0_ CUPRINS - IPA SA

RRA, Vol. XXIII, Nr. 1, 2010 

REVISTA ROMÂNĂ DE AUTOMATICĂ 

July-December 2010 Volume XXIII Number 1 ISSN 1454-9077 

PAPERS: 

The increase of human capital performance cause increase the organizational 

performance -ID 49763 pages 1-6 

Author: Roxana Antohi SC IPA SA 

Traffic management solution to improve the fluency of traffic flow, road safety and 

security in urban areas pages 7-11 

Marius Minea, Radu Şerban Timnea, Telematics and Electronics for Transports Dept. (TET) University Politehnica 

of Bucharest, Transports Fac., 313, Splaiul Independenţei, Bucharest, Romania 

Carmen Eleonora Stan Ana-Maria Martin Andrei Iancu Dan Dumitrescu Institute for Computers (ITC-SA) Research 

Dept. 167, Calea Floreasca, Bucharest, Romania 

Some technical solutions related to integration of PV Modules in Existing Romanian 

Buildings pages 12-17 

Silvian Fara 1 , Dumitru Finta 1 , Mihai Iancu 1 , Laurentiu Fara 2 , Dragos Comaneci 3 , Ana-Maria Dabija 3 , Eugenia 

Tulcan- Paulescu 4 , Marius Paulescu 4 , Traian Jurca 5 

1 IPA SA Bucharest; 2 University ‘Politehnica’ Bucharest; 3 University of Architecture and Urbanism ‘Ion Mincu’, 

Bucharest; 4 West University Timisoara; 5 Politehnical University of Timisoara 

On MADM E-Course pages 18-23 

CORNEL RESTEANU 1 , MIHAELA RESTEANU 2 National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics 

(ICI) Economic Studies Academy 

Integrated transportation and raw material handling system based on RFID technology 

and wireless data transmission. A case study for thermo power industry pages 24-27 

eng. Marian Lăcraru, eng. Livia Ştefan, eng. Liviu Nicolae Jalbă, eng. Iolanda Costache, eng. Ovidiu Anicăi – ITC 

Bucuresti eng. dr. Eugen Pop – IPA Bucuresti 

Pluri-Vectors Renewable Energies & Hydrogen Complex Research, Educative, Training, 

Production Park, AT IPA SA, Bucharest. Pages 28-33 

Gheorghe Mincu Săndulescu, Univ. Professor Dr., Mariana Bistran, Principal Research Scientist, Florian Udrescu, 

Principal Research Scientist IPA SA, Bucharest, 

Hydrogen and Renewable Energies in fighting against the 3-rd Millenium crisis. 

Connections to the New European Directive on Renewables. Pages 34-43 

GHEORGHE MINCU SĂNDULESCU Univ. Professor Dr. Eng., IPA SA, FLORIAN FILIP 

Academician, Vice President of the Romanian Academy, Academia Română, MARIANA BISTRAN Principal 

Research Scientist IPA SA, FLORIAN UDRESCU Principal Research Scientist IPA SA, Cornelia BISTRAN 

University of Medicine and Pharmacy “ Carol Davila “ 

Measurement methods regarding the quotations of a Permanent GNSS station in 

altitudinal system MN 75 pages 44-53 

PhD. Eng STOIAN Ioan , PhD. Eng. OLARU VIRGIL 

ZONING OF AREAS AND POPULTED CENTERS FOR REDUCING THE EFFECTS OF 

NATURAL DISASTERS pages 54-63 

PhD. Eng STOIAN Ioan , PhD. Eng. OLARU VIRGIL

• IPA SA - - in cadrul proiectului "Cresterea performantelor capitalului uman premiza pentru cresterea 

performantelor organizationale" Proiect cofinantat din Fondul Social European prin "Programul 

Operational Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-20013- Investeste in oameni este 

interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire : Dezvoltare competente cheie comune tuturor 

ocupatiilor ce contine urmatoarele module : 

1. Comunicare si Managementul timpului 

2 Accesare fonduri structurale 

3 Formator 

Durata de desfasurare a pachetului de instruire trebuie sa fie 10 zile periodele sunt iulie –octombrie 2010 

si noiembrie 2010 –februarie 2011 si locatiile sunt Bucuresti , Cluj si Craiova 

Pentru informatii suplimentare : Cristina Ogescu tel 021380032 

Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 iulie 2010 




interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire EXPERT TEHNIC EXTRAJUDICIAR si 

CONSULTANT 


Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 august 2010 




interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire Cursuri pentru domeniul calitatii si mediului 

(Auditori si specialist in domeniul calitatii, Manager si auditor sisteme de mediu ,Specialist in 

domeniul deseurilor si Auditor pentru sisteme de management al sanatatii si securitatii 

ocupationale ) 


Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 octombrie 2010 




interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire Cursuri pentru domeniul calitatii si mediului 

(Auditori si specialist in domeniul calitatii, Manager si auditor sisteme de mediu ,Specialist in 

domeniul deseurilor si Auditor pentru sisteme de management al sanatatii si securitatii 

ocupationale ) 


Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 octombrie 2010 




interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire Expert fiscal 


Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 decembrie 2010 




interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire Inspector protectia muncii 


Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 decembrie 2010 




interesata de urmatorul pachet de servicii de instruire Limba engleza pentru avansati 


Anuntul este valabil pana in data de 15 februarie 2011 

1

The increase of human capital performance cause increase the organizational performance 

-ID 49763 

Author: Roxana Antohi SC IPA SA 

Introduction 

As we know is necessary a real political to use EU funds for invest “ in public and private property for 

generate economic growth and real development of Romania and thus to support long –term of interest of our 

country 

In OPERATIONA L SECTORIAL HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2007 

2013 IPA SA has present a project in March 2009 for state aid scheme for training general and specific ID 77 

within 3.2 "Training and support for companies and employees promoting adaptability "-training general 

Today organizations are not only valued according to quality. The modern organization is valued beyond its 

economic performances, quality management and communication policy and depending on the contribution to social 

life 

From the legal point of view, a company is a legal entity , the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility CSR 

underlines the size of "person" at the expense of the "legal “.In other words, ask the company as a "person" to be a 

citizen, a resident of the city, member of the local community. Each company operates in a competitive context 

which significantly affects its ability to meet its strategy , especially for long term . Social conditions are an 

important part of this context Competitive context has much less attention than the impact of the production chain, 

but may have a much greater strategic importance for both business and society. 

In conclusion we can say that by this project SC IPA SA invests in its people 

Project Presentation 

. 

The overall objective of the project is to help strengthen corporate competitiveness IPA SA, through 

training of employees in order to increase adaptability to the pressures caused by economic and social environment 

in constant change. 

Through the socio-economic impact of the training program, the project will contribute to achieving 

priority axis 3, "Training and support for companies and employees to promote adaptability. "Increasing the level of 

specialization of workers and improving access and participation in continuing training, will generate positive effects 

on medium and long term both at the organization and for each employee who will attend. 

The specific objective of the project is to increase skill levels of employees by improving access and 

participation in training programs 

Development of general skills meet increasingly complex demands in the work process. 

The skills distribution of the participants in courses concerned are : 

- Auditors in quality field. Initiation and training- COR code 242303; Will follow the course 

four employees 

- Specialist in quality field - COR code 242 301 Will follow the course one employee 

2

. 

- Environmental systems manager COR code 242304 ; Will follow the course four employees 

- Environmental auditors. Initiation and training COR code 242305 Will follow the course ten 

employees 

- Waste Management Specialist COR code 242319. Will follow the course five employees 

- Extrajudicial technical expert and consultant COR code 24180 Will follow the course six 

employees 

- Management systems auditors for occupational health and safety. Initiation and training COR 

code 242317 Will follow the course eight employees 

- Tax Expert COR code 241178 Will follow the course seven employees 

- Developing core competencies common to all occupations which will contain the following 

modules 

1. Communication and Time Management 

2. Structural funds 

3. Trainer 

- Work safety inspector COR code 241204. Will follow the course two employees 

- Using computers, ECDL certification Will follow the course twenty employees 

- English Advanced course Will follow the course fifteen employees 

The primary benefit of achieving specific objective of the target group - employees of IPA SA lies in harnessing 

individual potential and developing individual capability to cope with the dynamics of social, economic, political, 

cultural, scientific and technological. 

In addition, it develops the ability to analyze, evaluate, make quick decisions and be accountable for individual 

results but also of the team under severe pressure , without erode the quality of human capital 

Projects Activities 

The project is designed so that its activities to materialize the identified needs of target group and lead to results 

which minimize or eliminate the causes that have generated needs 

Achieving these activities will lead to the overall objective and specific project 

. 

The First activity 

: 

1.1 Seminar presentation of the project – 

1.2 Article in a magazine 

1.3 Poster 

The second activity “ General organization of courses in the firs four months of the project (July –October 2010): 

2.1 Advisory services on project selection and training 

2.2 The training courses 

Drafting of necessary documentation and training process for each course will be as follows: 

Using Computer and Managing Files 

 

 

Word processing (Microsoft Word) 

Information and Comunication (Internet and E-mail) first part 

2.3 The Delivery courses 

Using Computer and Managing Files 

 

Word processing (Microsoft Word) first part 

Developing core competencies common to all occupations in two groups Bucuresti and Craiova 

 

Extrajudicial technical expert and consultant - COR Cod 241801 ; 

2.4 Course Evaluation Raports 

3

The third activity “ General organization of courses in four months (November –February 2011): 

3.1 Advisory services on project selection and training 

3.2 The training courses 

Drafting of necessary documentation and training process for each course will be as follows: 

Information and Communication (Internet and E-mail) last part 

3.3 The Delivery courses: 

Word processing (Microsoft Word) last part 

Information and Communication (Internet and E-mail) 

Specialist in quality field COR Cod 242301 

Environmental auditors. Initiation and training COR Cod 242305 

Management systems auditors for occupational health and safety. Initiation and training COR 

code 242317 

Developing core competencies common to all occupations in Cluj –Napoca 

Work safety inspector COR Cod 241204 


The four Activity General organization of courses in four months (March –June 2011 ) 2010 

4. 1 Advisory services on project selection and training 

4. 2 3 The Delivery courses: 

Auditors in quality field. Initiation and training- COR code 242303; 

Waste Management Specialist COR code 242319; 

Environmental systems manager COR code 242304. 

Tax Expert COR code 241178; 

English Advanced course 


The fith Activity Project Completion 

5.1 Dissemination of results in a final seminar 

Article in local press 

Final Raport 

For all external courses will choose foreign suppliers based on selection of tenders. Eligibility condition is that 

suppliers be accredited to issue certificates CNFPA to issue certificates of graduation rates. Recruitment activities 

and selection of suppliers is in : Advisory services on project selection and training 

The Courses content for use of computer and English, it will be making by each trainer , a training needs analysis to 

establish the knowledge gap to fill, level of each participant. The courses will be built under the average 

accessibility of the target group. 

This investigation is based on a multiple choice question and a questionnaire for each course. 

Making the questionnaire, data collection and processing takes two weeks for each course module. Training course 

supports respectively and drafting documentation, exercises and auxiliary materials necessary training process will 

be ongoing for each course in part, an estimated time schedule stipulated in the activity schema . 

. 

Delivery Courses will be based on a delivery schema throughout the project, in chronological order of their 

support. Delivery is presented quarterly distribution . Effective provision of courses will cover about 10 months. 

Each course ends with examination of knowledge in order to emphasize the qualitative leap in the assimilation of 

information, every course of the activity 2, 3 and 4 will take into consideration how many achieve a progress report 

on evaluation of the participant satisfaction in relation to content and how was organization 

. 

