioada scurta, mai mica <strong>de</strong> 10 m<strong>in</strong>ute, ten<strong>si</strong>unea spre baterie <strong>si</strong> consumatori va fi mai mica <strong>de</strong>cat<br />
cea normala. In functionarea normala <strong>in</strong> care sursa <strong>de</strong>biteazä spre bateria <strong>de</strong> acumulatoare un curent mai mic<br />
<strong>de</strong>cat cel maxim admis, ten<strong>si</strong>unea aplicata bateriei <strong>de</strong> acumulatoare <strong>si</strong> respectiv consumatorilor <strong>de</strong> servicii<br />
auxiliare alimentati la ten<strong>si</strong>unea nom<strong>in</strong>alä <strong>de</strong> 24 Vcc va fi <strong>de</strong> exemplu <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> temperatura bateriei <strong>de</strong><br />
acumulatoare conform conditiilor d<strong>in</strong> tabelul 1.<br />
Temperatura<br />
[ o C ]<br />
Tabelul 1. Ten<strong>si</strong>unile pe bateria <strong>de</strong> 24 V a vagonului<br />
Valoarea ten<strong>si</strong>unii <strong>de</strong> float<strong>in</strong>g a Ten<strong>si</strong>unea maxima<br />
bateriei [V]<br />
[V]<br />
40 25,56 +/- 2% 27,7<br />
20 26,75 +/- 2% 28,2<br />
-25 29,46 +/- 2% 30<br />
-33 29,9 +/- 3% 30,3<br />
Ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> 600 Vcc <strong>de</strong> la bornele con<strong>de</strong>nsatorului 27 pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul unei dio<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> sens 30 este<br />
aplicata la doua con<strong>de</strong>nsatoare <strong>in</strong>seriate 32 <strong>si</strong> 33. Ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>de</strong> la bornele con<strong>de</strong>nsatoarelor 32 <strong>si</strong> 33 este<br />
aplicata unui <strong>in</strong>vertor trifazat <strong>de</strong> tipul PWM - 34 realizat cu tranzistoare IGBT. Tranzistoarele sunt comandate<br />
<strong>de</strong> la un driver 35, care a<strong>si</strong>gura <strong>si</strong> protectia tranzistoarelor la curentii <strong>de</strong> scurtcircuit. La fiecare pornire a<br />
<strong>in</strong>vertorului, acesta da la ie<strong>si</strong>re o ten<strong>si</strong>une mica <strong>in</strong> jur <strong>de</strong> 20 Vca la o frecventa ca 1 Hz, ten<strong>si</strong>unea <strong>si</strong> frecventa<br />
crescand apoi <strong>in</strong> mod automat astfel ca U/f = constant <strong>si</strong> se opreste la ten<strong>si</strong>unea nom<strong>in</strong>ala <strong>de</strong> 3 x 400 Vca- 50<br />
Hz. Viteza <strong>de</strong> crestere a frecventei este <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> puterea motorului <strong>de</strong> compresor.<br />
ECH<strong>IPA</strong>MENT DE COMANDA CONDITIONARII AERULUI<br />
Pe vagoanele <strong>de</strong> cale ferata mo<strong>de</strong>rnizate se amplaseaza <strong>in</strong>stalatii <strong>de</strong> conditionarea aerului<br />
capabile sa a<strong>si</strong>gure conditii confortabile <strong>de</strong> <strong>calatori</strong>e pe distante lungi. In pr<strong>in</strong>cipiu o <strong>in</strong>stalatie <strong>de</strong><br />
conditionarea aerului este un <strong>si</strong>stem cu <strong>de</strong>tenta directa <strong>si</strong> difuzie a aerului pr<strong>in</strong> ejecto-convectoare.<br />
Conceptia este adaptata conditiilor <strong>de</strong> exploatare a cailor ferate conform zonei climatice avute <strong>in</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re<br />
la exploatare. Conform standardului UIC553 pentru Romania <strong>si</strong> majoritatea tarilor europene <strong>si</strong>tuate <strong>in</strong><br />