4

Results which we expect to end of the project 

- Increasing institutional capacity and competitiveness IPA SA, to face the challenges imposed by 

changes in national and international business, expressed by increasing efficiency indicators of 

contracting by 10% the number of agreements / number of employees in 2011 compared to 2008: 

- Acquiring new technical skills certificates in the same area of employee occupational SC IPA SA: 

increase from 16% to 66% of all certified personnel competent Employees 

- Increasing adaptability of career growth in line with the needs of the organization's performance; 

- Decrease the rate of fluctuation of labor under IPA SA from 10% in 2008 to 7% in 2011/2012.. 

- Reduction in the incidence of conflict and increase cohesion among team members, develop leadership 

skills, increase motivation and involvement in the organization's goals 

- Demonstrating teamwork and certification of trainers in accordance with the European CV format 

- Create a team for setting up technical traning center 

We estimate that these results can be expected afactate risk of abandonment. The Voluntary abandonment risk is 

covered by signing a participation agreement by employees involved in the project. Ensuring workplace risk 

prevents voluntary abandonment of the program and ensure employee involvement in the project, which contributes 

to the project success. Regarding the risk of abandonment involuntary, based on previous experience, we estimate a 

risk of being involuntarily as more than 5% and maximum 6 persons 

Dissemination of project results will be made by :: 

- Web site dedicated to the project which will be the main objectives pursued by the project, as well as partial and 

final results obtained during the project; 

- Project presentation and results obtained in two seminars organized at the beginning and end project 

- Press article 

Resources allocated for project implementation : 

Material resources, existing human and financial IPA SA provides its base material for the project which includes 

training rooms equipped with projector sceen flipchart , blackboard network with acces to Internet for about 25 

people ( in Bucharest and all branches of the country ) 

Human resources of the project consist of three members of the project implementation team, advising on training 

project and the three internal trainers 

Financial resources are provided by non-reimbursable financial assistance requested for this project that will add 

co-provided by IPA SA 

Project Manager 

• Project management system will provide the five basic elements for its success : 

• Planning: to elaborate the project plan to achieve the characteristics of unity, continuity,flexibility and 

precision 

• Organization: to establish the structure material, financial and human resources necessary for project 

• Leadership: to create appropriate organizational structures to achieve objectives 

• Coordination: made link, unify and harmonize all activities and efforts 

• Control: surveillance project done so that everything is conducted in accordance with established rules and 

orders submitted. 

• Implementation team consists of project manager ,responsable for financial and human resource 

The project will comply with procedures and quality assurance system EN ISO 9001:2001 

Project implementation team will coordinate the project through : 

Coordination and evaluation meetings: be organized to assess progress of the project, compliance with work 

schedules, deadlines, and estimated expenses incurred, and estimated resources allocated to ensure decisions and 

determining project success. It organizes monthly. 

workshops: is held whenever necessary in order to solve problems arising in the project. At the end of the project 

Will end with reports that will be used to assess the project execution 

5

Project sustainability is ensured by the fact that IPA SA, using experience gained in national and 

European project and certification of personnel, will try to continue establishing a training center for employees in 

the industry. Within this center, through training activities, the applicant will contribute to promoting and certifying 

professionals professions and technical skills to develop occupational standards, respectively. 

. 

Transferability IPA SA initiated the project results through seminars and press articles, the site, some results can be 

transferred by providing training to other economic agents who are interested in raising the level of training and 

acquiring new technical skills and conceptual their employees in niche areas that it covers the applicant, namely 

automation, information technology (ICT) and environmental 

Integrated approach. In accordance with the policies and experience in mainstreaming project results will be a 

prerequisite for equal participation of both the training process and the other project activities for people who want to 

become permanent trainers in the training center will continue to be founded using results obtained in this project 

Financial sustainability. For further professional training in the years following the end of the project, the 

applicant will use its own funds. As a training provider to other users in industry and environmental protection will 

provide extensive training and internal funds from these collections 

Equal Opportunities For IPA SA social responsibility a priority in the strategic development and there is a constant 

concern that by training to ensure equal opportunities not only vulnerable age groups, but to ensure equal 

opportunities for women and men. 

Equal Opportunities The structure aims to answer the needs of target group specific training for youth career 

development, but also provide opportunities to adapt to social and economic changes of the internal environment and 

external technical organization for people over age 50 

It aims at providing conditions that allow access and participation of target group of employees in the activities of 

the IPA project and to avoid discrimination on any grounds: gender, age, race, religion etc. 

6

Traffic management solution to improve the fluency of traffic flow, 

road safety and security in urban areas 

Marius Minea, 

Radu Şerban Timnea 

Telematics and Electronics for Transports Dept. (TET) 

University Politehnica of Bucharest, Transports Fac., 

313, Splaiul Independenţei, Bucharest, Romania 

Carmen Eleonora Stan 

Ana-Maria Martin 

Andrei Iancu 

Dan Dumitrescu 

Institute for Computers (ITC-SA) 

Research Dept. 

167, Calea Floreasca, Bucharest, Romania 

Abstract — This paper presents a integrated solutions with the 

purpose of increasing the road traffic safety and security, via an 

intelligent management of sensor data and image fusion. The 

integrated platform for traffic safety monitoring includes a sensing 

section, equipped with non-intrusive sensors and a camera for data 

collection, a central dispatching computer and connections with the 

traffic controllers. 

The novelty of the system consists in the solutions adopted, including 

the mobile data collection facilities, available on handheld devices for: 

(i) field data acquisition (ii) traveler information via Internet, along the 

roadways. 

The components that are integrated result in synergetic effect in 

service oriented solution for improving traffic flow and reducing 

congestion in the cities, useful for decision-makers and for citizens. 

Keywords – signalling infrastructure; sensor; safety; 

reliability; operability. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Road transport for people and freight represents the 

dynamical factor, the key element of knowledge based 

economy and social cohesion. Within the past decades there 

has been a continuous growth of the number of private 

transportation vehicles while the public transportation has 

been in a continuous decline. The current transportation 

infrastructure no longer copes with the demand. 

Accidents and congestions caused by the traffic have 

a bad influence on the quality of life, lower the productivity 

and diminish the energy. The traffic congestion, which 

determines environmental problems and accidents, is getting 

worse. The benefit of the road transportation is decreasing 

more and more every day, due to the side effects (pollution 

and accidents) the result being a vicious circle in the public 

transport. In the last few years the density of the traffic in 

the big cities of the developed countries has reached 

impressive quotas. 

If the right corrective measures are not taken, the cost 

of traffic jams will represent, by 2010, 1% of the gross 

revenue of the EU and will worsen the link between central 

markets and neighboring regions. The transportation sector 

is a major source of air pollution. 

The solution presented here describes a technological 

platform, of European standards level, able to be used to 

collect on line information concerning road traffic, in an 

urban street network. The platform will integrate on line 

road traffic information, representing main traffic 

parameters, transmitted by the traffic data collection 

systems, GIS environment featured digital maps, 

multimedia technologies able to directly show the traffic 

conditions and broadband wireless communications to set 

up an advanced procedure for traffic monitoring. This will 

be a premise for the improvement of the life of the 

inhabitants and of the traffic participants in an urban area. 

The platform will be set up of the following 

components: 

• Traffic information data collection subsystem, with 

non intrusive sensors (PIR) and video cameras, 

aimed to monitor traffic conditions 

• Communication system based on the items 

providing remote data communication and several 

field items control; information concerning traffic 

related parameters will be transmitted via either 

GPRS or internet and images will be provided by 

video cameras using IP based communication 

technologies 

• Central dispatcher, set up of the main processing 

systems which will concentrate the data from field 

devices. These will run specialized programs in 

order to provide system user interface. These will 

also allow estimating the congestion rate of the 

road traffic, to make small short time predictions 

and statistic reports. 

• Web information portal enabling system users to 

access updated data, related to the monitored street 

network status, traffic levels and routing 

information towards different points of interest and 

obstructions on chosen paths. The information will 

be accessed both from fixed locations and from 

mobile devices, during the vehicles movement. 

7

sections (excepting the Introduction), starting with the with 

the presentation of the state of art in the field, the 

concept/architecture of the system, results of some field tests, 

and conclusions regarding the advantages that the solution 

presents. 

Fig 1. SAFETRAFF – General architecture 

On line monitoring of the road vehicles flow and the 

detection of the traffic incidents will be accomplished by 

installing several web cameras provided fixed IP and 

featuring images storage on a central server. Collected data 

will be on line transmitted to the data server, installed at the 

premises of the Monitoring and Control Center. The 

information will be accessed by fixed or mobile devices 

The pilot system has been tested in several cities of 

Romania, namely Suceava, Sibiu and Bucharest. 

There are many levels where such systems may be 

implemented, depending on the traffic volumes, starting 

from the simple static signaling systems and going up to 

management systems based on complex algorithms that 

consider a series of key factors. There are, also, several ways 

that the traffic fluency, safety and the level of emissions can 

be kept under control . Studies and implementations of 

different traffic management systems, combined with 

geometric re-arrangement of the road infrastructure showed 

that the best approach is to employ a combined strategy: with 

a contribution of 5% to 15% in traffic fluency improvement, 

the Urban Traffic Control systems cannot be completely 

effective without introducing also modifications in the road 

geometry, or other factors that help increase overall road 

infrastructure capacity. However, the less expensive in this 

equation is the introduction of intelligent transport systems 

technologies. Recently, Multimodal Real Time Traffic and 

Travel Information (RTTI) [2] services proved to be an 

effective instrument to decrease energy consumption in 

urban areas across the different modes of transport, by 

changing the mobility behavior (the modal shift) for the 

single traveler. The European Union has also a permanent 

concern in reducing the number of traffic incidents and 

injuries. The EC documents [1], related to traffic, clearly 

state that road safety is one of the major concerns and 

“finally, users expect more rational transport in towns and 

cities. Noise and air pollution and their effects on health are 

of greater concern in towns and cities, and a clear line needs 

to be drawn urgently between the respective roles of private 

cars and public transport.” The paper is structured in four 

II. 

CONCEPT AND SYSTEM’S ARCHITECTURE 

Safetraff system is designed to produce relevant safety 

and quantitative information regarding the road traffic itself. 

This contributes to traffic safety, having embedded specific 

functions for law enforcement. 

The architecture traffic monitoring subsystem consists of 

the following functional components: 

• The data collection component; 

• The central dispatcher component; 

• The CCTV (web-based) component for traffic 

monitoring and video management of traffic 

incidents; 

• The web interface. 

Fig. 2 The functional architecture of the traffic information subsystem 

Figure 2 depicts the physical architecture of the 

“SafeTraff” platform. The main part is the infrastructure for 

data collection. This component employs non-intrusive, 

passive infrared (PIR) sensors for vehicle sensing. Specific 

modules employ local data processing in order to build 

traffic information messages that are sent in specific blocks 

to the communication functional block. The vehicle sensors 

are capable of detecting presence, occupancy, speed, and 

vehicle classification. These categories of traffic sensors do 

not need civil construction works for mounting, therefore 

their installation costs is being kept low. The sensors are 

used to form data messages from each intersection, which 

are locally processed in a special unit, called device for 

traffic data processing and communications (TDPC). The 

device also ensures the local power supply control, local 

communications with the sensors and the communication 

monitoring with the central dispatcher unit. The set of 

detection sub-systems communicate via the same GSM 

GPRS network with the central computer. Data from the 

sensors is locally stored in a temporary memory (for safety 

purposes) and periodically read (each 5 s – to 5 min, 

configurable). A specific set of messages containing 

information regarding the number of vehicles counted, 

classification, the degree of occupancy etc. is formed after. 

8

This set of messages is forwarded via the wireless 

communication to the central dispatcher computer, where 

they populate a specific database. 

Fig 3 The architecture of the central component (Traffic Information 

Subsystem) 

The architecture of the central component is depicted in 

Figure 3. The central component allows for information 

storage, reporting, GIS presentation of information and 

information regarding the intersection level of service. The 

messages received via GPRS from the Data Collection Sub- 

System are translated into coherent information which is 

afterwards associated with the position of the sensors on a 

GIS, so that the operator and the external users can see, via a 

web connection, the traffic density in the network. As 

mentioned before, the system is able to calculate the level of 

service in a junction: it counts the number of vehicles and 

compares this information with a specific set of values. 

According to the comparison results, a message is produced 

and distributed to a VMS installed in the field. The following 

table presents the levels of service associated to an 

intersection. The level of service is an important indicator of 

congestion: 

Qv 

LS= (1) 

C 

In Equation (1), LS represents the level of service, Q v the 

actual vehicle flow in vehicles per hour [veh/h], or traffic 

volume, and C the capacity [veh/h] of the intersection. 

Another important indicator that the subsystem uses is 

the occupancy degree, measured as percent of time when a 

traffic sensor is occupied by a vehicle, divided to the period 

of time considered. 

O= (2) 

T 

where O represents the occupancy, τ 

v 

the duration of time 

when a vehicle is in the sensor detection area and T 

represents the total measurement interval (e.g. 24 h). Table 1 

below presents the standardized levels of service categories, 

dependant on the traffic volumes. 

τ 

v 

Level of 

service 

category 

TABLE I. 

LEVEL OF SERVICE DEFINITIONS 

Specifications 

Traffic volumes / 

capacity ratio 

A Free vehicle flowing 0 – 0,60 

Mild congestion, without 

B hindering the changing of one 0,61 – 0,70 

lane to the other 

C 

Crowded, but the flow of 0,71 – 0,80 

vehicles has a stable motion 

The flow of vehicles begins to 

have irregularities regarding 

D 

0,81 – 0,90 

speed. Changing lane is more 

difficult. 

Maneuvering very limited. 

E 

Unstable flow of traffic. Long 

queuing that produces delays 

0,91 – 1,00 

at transit intersections. 

F 

Traffic jam. Travel in small 

hops. Large delay in transit 

intersections. Queues are long 

and occupy the upstream 

intersections. In extreme cases 

traffic volumes fall to zero. 

≥ 1,01 

Due to the level of service, a specific intersection will be 

able to deliver transit times directly dependent on the traffic 

volumes. The typical delays recorded, as functions of the 

levels of service are presented in table 2. 

TABLE II. 

DELAY FOR TRANSITING A JUNCTION, ACCORDING TO THE 

LEVEL OF SERVICE 

Delay experienced for transiting 

Level of 

the junction 

service 

[s] 

A < 5 

B 5 ÷ 15 

C 15 ÷ 25 

D 25 ÷ 40 

E 40 ÷ 60 

F > 60 

Due to its experimental phase, the system is now 

calibrated at selecting three levels of congestion, in-between 

A-B levels (”Free flowing”), C-D levels (”Congestion”) and 

E-F (”Traffic Jam”). 

For the safety monitoring purpose, the SafeTraff system 

has also a module for the detection of traffic incidents (like 

crossing the red light by a vehicle). For this functionality, a 

logical ”AND” has been defined between the moment where 

a red light for a certain direction is on and a vehicle crosses a 

”virtual loop” marked after the pedestrian crossing. When 

these two conditions are true in the same time, a sequence of 

video frames is recorded (three seconds before and after the 

incident), in order to use them as a proof in post traffic 

incident analysis. 

III. 

FIELD TESTS OF THE COMPONENTS 

In order to ensure that the system hardware components 

are functioning properly, a series of tests have been 

performed, both in the laboratories and in the field. The field 

9

tests were oriented mostly to check the accuracy of the 

sensors and the possibility of functioning in outdoor 

conditions for the specific equipment. These outdoor tests 

were carried on in Bucharest, in urban environmental 

conditions (above an underground passage), employing a set 

of 3 PIR sensors, and on a highway (for high vehicles’ 

speeds conditions in extra-urban traffic), on a bridge located 

on A1 highway. 

• Automatic data acquisition of information with 

specific sensors mounted in the traffic controllers 

(items and status to be controlled: opening of the 

front door of the traffic controller cabinet, presence 

and voltage of the power supply, different stages of 

the traffic controller etc.); 

• The integration of the management for all resources, 

with emphasize to the operator’s assistance; 

• Design of a versatile web portal for the information 

of the authorized operators and users and with 

selected information for all users of the urban road 

signaling infrastructure (large public); 

• Design of a traffic information subsystem for safety 

monitoring (includes traffic parameters measurement 

and video streaming of the locations). 

Employing the special developed webpage for the traffic 

safety component, an external user will be able to access 

information regarding the traffic conditions in the area of 

travel , or regarding road closures, incidents, weather reports 

etc. The video streaming ensures direct observation of 

selected locations. 

Fig. 4 The physical architecture of the test system 

Figure 4 presents the general physical architecture of the 

test system that was employed. The PIR sensors drive 

modules are used to temporarily store data streams from the 

sensors and to communicate locally with the Data 

Acquisition and Communication Device. Here the messages 

are concatenated and transmitted centrally to the dispatching 

point via the GPRS modems. The tests showed good 

functionalities of the system. A very important influence in 

the precision of the system has the way the sensors are 

mounted, as significant errors of vehicles lengths and speeds 

can occur if the height and tilting of the PIR sensors are not 

correct. The measurements and tests performed in Bucharest 

and environment showed appropriate results for the 

necessities of the system. The errors recorded in vehicles 

speeds and lengths measurements were corrected by 

adjusting the positions of the sensors. Also, the components 

showed a good performance in high EM environment. 

IV. 

CONCLUSIONS 

The novelty of the adopted solution consists of several 

approaches designed to improve efficiency and to add more 

services in a single application. 

One advantage is that the integrated platform is designed 

to be scalable and configurable, according to the signaling 

infrastructure equipments used. There are several specific 

components, with specific or improved design, as following: 

• A geo-referenced database containing information 

regarding the type, location, technical and functional 

specifications and information regarding the 

maintenance scheduled for all types of road 

signaling elements and markings; 

Fig. 5 Screenshot from the GIS application SafeTraff 

As a whole, the solution presented for traffic and 

signaling infrastructure safety is considered an innovative 

and economic approach for small and medium cities , where 

the necessity for traffic information systems is important and 

the authorities do not wish, or do not have the possibility of 

spending big amounts of funding. With minimal investment 

and a scalable architecture, the solution presented here can 

satisfy the necessity of increased road safety and can 

contribute to the reduction of accidents and injuries due to 

road traffic, to the decrease of stress that participants to 

traffic may experience when arriving at a congested 

intersection where the traffic lights fail to operate. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The authors would like to thank all partners involved in 

the projects (SC SIAT SA, CEPETET, ULB Sibiu ) for their 

fruitful cooperation and results obtained. 

10

REFERENCES 

[1] * * *. “White Paper. European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to 

Decide”. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 

12.9.2001. COM (2001) 370 Final. 

[2] * * * . ICT PSP Support Programme, CIP-ICT-PSP-2008-2, ICT for 

Addaptive Urban Transport Management Infrastructure and Services. 

Project 238880: “Intelligent and Efficient Travel Management for 

European Cities – In Time” 

[3] Minea, M., Stan, G., and Nemţanu, F. C. “Incidence of New 

Telematic Systems for Treansports in Romanian Information 

Society”. Proceedings of ICCC 2004 (International Conference on 

Computers and Communications) – University of Oradea, Baile Felix, 

27-29 Mai 2004, pp.248-254; 

[4] Alexandrescu, C. M., Stan, G., and Minea, M. „Managementul 

centralizat al traficului rutier urban”. 214 pag., Centrul Tehnic 

Editorial al Armatei, Bucureşti 2007; 

[5] Alexandrescu, C. M., Minea, M. and Gheorghiu A. R. – „RoSaRo – A 

Platform for Increasing the Intrinsic Reliability of the Road 

Signalling Infrastructure”, Ecellence Research Conference – A Way 

to Innovation (CEEX 2008), Volume 1, pp. 45-1 – 45-6, ISSN 1844- 

7890, Braşov, Romania, 27-29.07.2008; 

[6] Minea, M. and Cormoş, A. C. „EMC and Related Problems in the 

Implementation of Urban Traffic and Public Transport Management 

Systems in Several Cities of Romania”. ICATE 2006 (8 th International 

Conference on Applied and Theoretical Electricity – Băile Herculane, 

26-28.10.2006) Anelele Universităţii din Craiova, Anul 30, nr. 30, 

2006, Ed. Universitaria 2006, pp. 73-78, ISSN 1842 – 4805; (2006) 

Craiova; 

[7] Minea, M. and Dumitrescu, S. „Vehicle to Infrastructure 

Communications – Technologies and EMC Problems in Public Transport 

Management System”. IEEE 9 th International Conference on 

Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting 

Services. TELSIKS 2009, Niš, Serbia, 7- 9 October 2009; 

[8] Minea, M. „Implementation of the Bucharest Traffic Management 

System – solutions to problems and In-Time Project” – Invited speaker at 

16 th World ITS Congress, Special Interest Session SIS 33, Stockholm, 

Sweden, 21-25 September 2009 

[9] Stan, C. E., Minea, M., Gheorghiu, R. A., and Popa, T. „Sistem on-line 

de monitorizare a traficului rutier pentru asigurarea siguranţei şi fluenţei 

circulaţiei în aglomeraţii urbane şi îmbunătăţirea calităţii vieţii”- ITS 

Romania 2009 Conference & e-CALL Workshop”, Bucharest, 2009. 

[10] * * *. “Safetraff. On-Line System for Road Traffic Monitoring, Traffic 

Fluency and Safety Provision and Life Quality Improvement”, Project 

No. 1882/71018, CMP (National Centre for Research Projects 

Management - Romania), VII Thematic Area. Partners: ITC S.A. 