zona climatica II aceasta <strong>in</strong>seamna po<strong>si</strong>bilitatea <strong>de</strong> a ment<strong>in</strong>e o temperatura <strong>in</strong>terioara <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tervalul 20-<br />
26ºC daca temperatura exterioara se <strong>si</strong>tueaza <strong>in</strong> plaja -25...+35ºC.<br />
Echipamentul <strong>de</strong> comanda este format d<strong>in</strong>tr-un <strong>si</strong>stem modular tip <strong>SA</strong>TREC MMA-21 cont<strong>in</strong>and:<br />
unitatea centrala <strong>de</strong> prelucrare cu microprocesor cu <strong>in</strong>trari analogice pentru masurarea<br />
ten<strong>si</strong>unii bateriei <strong>de</strong> acumulatoare <strong>si</strong> masurarea temperaturilor exterioara <strong>si</strong> <strong>de</strong> canal<br />
(UCP) pr<strong>in</strong> conver<strong>si</strong>e rezistenta-ten<strong>si</strong>une;<br />
unitati <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>trari digitale (UID);<br />
unitati <strong>de</strong> relee (URE);<br />
modul <strong>de</strong> alimentare (SRT)<br />
Acesta controleaza <strong>in</strong>stalatiile montate <strong>in</strong> compartimente:<br />
6 module <strong>de</strong> reglare (13), unul la 2 compartimente (tip CIC-11) cu compunerea:<br />
unitate <strong>de</strong> prelucrare locala a temperaturilor pe 2 compartimente (masura <strong>si</strong> prescrisa) <strong>si</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terfata <strong>de</strong> comunicatie cu calculatorul central;<br />
unitate <strong>de</strong> alimentare <strong>si</strong> elemente <strong>de</strong> comanda a <strong>in</strong>calzirii locale (relee <strong>in</strong>termediare 24V/5A);<br />
son<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> temperatura ambianta (<strong>de</strong> tip termistor NTC Vishay cod 2381 640 54472<br />
R25=4,7kohm+-2%, B25/85=3977K+-0,76%);<br />
comutator cu c<strong>in</strong>ci pozitii pentru prescrisa <strong>de</strong> temperatura.<br />
Programul rezi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>in</strong> modulele <strong>de</strong> reglare locala a<strong>si</strong>gura: masurarea temperaturii la nivelul<br />
compartimentului/platformei, comunicarea cu calculatorul central <strong>si</strong> comanda <strong>in</strong>calzirii locale <strong>in</strong> functie<br />
UCP AMTRANS - NOIEMBRIE 2007<br />
7
PROGRAMUL CEEX<br />
CONTRBUTII STIINTIFICE IN TRANSPORTURI<br />
<strong>de</strong> pozitia comutatorului <strong>de</strong> panou (5 pozitii difer<strong>in</strong>d cu cate un grad specificate -2, -1, 0, +1, +2°C fata<br />
<strong>de</strong> temperatura <strong>de</strong> refer<strong>in</strong>ta medie).<br />
Programul rezi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>in</strong> calculatorul central a<strong>si</strong>gura urmatoarele functii: masurarea temperaturii aerului<br />
extern, a aerului tratat, a aerului recirculat <strong>si</strong> a ten<strong>si</strong>unii bateriei, comunicarea cu modulele <strong>de</strong> reglare locale<br />
(platforme) pentru achizitia valorilor <strong>de</strong> temperatura locala <strong>si</strong> validarea reglarii la nivel <strong>de</strong> platforma, alegerea<br />
regimului <strong>de</strong> functionare <strong>in</strong> concordanta cu normele UIC legate <strong>de</strong> temperatura <strong>si</strong> ventilatie, comanda<br />
elementelor <strong>de</strong> forta corespunzator cu regimul ales, memorarea <strong>de</strong> evenimente <strong>si</strong> stocarea lor <strong>in</strong>tr-o memorie<br />