Bucharest, UPB-CEPETET, SIAT, ULB Sibiu 

11

Some technical solutions related to integration of PV 

Modules in Existing Romanian Buildings 

Silvian Fara 1 , Dumitru Finta 1 , Mihai Iancu 1 , Laurentiu Fara 2 , Dragos Comaneci 3 , Ana-Maria Dabija 3 , Eugenia 

Tulcan- Paulescu 4 , Marius Paulescu 4 , Traian Jurca 5 

1 IPA SA Bucharest; 2 University ‘Politehnica’ Bucharest; 3 University of Architecture and Urbanism ‘Ion Mincu’, 

Bucharest; 4 West University Timisoara; 5 Politehnical University of Timisoara 

Abstract - The paper is based on an on-going national research 

project focused on the promotion of new architectural concepts 

i.e. BIPV systems, which include active solar systems (PV 

generators) and solar tunnels. The advantages of using the 

distributed solar architecture are more remarkable in the case of 

large network-connected PV systems, such as the PV systems in 

the urban area, installed on building’s façades or roofs. Thus, in 

contrast to other EU states, in Romania there is no photovoltaic 

building construction branch, the limited number of isolated 

cases being not enough to argue the start if a photovoltaic market 

in the building industry. The major purpose of the project is to 

demonstrate the efficiency of integrating various PV elements in 

buildings, to test them and to make them known so that they can 

be used on a large scale. To do this, the new products will be 

installed on three pilot buildings (two in Bucharest and one in 

Timisoara) and the PV modules will be integrated in consonance 

with their architecture. One of them will be a historical building 

and the other two will be new buildings; they will have different 

typologies and they will be located in different areas. The installed 

power for each building will be of approximately 1.000 Wp, 

including some technologies with PV modules integrated in the 

architecture of the buildings. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

A. RES Policy 

In Romania the main policy instrument to support RES-E 

at national level is the quota system based on tradable green 

certificates (TGC) as introduced in 2004. The mandatory quota 

for electricity suppliers increases from 0.7% in 2005 to 8.3% 

in 2010. Wind, solar, biomass or hydro power generated in 

plants with less than 10 MW capacity (new or refurbished 

since 2004) are eligible for certificates. A minimum and 

maximum price for the TGCs is determined annually by the 

Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE). A supplier 

who fails to fulfil his quota has to pay the maximum price – at 

least in theory. Arguing with the large imbalance between 

supply and demand for RES-E, it is the common practice of 

ANRE to adjust the quota at the end of each year to the amount 

of offered TGCs. This means for example that the quota for 

2008 was modified from 5.3% to 0.32% ex-post. 

Consequently, almost no penalties are paid. Obviously this 

reduces the effectiveness of the penalty and destroys the proper 

functioning of the overall RES trading scheme. 

In 2008 a new law was introduced, which stated important 

improvements on the existing regulations of the RES trading 

regime. However, no secondary legislation has yet been 

approved by the Government in order to make the law 

operational. An entry into force is expected for 2010. A key 

element of the new law is to establish technology-specific 

weighting factors in the RES trading system. Estimated 

development of electricity production from photovoltaics in 

Romania: for 2005 (0MW/0GWh); Average for 2011-2012 

(26MW/30GWh); Average for 2013-2014 (61MW/69GWh); 

Average for 2015-2016 (102MW/116GWh); Average for 2017- 

2018 (169MW/192GWh); 2020 (313MW/357GWh). 

At this moment, the necessity of the use of new forms of 

energy in Romania is politically stated. According to the 

proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of The 

Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable 

sources, given in Brussels in January 2008, there is an aim “to 

establish an overall binding target of a 20% share of renewable 

energy sources in energy consumption to be achieved by each 

Member State, as well as binding national targets by 2020 in 

line with the overall EU target of 20%”. 

Since 2005, a number of laws were elaborated and released 

by the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable 

Development. The most recent Order, emitted in 2008, states 

that up to 90% of the costs of a solar system that is installed by 

a Local Authorities can be taken over by the Government. It is 

expected that the Order will stimulate the increase of the 

interest for solar systems. During the last few years, the users 

that have been emphasizing the possibilities opened by 

alternative energy sources increased. However, although we 

have regulations regarding energy efficiency in buildings and 

methodologies to evaluate the buildings, the actions that have 

been taken are mainly aiming to increase the thermal insulation 

of the envelope and to work on the installations within the 

building. A number of pilot projects have been carried out, 

during the past decade, alongside with building regulations that 

support the interventions. Not much has been done so far in 

terms of implementing solar energy systems. No building 

regulations regarding the use of PV systems exist so far. 

B. ”Solar Architecture” 

Solar Architecture is a general term which implies the 

integration of photovoltaic system into classical building design 

[1]. The key concept here is represented by the photovoltaic 

modules, which substitute some façade or roof components. For 

the design and construction of solar/PV systems it is necessary 

to have information about the solar energy collectable on tilted 

surfaces. In Romania, the meteorological stations have no such 

databases and do not perform such measurements. During the 

past 20 years the building activity has flourished in Romania. 

Along with the construction of new buildings – mainly 

residential parks and office buildings - the activity of 

12

etrofitting the existing stock of buildings is intense. Taking 

advantage of the necessity to up-grade the structural system of 

the buildings - as we are a country with severe seismic activity 

- the owners of the buildings are trying to improve the living 

conditions also from the hygro-thermal, acoustic, functional 

and (more in a declarative manner, still), environmental point 

of view. While the state is getting more involved in the activity 

of structural consolidation and thermal rehabilitation of the 

mass dwellings that were built mainly before 1990 (some of 

them dating since the thirties), owners of individual houses are 

more and more interested in the use of alternative energy 

sources (sun and wind based) as complementary measures to 

decrease the energy costs while using the energy their 

equipment requires. 

Although in Romania the building market is rapidly 

developing, the building contractors do not promote PV 

technologies and new materials used for high performance day 

lighting, either because of their ignorance or their 

conservativeness, or the high costs related to importing such 

systems from the European market. Though during the last 

years more private companies in Romania offered to 

merchandise and install PV systems, one can not discuss of a 

proper PV market. Thus, in contrast to other EU states, in 

Romania there is no photovoltaic building construction 

branch, the limited number of isolated cases being not enough 

to argue the start if a photovoltaic market in the building 

industry [2]. 

In general, the design of such buildings one should pursue 

the optimization of the processes of dimensioning and 

orienting the surfaces on which the components collecting 

solar energy are to be placed in order to obtain a maximum of 

collected energy, satisfying at the same time the quality with 

regard to destination of the building, the designing and 

aesthetics rules. Therefore, the data regarding the solar energy 

collectable on tilted surfaces represent a vital prerequisite for 

architects and engineers who have to size the PV or thermosolar 

systems, for the specialists who have to elaborate 

feasibility studies associated to the implementation of solar 

installations [3]. 

Compared with other European countries, Romania has an 

above-average solar irradiation in the summer, comparable to 

the one of Greece, country in which the solar/photovoltaic 

technology is highly developed. Stand-alone private PV 

systems and the ones supplying energy also into the grid can 

be an attractive investment solution. A key element for the 

promotion of these renewable energy sources is the education 

for the sustainable development of the economic and social life 

of the population, especially young people; future inhabitants 

of houses designed and built using the new concepts of solar 

architecture. The effort to carry out a project of such a span 

requires human resources highly qualified in different areas of 

study such as urban architecture, the physics of photovoltaic 

devices, the physics of atmosphere (solar radiation), applied 

electronics (electrical measurement methods), data 

transmission, informatics, database administration. 

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 

The PV architecture is a new concept for Romania. 

Consequently, the project aims to achieve demonstrative 

designs of ecological solar buildings containing in their 

structure photovoltaic elements, passive solar elements, and 

modern systems for day lighting. These are available on-line on 

the web-site of the project (http://renerg.pub.ro/pasor) and, 

additionally, will be presented to building contractors and to the 

public. For users who desire to access the meteo data by WUT 

station they can work with site 

http://solar.physics.uvt.ro/srms. In this section of the 

project we have in view the practical construction of three 

BIPV (building integrated PV) systems which are integrate in 

the structure of buildings. The two systems were equipped with 

monitoring systems and the necessary infrastructure for 

transmitting the data to the web-site. A computer-based 

displaying system placed in public domain will permit real-time 

visualisation of the parameters of the installation and, 

additionally, will transmit technical and economical 

information referring to the solar/ photovoltaic architecture to 

the large public [1]. 

A holistic analysis of the building has been before 

introducing a BIPV system [4]. The main criteria of such 

analysis would be as follows: 

- opportunity of the BIPV utilisation; 

- involvements of the built environment (urban, rural, 

industrial) towards the building; 

- involvements of the BIPV placement towards the building 

itself (these criteria are linked with volumetric analysis, style, 

general and particular look of the building envelope); 

- specific requirements of the building envelope based on the 

type of selected BIPV; 

- optimum action type and place (analysis of the BIPV systems 

corresponding with the envelope parts where it would be 

intended to act and not shading the modules); 

- technical and operational involvements on the envelope 

components; 

- efficiency of the agreed system; 

- financial and payback period involvements of the investment; 

- type and way of the produced electrical energy management. 

A. The project partners: 

IPA SA (Project coordinator), West University of 

Timisoara (WUT), Polytechnic University of Bucharest (PUB), 

Polytechnic University of Timisoara (PUT), University of 

Architecture and Urbanism “Ion Mincu” (UAUIM) in 

Bucharest 

B. Project results at this moment [1]: 

1. Quantitative results: 

- Centre for measuring the solar energy that can be collected 

from tilted surfaces (unique in Romania) at WUT; 

- Modernization and installation, by applying the project’s 

energy concepts, at the roof of WUT, and at the roof of the 

UAUIM –Bucharest. Additionally, mounting of solar windows 

in the solar PV Laboratory from PUB; 

- Project website, containing: software and guide, accessible 

13

online, for: estimation of the solar energy that can be collected 

from tilted surfaces; PV system design; architectural solutions; 

- Database containing measurements of solar energy 

collectable from tilted surfaces; 

- Submission to the authorities of the legal requirements 

related to the authorisation of the operation of distributed 

electric power sources; 

- Organisation of a thematic competition („Solar house”) for 

students; 

- Organisation of workshop for discussing the results of the 

project with representatives of the target groups; 

- Brochures, guidelines, bibliographies for the different target 

groups 

2. Main results: 

- Development of a database regarding the measurement of 

solar radiation on tilted surfaces in various points on 

Romania’s territory, with the involvement of the National 

Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology; 

- Specialisation of young architects (students in the last years 

or studying for the master’s or doctor’s degree) in the 

problems specific to solar architecture within the Universities 

in Bucharest and Timisoara; 

- Raising the awareness of local authorities and building 

contractors with regard to the benefits of using solar 

architecture; 

- Increasing the level of information of the population 

regarding distributed photovoltaic systems. 

3. Estimated profits and profitability: 

- Development of specialization in solar architecture, with 

great opportunities within the EU market; 

- Achievement of important steps in the development of the 

photovoltaic industry in Romania; 

- Possibility of capitalization of the results obtained 

by the project in Romania’s neighbouring countries; 

-Easy to install: Our attractive, flexible solar roof 

panel literally rolls right on. We manufacture the solar roofing 

systems in easy to handle modular rolls to allow for rapid 

installation at our customer’s sites. We employ experienced 

roofing professionals to install our products, with no disruption 

to your business. 

-Light weight: The solar panel weighs only 3.7kg/m 2 

allowing installation on existing facilities without exceeding 

roof loading limitations. 

-Powerful: The amorphous silicon panels enable 

maximum kilowatt-hour output, producing electricity using a 

wider spectrum of light than traditional crystalline technology. 

This feature enables the panels to produce electricity all day 

long, even when it is cloudy. 

-Rugged and durable: Durability to cope with 

challenging weather conditions, and stability to handle 

changing light and shade conditions, have been built into all 

our roofing products. In addition, our roof is sealed and 

bonded, providing a weather-tight, long-lasting roof that has 

no penetrations. All our roofs are backed by a 20 year 

guarantee and an operations & maintenance program. 

-Attractive appearance: Our unique electrical engineering 

integrates the solar array within the roofing assembly 

providing a neat and uncluttered roof surface. 

III. SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE DEMO PV SYSTEMS 

A. Demo System PV at UAUIM 

Four PV modules composed of mono-crystalline silicon 

SRP (270Wp, 26 kg, 1047 x 2028 x 89 mm) were mounted on a 

roof versant of the historical building of UAUIM –Bucharest. 

In order to find the optimal location for the PV modules one 

carried out a study of the building’s solar irradiance for each 

season. One analyzed several possibilities in terms of location 

and types of constructive assemblies. Along with the 

reconsolidation process an architectural and functional 

conversion of the attic took place, through setting up new office 

spaces. Illumination of the hall resulted on the axis of the attic, 

was achieved through solar tunnels. For night lighting one 

installed lamps in each terminal space covered by natural light 

through the solar tunnels. The reconsolidation and 

rehabilitation process also implied the replacement of both the 

roof framing and the roof covering, making it easier to integrate 

the PV modules in the roof [3][4]. 

Figure 1. Electrical scheme of the PV system 

The versant on which the PV modules were mounted is 

south-west oriented, with a tilt angle of around 15 0 . The solar 

irradiance study showed that there were no objects that could 

shade the respective versant. 

Figure 2. PV modules mounting 

The Velux solar tunnel has a fixed tube (35 cm in diameter) 

with an inner reflector surface with 98% degree of reflection; it 

ends up with an internal lighting fitting with 4 mm thick heat 

insulation glass. 

14

Figure 3. Solar tunnel: the glass covers on the roof, and the lighting fittings in 

the hallway working during the day 

surfaces with different spatial orientation. These data are used 

at developing the numerical algorithms and at integrating them 

in computer applications used by architects and engineers 

developing solar energy projects in Romania. 

2. The data base resulting form the monitoring of solar 

irradiation on tilted surface. The fine sampling of the data 

base, the entries for tilted surfaces, the simultaneous 

registration of the solar irradiation data and of the electrical 

parameters of the photovoltaic generators, are attributes of the 

data base that makes it unique in Romania. It represents the 

basis for developing numerical algorithms for estimating solar 

irradiation. 

3. Experimental stand for studying the power delivered under 

load, in the case of installing photovoltaic modules with 

different fixed spatial orientations. This is the most common 

situation in urban photovoltaic architecture. 

4. Facilities for characterizing the operation of photovoltaic 

modules and systems under concrete ambient conditions. Under 

real atmospheric conditions, temperature and solar irradiance 

change continuously and in such non-standard situations, the 

characteristics of the modules are unknown. Despite the many 

models that translate the parameters of the modules listed in the 

catalogue, under concrete environmental conditions, a problem 

still occurs in selecting the adequate model, which works with 

highest accuracy in the given location. The experimental 

development in the project creates the prerequisites to answer 

these problems. 

Figure 4. Image of the roof, before and after mounting the modules 

This is probably, the first building in Romania to have a 

hallway illuminated exclusively form renewable energy 

sources: solar tunnels for day lighting, and the photovoltaic 

energy stored during the day for night lighting. 

B. Demo System PV at WUT 

WUT planned and achieved two objectives: the Solar 

Irradiation Monitoring Station (SIMS) and the Photovoltaic 

Laboratory (PVL) that compose the Solar Platform in WUT. 

At the end of 2009, one obtained the first series of annual data 

from monitoring the solar irradiance and the meteorological 

parameters. The data acquired on the SIMS platform, are 

accompanied by the data obtained from monitoring the mobile 

and the fixed PV subsystems. 

The monitoring system currently uses 21 channels, while 

another 15 channels are available for future developments. 

Data acquisition is done simultaneously at a frequency of 4 

samples per minute [5]. 

1. The Platform for Monitoring Solar Irradiation on tilted 

surfaces. For a good design of the BIPV systems, one has to 

know the quantity of solar energy that can be collected on 

Figure 5. Total view of the PV system on the roof of WUT 

Figure 6. Station for measuring the meteorological parameters at WUT 

The photovoltaic system is made up of two subsystems, one 

fixed and the other mobile, both of them being fitted with 

identical batteries and loads. The main function of the PV 

system monitoring is to compare the data obtained from the two 

subsystems (collectible solar energy, energy delivered, etc). 

15

The solar tracker system is SunTracer SM33PMCBL that 

combines tracking the sun on its trajectory with the load 

control feature (max. wind speed:130 km/h; lifecycle: 20.000 

complete rotations ⇔10 years). 

The modules are ISP90 (ISTAR SOLAR) composed of 

mono-crystalline silicon (125 x 125 x 10 mm; 90Wp). The 

batteries used for storage have 110 Ah/12V. 

At each of the systems, the following parameters are 

measured: the current delivered by the module (I module ), the 

current consumed by the load (I load ) and the battery voltage 

(V battery ). 

The data acquisition equipment is a PXI platform (National 

Instruments). The data acquisition board NI PXI-6259 disposes 

of 32 analogue inputs, of which 16 are reserved for the SIMS 

and 16 for monitoring the demonstrative PV system. The data 

are read after 15 seconds. The LabVIEW application for 

acquiring and storing the data was developed and maintained 

by PUT. 

Figure 7. The total solar energy per day, registered in the first seven months of 

2009 on two surfaces with different spatial orientation. 

C. Demo System BIPV at PUB 

A grid-connected BIPV demonstrative system was 

developed at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. It was 

put into service in July 2008, and is made up of 6 PV panels, 

an inverter, equipment for monitoring and storing the data, as 

well as a station for monitoring the meteorological parameters. 

The power delivered by the PV modules is 615Wp. These are 

KORAX semitransparent modules: 3 modules of 120Wp and 3 

of 85Wp (mono-crystalline silicon; anti-reflector layer; 1550 x 

800 x 6 mm //1050 x 800 x 6 mm; 14 kg//9kg) they are 

mounted on the existing structure of the window of the BIPV 

laboratory in PUB [6]. 

Figure 8. The photovoltaic system at PUB – seen from outside (a), seen 

from inside (b) 

The main components of the monitoring system are the 

weather monitoring station and a data logger, together with two 

computers for taking over the data and a web server for 

processing and presenting the data in a useful format for the 

end-user. 

The Sunny Boy SB700 inverter operates at high conversion 

efficiency, using a MOSFET bridge for converting direct 

current. The current supplied to the grid is perfectly sinusoidal, 

with a very low rate of distortion of the grid harmonic [7]. 

The inverter transmits data to the monitoring equipment 

through electric line communication, and data signal 

modulation at 100 kHz. 

Figure 9. 

Basic 

schema 

of the 

monitorin 

g system 

The 

monitor 

ing 

equipm 

ent, 

Sunny 

Boy 

Control Plus, offers many features for storing (up to one year of 

measurements) and processing the data from the inverter. It is 

connected to a computer through a serial null-modem RS232 

cable (www.sma-america.com). Sunny Boy Control Plus 

can display the energy supplied to the grid in one day, the total 

energy supplied to the grid, and the energy that is generated at 

the moment by the solar modules. Besides that, it can display in 

real time the operation parameters of the inverter. One can also 

establish the data to be archived: 

- voltage generated by the modules (V PV ), 

- energy generated by the modules (P AC ) and 

- total generated energy (E t ). 

2008 – november 2009 (in kWh) 

Figure 10. 

Energy 

supplied to 

the grid by 

the BIPV 

system 

from PUB 

between 

december 

LaCrosse Weather Station WS2500 is the station used to 

measure the meteorological parameters. It has, in the basic 

package, six outdoor sensors for wind (speed and direction), 

temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar irradiation 

and rainfall, and another 2 indoor sensors that measure 

temperature and humidity in the room in which the station is 

mounted. The data are taken over from the sensors through a 

radio connection, on the frequency of 433 MHz, from a 

16

maximum distance of 100 m (if no interferences exist). All the 

sensors have an internal battery together with a PV minimodule 

for supply, reaching autonomy of minimum 10 years. 

The data are read from the sensor at every 5 minutes. 

The software for monitoring the weather station allows 

registration of the meteorological data for any period of time 

and can generate graphs for any parameter that the user might 

want to visualize. It takes over the sensor data by accessing the 

weather station through a serial connection. The time interval 

at which the access is done can be set up between 3 to 30 

minutes. The data are then stored in an internal binary file of 

the software, but they can be exported in known formats, for 

any further processing of the data. 

One can also automatically generate the graphs for a 

certain period, and these will be displayed on a PC. 

Figure 11. Station for monitoring the meteorological parameters / screen 

of facade modules, their application on the vertical component 

of the envelope, on large surfaces, may attenuate this 

inconvenient and increase the energy they deliver. On the other 

hand, these modules bring their own contribution to the 

architectural and technological definition of the buildings. 

The flat rooftops, on which arrays of photovoltaic panels 

can be installed at the optimum tilting angle, can be considered 

to have maximum efficiency. They might be combined with 

rooftop terrace-gardens that would further increase the 

reliability of the PV system (preventing panel overheating and 

improved dusting) [8][9]. 

Obviously, one can combine these integration techniques – 

facade and rooftops – resulting in a unitary building from the 

point of view of architectural expression of the envelope. 

At the moment we are at the phase of finalizing the technical 

studies and analyzing the behaviour of the demo systems with 

the different integrated modules. The local PV market of PV is 

not very large and it needs to be stimulated through attractive 

incentives from the Government. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The results of this paper are based on the PN II grant no. 21 

039/09.2007, PASOR. We would like to acknowledge and 

thank our collaborators from the Polytechnic University of 

Bucharest, the West University of Timisoara, the Polytechnic 

University of Timisoara and the University of Architecture and 

Urbanism in Bucharest “Ion Mincu” for the good and fruitful 

collaboration in developing the PASOR project. 

REFERENCES 

Figure 12. Screen with meteorological data at PUB 

III. CONCLUSIONS 

There is growing interest in highly glazed building facades, 

driven by a variety of architectural, aesthetic, business and 

environmental rationales. The environmental rationale appears 

plausible only if conventional glazing systems are replaced by 

a new generation of high performance, interactive, intelligent 

façade systems, that meet the comfort and performance needs 

of occupants while satisfying owner economic needs and 

broader societal environmental concerns. The challenge is that 

new technology, better systems integration using more capable 

design tools, and smarter building operation are all necessary 

to meet these goals. The opportunity is to create a new class of 

buildings that are both environmentally responsible at a 

regional or global level while providing the amenities and 

working environments that owners and occupants look for. 

Although the energy efficiency is much reduced in the case 

[1] IPA SA (coordinator), WUT, PUB, TUT, UAUIM, Promotion of Solar 

Architecture in Romania (PASOR), Reports of Project No. 21039/2007, 

Research Romania’s Partnership Programme 

[2] L. Fara, A–M. Dabija, S. Fara, D. Finta, M. Iancu, and M. Paulescu, 

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Romania in Proceedings of 

International Congress Energy and the Environment 2008, Opatija, Croatia 

October 22 - 24, 2008 

[3] M. Šúri, T.A. Huld, E.D. Dunlop, H.A. Ossenbrink, Architects and 

Engineers, International Energy Agency, pp. 75 – 116 

[4] Harvey D., Low-Energy buildings and District-Energy Systems, James & 

James Ltd. 2006, 

[5] T.Jurca, M.Paulescu, A.De Sabata, I.Luminosu, C.Dughir, M.Lascu, 

E.Paulescu, C.De Sabata, Recent Measurements on Solar Radiation in 

Timisoara ,Romania; International Conference “Unconventional Energies in 

the Carpathian and Danubian Area, Arad, November, 2009. 

[6] L. Fara, S. Fara, A-M.Dabija; First results of a BIPV project in Romania, 

PLEA 2008 conference, Dublin, October 2008. 