nevolatila <strong>si</strong> semnalizarea locala a regimurilor <strong>de</strong> lucru <strong>si</strong> avariilor.<br />
Programul rezi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>in</strong> unitatea <strong>de</strong> afisare <strong>de</strong> diagnoza a<strong>si</strong>gura: <strong>in</strong>dicarea regimului current <strong>de</strong><br />
lucru <strong>si</strong> a pr<strong>in</strong>cipalelor temperaturi, afisarea avertizarilor <strong>si</strong> erorilor curente, monitorizarea starii<br />
unitatilor <strong>de</strong> platforme <strong>si</strong> a temperaturilor locale, prezentarea pr<strong>in</strong>cipalelor actionari <strong>si</strong> prezentarea<br />
ultimelor 254 evenimente.<br />
Figura 2. Echipamentul <strong>de</strong> comanda <strong>si</strong> diagnoza <strong>in</strong>stalatiilor <strong>de</strong> climatizarea <strong>vagoanelor</strong><br />
Echipamentul <strong>de</strong> comanda <strong>si</strong> diagnoza a fost proiectat modular cu o comunicatie pe o magistrala <strong>de</strong><br />
date flexibila (RS485) care permite atasarea unui numar mare <strong>de</strong> unitati <strong>si</strong> o buna imunitate la zgomotul<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial. Traficul pachetelor <strong>de</strong> date se <strong>de</strong>sfasoara dupa un algoritm cu diviziunea timpului <strong>in</strong>tre mai multe<br />
unitati subordonate unui MASTER <strong>de</strong> <strong>si</strong>stem care marcheaza orig<strong>in</strong>ea <strong>si</strong> numerotarea sloturilor <strong>de</strong> timp pr<strong>in</strong>trun<br />
pachet difuzat ca BEACON (far). Algoritmii <strong>de</strong> reglare sunt <strong>de</strong> tip proportional-<strong>in</strong>tegral (PI) satisfacand<br />
cer<strong>in</strong>tele unor <strong>si</strong>steme relativ lente, astfel <strong>in</strong>cat eroarea stationara sa fie m<strong>in</strong>ima, <strong>in</strong> conditia <strong>in</strong> care rezolutia <strong>de</strong><br />
masurare a temperaturii este <strong>de</strong> 0,5ºC.<br />
BIBLIOGRAFIE<br />
ECH<strong>IPA</strong>MENT DE COMANDA, CONTROLUL SI DIAGNOZA CLIMATIZARII AERULUI<br />
LA VAGOANELE DE PA<strong>SA</strong>GERI - <strong>in</strong>g.Va<strong>si</strong>le RADULESCU, <strong>in</strong>g. Flor<strong>in</strong> BOZAS,<br />
<strong>in</strong>g.Beniam<strong>in</strong> ENACHE, <strong>in</strong>g. Adrian DASCALU, Confer<strong>in</strong>ta „<strong>echiparea</strong> <strong>si</strong> <strong>mo<strong>de</strong>rnizarea</strong><br />
<strong>vagoanelor</strong> <strong>de</strong> cale ferata <strong>in</strong> conformitate cu normele europene”, Poiana Brasov, 5-7 oct. 2007;<br />
SURSE STATICE PENTRU ALIMENTAREA SERVICIILOR AUXILIARE DE PE<br />
VAGOANELE DE CALATORI - Ing. Va<strong>si</strong>le RADULESCU, Conf.Dr.Ing. Ioan<br />
STRAINESCU, Ing. Leonard MOROIANU, Ing. Viorica SERBU, Ing. Sergiu GHEORGHE,<br />
Ing. Flor<strong>in</strong> BOZAS, Ing. Flor<strong>in</strong> HUZLAU, Ing. Emil TUDOR, Ing. Adrian DASCALU, Ing.<br />
Doru BRESLASU, Ing. Gheorghe MITROI, Ing. Beniam<strong>in</strong> ENACHE, Ing. Bogdan<br />
RADULESCU, Ing. Valent<strong>in</strong> LUPU, Confer<strong>in</strong>ta „<strong>echiparea</strong> <strong>si</strong> <strong>mo<strong>de</strong>rnizarea</strong> <strong>vagoanelor</strong> <strong>de</strong> cale<br />
ferata <strong>in</strong> conformitate cu normele europene”, Poiana Brasov, 5-7 oct. 2007<br />
8<br />
UCP AMTRANS - NOIEMBRIE 2007