[7] L.Fara, S. Fara, A-M. Dabija, D. Comaneci. Development of a small BIPV 

system at Polytechnic University of Bucharest, International Congress ISES 

Johannesburg, October 2009 

[8] D. Prasad, M. Snow 2005, A Source Book for Building Integrated 

Photovoltaics (BIPV), EarthScan 

[9] http://buildingsolar.com/technology.asp 

17

On MADM E-Course 

CORNEL RESTEANU 1 , MIHAELA RESTEANU 2 

1 

National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (ICI) 

8-10 Averescu Avenue, 011455, Bucharest 1 Romania 

2 

Economic Studies Academy, 

6 Romana Square, 010572, Bucharest 1, Romania 

Abstract: - After creating a lot of e-courses, the authors arrive at the conclusion that such a course is made 

from a specific part named course’s digital content and a general part named course’s shell. The first part 

is represented by the knowledge that must be transferred from the teachers to the students, in this case the 

MADM knowledge. The second part, the general one, is represented by the mediator of this transfer. The 

paper’s goal consist in describing the structure of course’s digital content as well as the course’s shell, 

both generating an ICT product belonging to the software as a service class. 

Key-Words: - Creativity and Personal Development, Livelong Learning, Enhanced Learning Technology, 

Information and Communication Technology, Internet Computing, Software as a Service. 

1 Introduction 

Every person currently learns in his / her social 

live, “from the pre-school years to postretirement”. 

In the Creativity and Personal 

Development (CPD) era, the Lifelong Learning 

(LLL) concept acquires new meanings with the e- 

courses development in Enhanced Learning 

Technology (ELT) using Information and 

Communication Technology (ICT), mostly Internet 

Computing (IC) tools. “Education and Training 

2010” European work program [1] has a strong 

support in Romania. Therefore, the e-learning 

(EL) domains had been encouraged. 

As an example, a fundamental research in the 

Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) field 

[2, 3], a branch of Operations Research (OR) 

domain, was completed with a LLL tool [4, 5] by 

producing a MADM e-course with a general shell 

(GS) that can present the digital content (DC) not 

only for this course but for every one presenting 

the same structure of its knowledge thesaurus 

(KT). KTs that have the same structure belong, in 

the present case, to the OR domain containing 

mathematical programming, graph theory, 

transport problems, stochastic processes, queuing 

theory, game theory, decision analysis etc. Also, 

for example, the engineering domain has, for most 

of its sub-domains, the same structure for the KTs. 

One can say that in every domain there are subdomains 

with the same structure of KTs. Therefore 

it is very important, not only from the informatics 

point of view, to exist, if is possible, unique ECS 

for each domain that promote the EL. Nowadays, 

EL technology exploits all the observations 

presented above. 

Figure 1. An e-course is content into a shell 

2 E-Course’s Digital Content 

First, DC contains a small part dedicated to the e- 

course auto-presentation, usually a sound film, and 

a part dedicated to the users’ guide, usually a text. 

Obviously, these are knowledge about knowledge 

i.e. meta-knowledge (MK). 

Second, DC contains the main part, namely KT, 

represented by the genuine e-course’s knowledge. 

KT is divided, at its tour, from its functional point 

of view, into two parts. The first part is the KT for 

18

the learning process (KTL) and the second part is 

the KT for the verification process (KTV). 

2.1 Presentation of the KTL 

The KTL represents the content for n course 

modules, each of it containing m learning days. 

One day offers a lesson, a set of grill-tests and a 

set of problems / case studies. For each course 

module exist, from the beginning but enriching 

itself during the course using, the most frequent 

questions and a bibliography. 

All lessons, as dimension, must be balanced, 

about 6 A4 .pdf pages at 12 font size. The 

cardinality for grill-tests and problems / case 

studies sets must be of hundreds order. The 

difficulty must increase for all kinds of KTL with 

the learning days and with the course modules. 

objects, attributes, objects – attributes, and the 

model expert knowledge expressed through a set 

of production rules that deal with the potential 

drawbacks of a MADM model, i.e. syntactic / 

semantic incorrectness, incredibleness or 

incompleteness. The lessons are: History, 

taxonomy, state-of-the-art, Generalized model’s 

definition, Modeling methodology, Theoretical 

results important for modeling, Models examples 

presented in natural language; 

2.2 Presentation of the KTV 

The KTV represents the content for modules 

exams and graduation exam. These two kinds of 

exams, albeit alike, as content are different. Each 

learning day, and by consequence, each course 

module has associated a set of grill-tests and a set 

of problems / case studies. These sets, by types, are 

of same cardinal. The set of grill-tests and the set 

of problems / case studies for the graduation exam, 

also by types, are from cardinality point of view 

greater than the previous ones, and also more 

difficult. If the KTL, in the electronic-course, is 

used like it is, the KTV is used for random 

generation of the exams, which must be different 

from one student to another. The degree of 

collisions must be very small, and if possible equal 

to zero. 

3 Example of Knowledge Thesaurus 

The knowledge thesaurus taken as example in this 

section belongs, obviously, to the MADM e- 

course. It provides knowledge regarding a basic 

problem of Decision Theory: the Optimal Choice 

Problem (OCP) [6]. The course is structured into 

four modules each of them having five learning 

days: 

1) Defining the mathematical model. This module 

presents the MADM mathematical model, which 

includes structured and unstructured [7] 

information: decision makers, states of nature, 

Figure 2. From regular learning to individual learning 

2) Normalization and solving methods for OCPs. 

This module presents different procedures of 

reducing multiple decision makers, multiple states 

of nature problems to single decision maker, single 

state of nature problems, as well as a large set of 

solving methods for this last kind of problem. The 

lessons are: a) OCPs generating, b) Solving 

methodology, c) Normalization methods, d) 

Characterization methods, e) Evaluation methods; 

19

3) IT for design of MADM software applications. 

This module covers three levels of technology 

(design specification, pseudo-code, and C++ code) 

for rapid design and development of MADM 

software applications. The lessons are: DB design 

specification, OCPs’ design specification, OCPs’ 

appealing, OCPs’ running, OCPs’ solutions; 

4) OPTCHOICE – MADM modeling and solving 

software. The last module is a tutorial on the 

MADM modeling and solving pervasive service 

(available to anyone on the Internet, free of charge, 

from any place and at any time). The service uses 

the software named OPTCHOICE, which covers 

the needs to define and solve optimal choice 

problems in the MADM paradigm. The lessons 

are: Software and hardware platform, Users’ 

registration, About DB using, MADM models 

editing, OCPs generating, solving and getting 

solutions. 

The lessons from these four modules originate 

in the book Multiple Attribute Decision Making – 

Theory and Practice written by the author of this 

paper. The book, in Romanian, is available on 

Internet in an electronic library at www.elibrarie.ro, 

mathematics section. 

Figure 3. The source of lessons’ content 

In the following will be given examples for: 

Grill-tests: 

In the framework of generalized MADM model, 

which elements characterize the states of nature’s 

set? 

a) Cod, Name, Description, Relative Importance. 

b) Name, Description, Relative Importance. 

c) Cod, Description, Relative Importance. 

d) Cod, Name, Relative Importance. 

e) Cod, Name, Description. 

Problems: 

An agricultural farm with vegetal production 

encounters a full process of growing. On its very - 

owned and, also, on the rented lands, different 

kinds of crops are cultivated according to the 

rotation system: wheat, oak, maize etc. The owner 

decides to buy a new piece of machinery, namely 

that potentially will allow performing the 

harvesting works without any rendering services, 

usually accessible only at the end of the harvesting 

season. The financial implications of rendering this 

king of services in these circumstances deal with 

large portion of lost production because of the 

overheating and the transportation cost from the 

machinery owner and the harvest location. On the 

other hand, the cost of new piece of machinery 

may exceed the current cash so that the farm 

owner decides on buying second-hand machinery 

but no old than 5 years. 

In the selection process, the experts 

recommend the following characteristics to be 

reviewed: 

1) The cost of the equipment, 

2) The gas consumption on a cut down and 

threshed hectare; 

3) Feasibility in functioning, 

4) The width of the header. 

So, obviously, the cost of the combine and the 

gas consumption should be as small is possible, 

and the feasibility in operating and the width of the 

header to the largest extend. As absolute degree of 

importance, these attributes have the following 

values for the farm owner: 40%, 30%, 20% and 

10%. 

Being willing to spend at most 95000 RON for 

purchasing the combine, by analyzing the current 

offers on the market, the owner identifies five 

possible combines that meet the prerequisites. 

These possible choices are given as a set of 

alternatives, noted by O, consisting of elements o 1 , 

o 2,…, o 5 , where 5 = Card O. 

According to the attributes expressing requirements, 

the first two do not raise any understanding 

problems, being given as follows: 

20

Costs: 90000, 85000, 95000, 75000, 78000 RON, 

Consumptions: 36, 35, 32, 40, 35 l/ha. 

The next two ask for some explanations. The 

maintenance property, as requested by actual 

standards, stipulates that in the harvest season, the 

equipment is described in one of the following 

states: position at rest, position at repair, position 

at work with the probabilities: 0.2, 0.1 respectively 

0.7. By studying the register cards about the 

equipment functioning, and taking into 

consideration the last three years (because two of 

the machines only worked three years), the 

following set of data was set (in conventional 

days): 

a) For the position at rest: 20, 15, 32, 30, 18; 

b) For the non-working position: 5, 7, 8, 8, 7; 

c) For the working position: 95, 98, 80, 82, 95. 

So, the maintenance attribute will be associated 

with three sub-attributes, namely: position at rest, 

position at repair, respectively, position at work. 

The header is the frontal component of the 

equipment, ensuring the harvesting operation. 

Even though the width of the header is inversely 

proportional to the advance speed, the experts 

establish that, according to the covered surface of 

threshing, it is more efficient a piece of machinery 

with a larger header in width as compared to the 

one with a smaller header. The width figures for 

the five pieces of machinery are: 

Header width: 5,8 6,6 6,4 5,2 6,0 meters. 

The attributes set is given by A, and its 

elements are noted with a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , a 6 , where 

6=card A, in which one should regard that the 

maintenance attribute is represented by three subattributes. 

Under these conditions, the optimal choice 

about the machinery is requested. 

Most frequent questions: 

Which is the main software instruments used in 

OPTCHOICE development? 

The software instruments, minimally enumerated, 

are: MySQL, PHP, MSVC, Java, Macromedia 

Dream-weaver MX, Flash MX, Voice, SnageIt. 

The grill-tests, the problems and the most 

frequent questions from the e-course’s modules 

originate in the practice of the designing 

consortium. It was possible because the project 

benefited from the work of a strong consortium: 

National Institute for Research and Development 

in Informatics - Bucharest (two research workers, 

three programmers and other specialists), 

University of Bucharest (two professors and three 

master students as programmers) and Bucharest 

Academy of Economic Studies (five professors 

and four students as programmers). 

Also, the same origin is for grill-tests and 

problems / case studies used for e-course exams. 

The four modules of the MADM electronic course 

can only be approached sequentially, following the 

order established by design, so that a higher-order 

module becomes available only after passing the 

exam given at the end of the preceding module. 

The course is successfully completed when passing 

a graduation exam, which can only be taken after 

passing five end-of-module exams. At the end of 

each module, 100 grill-tests, divided into 5 classes 

of 20 each, are made available for the exams. 

Throughout module #4, 100 problems with 

solutions are included. The students are expected 

to learn how to solve them or similar problems. An 

end-of-module exam consists of 10 randomly 

selected questions, one from each of the 

equivalence classes. A graduation exam consists of 

5 questions, one from each module, plus one of the 

available problems but with modified data. 

4. E-Course’s General Shell 

The GS is the software part of an e-course. It 

realizes the graphical user interface (GUI) between 

the e-course, as a system, and two categories of 

users: the students and the administrators. 

Therefore there are two regimes of functioning, 

utilization and administration. For both, students 

and administrators, there are specific registration 

procedures wich assure the access into the system 

with preserving the security exigencies. 

If the administrators initially transfer, and 

continuously up-date, the DC into GS and the 

students read the DC from GS, then is obvious that 

the GUI, in both situations, will be the same on all 

nodes of GUI’s tree but the leafs’ level. The 

screen organization is the folowing: 

a) On screen’s top there is a horizontal strep with 

the role of navigation over the modules and exams; 

b) On screen’s left side there is a vertical strep 

with the role of navigation over the learning days 

into a module. On the same strep one displays the 

MK; 

21

c) The rest of the screen, the main part, is 

dedicated to the displaying the leafs’ level of GUI. 

4.1 GS’ Using 

GS’ using means learning and verification. After 

positioning a module and a day, the student may 

read the corresponding lesson and solve the 

associated grill-tests and problems. The problems 

may be solved either by hand or by using the 

OPTCHOICE software. However, an indication of 

the success of the authors’ efforts in this course is 

when the students are capable of using proficiently 

the OPTCHOICE software. 

A very good help in learning is the consulting 

the most frequent questions. It is possible to ask 

questions and get answers as well. The existence 

of a forum associatead to the e-course offers a 

larger possibility to learn from the experience of 

other students. At the begining, the natural ranking 

of module and days must be respected but arrived 

at a given module-day, it is possible to access any 

module-day with smaller rang. After each module 

a module exam, also electronic, must be passed. It 

is the condition to have access to the following 

module. After passing the last module exam, it is 

compulsory to pass the graduation exam. Every 

exam can be interrupted on grill-tests three times 

and on problems / case studies also three times. 

The break must be less than 24 hours. It is to say 

that, in this case, the last exam item do not 

reappears at resuming. The e-course graduation is 

on 3 levels: beginner, professional and expert. 

4.2 GS’ Administration 

As said above, the GS’ administration means to 

have control on DC. There are procedures that load 

the GS’ knowledge and data base starting from 

.pdf files. The loading corresponds to the autopresentation, 

users’ guide, lessons, grill-tests and 

problems / case studies (for learning and exams), 

most frequent qestions. A special administration 

function is the exams generation. In order to avoid 

certain possible fraud methods specific to 

electronic-format exams, it is essential that each 

exam to be randomly generated from the questions 

and problems set in such a way that elementarylevel 

collisions in a long period of time in the past, 

are avoided. A direct approach of this problem, 

without any precaution, has a serious drawback: 

when a large number of students located in 

different parts of the world take exams, the 

response time to the query of generating new 

exams can be large enough to become frustrating 

for some of the students. Using mechanisms of 

planning the inputs crowding in the system (i.e. the 

queries of generating exams) and releasing the 

outputs from the system (i.e. the exams completion 

by students), a Monte Carlo algorithm prompts the 

administrators when to enrich the questions and 

problems sets, and also indirectly shows the 

necessary volume in each category. The Monte 

Carlo algorithm is not a simulation, but it is 

running at warm, because it generates exams. 

A special kind of administration is the 

administration of administrators and the 

administration of students. The e-course has a 

zero-level administrator wich possess all the 

administration rights and a number of one-level 

administrators. The head of administrators 

estabishes the rights in DC’s administration for the 

rest of administrators. The students administration 

suposes diplomas’ editing and sending, and 

passing the graduate or renouncing students in 

corresponding history files. 

4.3 GS’ Knowledge Base 

DC in this e-course, initially is loaded in .pdf files. 

Obviously, GS can work directly with these files 

but in this case the DC’s security is in big danger. 

Therefore a DB is necessary. GS’s DB is created 

using the MySQL, the GUI being realized using 

the PHP. This manner, DC is hidden because on 

disk is visible only one file representing the DB. 

The DB structure contains entities, and the entities 

(principal or link entities) contains fields of 

various types. Of paramount importance is the blob 

type that can hold .pdf files of large dimensions, as 

needed in this case. 

The security of GS’s DB is very well solved. 

For exterior, there is the Public Key Infrastructure 

(PKI) module that assures access control, user 

authentication, non-repudiation, integrity of data 

handling, digital signature etc. For interior, a 

special component manages the database integrity. 

5 Conclusions 

The service „Do learn yourself MADM!” runs on 

strong computers, administrated through the 

agency of ICT modern techniques, on the UB’s 

22

and ASE’s Intranet. An English version is in 

preparing and will be installed on Internet at ICI. 

The endowment equipment, i.e. powerfull servers, 

will be strong enough to assure informatics 

performance for this service that will be open 

world wide. 

The main gain from this research in the e- 

courses field is the technological results broadly 

presented in the paper. A general shell capable to 

be filled-in with diferent digital content is a very 

good tool to generate e-courses. The e-course 

generation’s time depends only on the capability to 

structure the domain material upon the general 

shell’s exigency. An e-course developed in this 

technology is easy to maintain and easy to utilize, 

having all caracteristics that may be demanded 

from a modern e-learning service. 

[8] J.C. Giarratano and Riley, G.D., Expert 

Systems: Principles and Programming - 3 rd 

edition. PWS Publishing Company, Boston, 

(1999). 

[9] http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/teaching/ 

resources/methods/elearning/mathemat519/ 

[10] http://www.wordreference.com/definition/ 

pervasive 

References 

[1] http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/ 

2010/et_2010_en.html. 

[2] C-L. Hwang, and K. Yoon, Multiple attribute 

decision making. Springer-Verlag, Berlin- 

Heidelberg, New York, (1981). 

[3] C-L. Hwang, and Lin, M.J. Group Decision 

Making under Multiple Criteria. Springer- 

Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg, New York, (1997). 

[4] Anderson, T. (2003). Modes of Interaction in 

Distance Education: Recent Developments and 

Research Questions. In M. Moore & W. 

Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of Distance 

Education (pp. 129-144). Mahwah, New 

Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 

[5] Gibson, C. (2003). Learners and Learning: The 

Need for Theory. In M. Moore & W. 

Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of Distance 

Education (pp. 147-160). Mahwah, New 

Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 

[6] Rumble, G. (2001). Reinventing Distance 

Education, 1971 - 2001. International Journal 

of Lifelong Education, 20, pp 31-43. 

[7] Resteanu, C., F.G. Filip, C. Ionescu and M. 

Somodi (1996). On Optimal Choice Problem 

Solving. In Proceedings of SMC ‘96 Congress 

(Beijing, October 14-17). A.P. Sage and W. 

Zheng (Eds.), IEEE Publising House, 

Piscataway NJ, pp. 1864-1869. 

23

Integrated transportation and raw material handling system based on RFID 

technology and wireless data transmission. A case study for thermo power 

industry 

Authors: 

eng. Marian Lăcraru, eng. Livia Ştefan, eng. Liviu Nicolae Jalbă, eng. Iolanda Costache, eng. 

Ovidiu Anicăi – ITC Bucuresti 

SC ITC SA Bucharest, Calea Floreasca 167 

Tel: 021 2031.832, Email: marian.lacraru@itc.ro 

eng. dr. Eugen Pop – IPA Bucuresti 

SC ITC SA Bucharest, Calea Floreasca 167b 

Email: epop@itc.ro 

Abstract: 

The system aims to answer specific logistics requirements in the field of solid fuel supply for the 

power system industry, that is to reduce the handling of paper documents by managing the data 

flows regarding the supply activities through the implementation of new technologies and 

integration of all actors participating in this activity (suppliers, transporters, beneficiaries). 

Specific system targets are achieved: a) implementation of an AVI system (automatic identification 

for both for road and rail vehicles which performs the supply of coal, a system which based on 

RFID technology; b) implementation of an system for automatic generation of weighing receipts, 

through association the identification information with weighing informations; c) implementation 

of wireless communications solutions between the weighing points and the administrative buildings, 

in order to collect the data at a central database with information about vehicles, coal suppliers, 

coal weighing, or to replicate system information to all weighing points. This allows the integration 

of data into an economic and financial management system; d) implementation of information and 

reporting applications for all the entities involved in the supply of solid fuels. 

Keywords: RFID, AVI, automatic weighing system 

1.System description 

Logistic systems are in general large and geographically dispersed, their complexity is caused by many 

factors, including interactions between decision makers, drivers, workers and clients, vehicles, transport and 

storage processes, informatic and communication systems. Many aspects of the logistics processes are 

probabilistic, dynamic, nonlinear, which causes the logistics systems to be most sensitive to small 

perturbations. The management and control of modern logistics systems is based on distributed multi-layered 

and hierarchically organized levels. Policy makers, distributors, drivers, customers have different interests 

and goals, different educational levels and different work experiences. Each perceive the situation in 

different ways and make decisions based on subjective perceptions. 

An activity flow for the case study in the thermo power industry is below described: 

• the coal is loaded in the transport provider vehicles, which can be trucks or railroad cars; 

• at the beneficiary the vehicles are weighed both before and after the coal is unloaded from the vehicles; 

• the information is either recorded in a FoxPro database or in a electronic file at the weighing points 

toghether with vehicle identification data; 

• a confirmation of the delivery for goods and services settlement is produced and printed on a paper 

document/receipt. 

The current status on the settlement of goods and services is requested by a confirmation of the amount of 

the delivered coal quantities,which occurs as follows: 

a) at the unloading location, for the transportation operator is issued and handed to the driver a receipt for 

each unloaded coal quantity; 

b) for the providers and for the beneficiary (the thermo power station) is issued regularly, on paper, a receipt 

of the quantities delivered/received. 

24

To improve the existing situation, a modern solution is proposed, through an integrated management system 

of data flows for the supply system, with data accessibility across the entire supply chain from supplier to 

customer. 

The information will be available both in real time and historically, in form of activity reports, published on a 

web portal. 

The technologies for the proposed system encompass: 

• Passive RFID (transponders, readers and antennas); 

• WLAN network (Wireless LAN) integrated into existing networks; 

• LAN connection to the internet via mobile data communication solutions (mobile Internet); 

• databases and database services; 

• desktop applications; 

• web applications; 

• accessories (pillars, gates, connecting accessories). 

Figure 1 System architecture 

Figure1 is describing the system architecture, which integrates products, processes, people, organizations, 

data and information with the objective that the system have support for the whole life cycle, i.e., for 

different phases of activity, starting from the initial requirement identification and continuing with system 

design and development, production, operating system and supporting his closing cycle, recycling, disposal 

of materials. 

The above mentioned components include: 

• RFID solution for identifying weighing vehicles; 

• Databases; 

• The application for weighing vehicles automatic identification; 

• The web portal for reporting activities regarding the coal transportation and supply; 

• Data communication solutions and database synchronization. 

The architecture is territorially and information distributed, and encompasses: 

• the weighing POINTS distributed at the thermal power station premises; 

• the HEADQUARTERS of the thermo power station; 

• the system administrator’s HEADQUARTERS that provides infrastructure for database server and web 

server hosting for the portal application. 

2. The integrated system methodology 

25

To determine the specific requirements of a logistical system it is necessary a good knowledge of the entire 

environment, of the geographic location system in which the system is to be implemented and used, the users 

and the availability of the technologies and the associated resources, the procurement system, etc. Therefore 

it is necessary: 

• to take a total top-down system approach, with the logistic support infrastructure, included as a major 

subsystem and directed to a specific set of objectives; 

• to take a total life cycle approach; 

• to make an agile and extremely flexible configuration of the logistic support infrastructure, based on an 

open architecture. 

The system-level requirements suffer from constant requirements change, therefore the integration of these 

requirements (both horizontally and vertically) with other systems is becoming more complex. 

3. The integrated solution 

For the implementation of the system requirements, the following solutions (see Figure 2) were defined: 

• WLAN with the existing Ethernet network and mobile Internet connection, compliant with the current 

standard security level; 

• passive RFID hardware and software solutions for system tag enrollment in order to implement an 

automatic identification of vehicle and integration with the applications controlling the weighing process. 

• software solutions for data consolidation and database storage of the cargo vehicle identification data, of 

the bruto and tara weighing data, corresponding to a weighing ticket; 

• communication software for client-server bidirectional data transfer between the local points for vehicle 

weighting and the local administrative section, and between this and the central remote server for data 

collection and processing. Microsoft SQL Server replication services through wireless support are used; 

• a web solution for reporting purposes alongside the supply chain, providing customized content; 

• data level integration with the existing economic and financial management systems. 

Figura 2 The integrated delivery system solution, based on RFID and wireless technologies 

The RFID and the communication system are the integrator elements supporting the automated data 

collection through the supply chain. 

4. Conclusions 

26

The proposed solutions for implementation of an integrated logistics system are based on new and costeffective 

technologies, adecquate for the real conditions at the beneficiary’s premises. The solutions aim to 

automate and streamline the activities of coal supply in a thermo power plant, where currently there is not a 

uptodate standard computerized system for data collection and integration. 

The data collected in the system will be centrally processed and used by all stakeholders in the distributed 

supply chain through a web portal. For the financial settlements, it will be achieved a better support, planning 

and use of resources. 

Bibliography 

1. http://www.advanced-logistics.com; 

2. NICOLAESCU, Ovidiu, s.a., CARTA ALBA A IMM-urilor din România 2007, CNPIMM 2007 

3. http://www.zenitkft.hu/ro/szolgaltatasok.php, 7 sep 2009 

4. http://free-logistics.com/index.php/Spec-Sheets/Logistics-Supply-Chain-KPI/Reverse-Logistics-KPI.html, 

7 sep 2009 

5. “RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification”, Klaus 

Finkenzeller; 

6. "Designing RFID applications", ESTIIC, INTERMET, www.rfid-in-action.eu, 2006; 

7. " Automatic Vehicle Identification using RFID- A first hand experience", P.Butani, Dr. Joseph John, 

Major Akash Dhole. 

27

, 

PLURI-VECTORS RENEWABLE ENERGIES & HYDROGEN 

COMPLEX RESEARCH, EDUCATIVE, TRAINING, 

PRODUCTION PARK, AT IPA SA, BUCHAREST. 

Gheorghe Mincu Săndulescu, Univ. Professor Dr. 

Mariana Bistran, Principal Research Scientist, 

Florian Udrescu, Principal Research Scientist 

IPA SA, Bucharest, www.ipa.ro, san@ipa.ro 

Note: The authors thanks to the MEC / MER , CNMP, for the support in the 

achievement of the PLURI-VECTORS RENEWABLE ENERGIES & HYDROGEN 

COMPLEX RESEARCH, EDUCATIVE, TRAINING, PRODUCTION PARK, AT IPA 

SA, BUCHAREST, for the support of the elaboration and publishing of this paper. 

In 2010, 50 years of research activities of IPA SA were accomplished, which was 

established in 1960, and about 40 years of IPA SA ‘ researches in renewable 

energies and monitoring of complex chemical processes. 

One of the interesting and important accomplishment of IPA SA / SICE team and 

department consists in realization of the complex Park: HYDROGENIA, at the IPA 

SA premises, in Bucharest. 

The pluri-vectors of renewable energies and also Hydrogen applications Park at IPA 

SA includes: 

PV systems, with the possibilities of experimentation of different types of PV 

panels, PV panels configuration, working at MPP, interfaces with the users, 

and the experimental platform, on the roof of IPA SA for PV systems 

measurements and experimentations, 

Eolian systems, including different types of eolian turbines, interfaces with 

turbines, 

Micro-Renewable Energies Sources, especially, micro-eolian systems and 

advanced configurations. 

Hydrogen Fuelled Fuel Cells and related, PC based, monitoring and 

supervising systems, 

Electrolysers, form the Hydrogen production, 

Tele-transmission and supervising systems. 

The following images present the part of the pluri-vectors renewable energies 

systems, respective part of PV systems, placed on the roof of the IPA SA. 

28

, 

29

, 

The following image present the working activities on the testing and experimentation 

platform installed on the IPA SA roof. 

The essential structure of the pluri-vectors renewable energies and also Hydrogen 

applications Park at IPA SA is illustrated in the following image: 

30

, 

UNIT n 

Fuel Cell 

EXTENSIONS 

UNIT x 

Inverter 

EXTENSIONS 

UNIT 

ENERGY 

ASSEMBLING 

Hydro gen 

UNIT 1. 

Storage 

UNIT 2. 

Fuel Cell 1 

UNIT 2. 

INVERTER 1 

c.c. / c.a. 

To c.c. users 

UNIT 

ENERGY 

ASSEMBLING 

UNIT 3. 

Fuel Cell 2 

UNIT 3. 

CONVERTER 2 

c.c./c.c. 

in 

in 

UNIT 4. 

PV 

Farm 1 

UNIT 5. 

INVERTER 1 

c.c. / c.a. 

c.a. 

c. c. 

UNIT 6. 

BATTERIES 1 

Energy flux a 

Energy flux b 

UNIT 5. 

INVERTER 2 

c.a. / c.c. 

UNIT 5. 

INVERTER 3 

c.c. / c.a. 

To c.a. users 

UNIT 5. 

Protection circuits for connection to c.a. 

UNIT 7. 

SYSTEM MONITORING 

UNIT K. 

PV FARM. 

EXTENSIONS 

UNIT x 

Inverter 

EXTENSIONS 

UNIT K. 

TURBINES. 

EXTENSIONS 

UNIT x 

Inverter 

EXTENSIONS 

The principal targets of this complex pluri-renewable energies and Hydrogen 

applications Park are: 

31

, 

A. Researches: 

Researches, inclusive on the pluri-renewable energies and Hydrogen Park in 

the urban areas and, separate in the rural areas. 

The compatibilities of the pluri-renewable energies, and especially of the wind 

turbines, with the urban environments, and urban rules of prohibiting eolian 

systems inside the urban areas, 

The acceptation and permitting of the Hydrogen applications inside the urban 

areas, 

The securities aspects, and the hazardous management at the implementation 

of the 

o Hydrogen systems, 

o Wind systems, 

o PV systems, 

o Other renewable systems. 

Wind Turbulences impact on the rural wind applications, 

Wind systems prohibiting rules, for the inside the wind systems inside the 

urban environments, 

Special focus on micro-renewable energies sources, especially on the microwind 

sources. 

B. Education 

C. Training. 

Pluri renewable systems, 

Hydrogen systems, 

Hybride systems. 

Systems control and Intelligent Systems control. 

Other important related scientific fields. 

in cooperation with different universities, 

in the adding of other scientific fields such as heat pumps, biomass, hydro. 

Direct and immediate training in the above fields. 

D. Pilot energy production and pilot operation. 

32

, 

E. Practical basis for the Participation in Joint Projects. 

F. Parts of the industrial activities. 

* * * 

The difficulties and obstacles in the achievement of this pluri-renewable energies and 

Hydrogen applications Park was many, but was, already with special efforts over 

passed. 

One important difficulty is generated by the fact that, many high level buildings are 

very quickly erected near the house on which we integrate this pluri-renewable 

energies and Hydrogen applications Park, growing the aspects, especially related to 

the shading, wind turbulences, hazards possibilities. 

The researches with this pluri-renewable energies and Hydrogen applications Park 

has generated multiple innovative accomplishment , between which 4 patents 

proposals submitted at OSIM. 

Between these patent proposals 2 are focused on the micro-wind systems inside the 

turbulent urban environment. 

Looking to cooperation which to include our expertise generated by this important 

and interesting this pluri-renewable energies and Hydrogen applications Park, 

Thanking you for yours attention, we wait yours questions and also we wait yours 

cooperation requests and proposals. 

33

Hydrogen and Renewable Energies in fighting against the 

3-rd Millenium crisis. 

Connections to the 

New European Directive on Renewables. 

GHEORGHE MINCU SĂNDULESCU 

Univ. Professor Dr. Eng., IPA SA, 

FLORIAN FILIP 

Academician, Vice President of the Romanian Academy, Academia Română, 

MARIANA BISTRAN 

Principal Research Scientist IPA SA, 

FLORIAN UDRESCU 

Principal Research Scientist IPA SA, 

Cornelia BISTRAN 

University of Medicine and Pharmacy “ Carol Davila “ 

Mottos: 

„The Economical Crisis as a Chance 

This is the time to invest in the future” [2.] 

The authors thanks to the Ministry of Education and Research and to the CNMP 

National Center for the support in the development of researches in Hydrogen 

applications and Hydrogen fields. 

Welcome to this, considered by us, interesting paper. 

We notice that the critical level of ideas of the following material, has required the 

proven with the too abundent citations. 

The eHydrogenia sigle in connection with first Hydrogen applications. 

“In 1766, hydrogen was detected for the first time as a new gas. Henry 

Cavendish had the idea to decompose vapour with a very hot iron bar. In this 

decompose process arose the so called Hydrogene (v. Gr. Hudoor=water, 

Gennaoo=generate) or waterforming material, which was translated as 

hydrogen” [11.] 

34

“ Early 1800’s to mid 1900’s – Town gas, a gaseous product manufactured 

from coal, supplies lighting and heating for America and Europe. Town gas is 

50% hydrogen, ... . Town gas is celebrated as a wonder, 

bringing light and heat to the civilized world. “ [12.] 

In 1874 , Jules Verne, in The Mysterious Island has written: “I believe that 

water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which 

constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of 

heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable.”[13.] 

................................................................................................................................. 

Now returning in the year 1783 – „Jacques Alexander Cesar Charles, a 

French physicist, launched the first hydrogen balloon flight. Known as 

"Charliere," the unmanned balloon flew to an altitude of three kilometers” . 

Only three months later, Charles himself flew the first manned hydrogen 

balloon.” 

The same pioneer has developed one people transport baloon. 

It has transported, in the year 1783, on about 3 miles, near Paris, at 

about 500 m high, 2 people and their sofa. 

This was one of the first, very visible and very sound, 

Hydrogen application, 

and in the year 

1783. 

This first, very visible, Hydrogen application has becomme the sigle of the 

European Conference eHydrogenia. 

35

Crisis and Hydrogen. Aspects at the global level. 

Hydrogen fuel appeared to have a massive future as a direct replacement for 

petrol/diesel. The aspect is close related to the of fossil fuel reserves. 

On the other hand the passing to the Hydrogen Economy is strong related to the 

energy consumption for the production of the Hydrogen: 

About 40 to 50 KW for the production of 1 Kg Hydrogen. 

1 Kg Hydrogen transports equivalent of about 30 KW. 

The Fuel Cells produce, from 1 Kg Hydrogen, about 15 KW 

electrical energy 

Global scale hydrogen production is connected to the consume of quantities of 

electrical energy, aspect which to seems to lead at the intensive use the nuclear 

energy, possible completed with the renewable energy. 

Following these considerations it is necessary to look at the complete scenario with 

minimum 3 vectors: 

Hydrogen as energy transporter, 

The extension of the Nuclear energy industry 

Waste management, where waste is the result of the nuclear energy 

production. 

Hydroge 

n as 

energy 

transport 

er, 

The 

extensio 

n of the 

Nuclear 

Energy 

Industry 

Nuclear 

Waste 

Management 

36

Following these considerations the Hydrogen Economy seems to be also, or firstly, 

one Nuclear Economy, and the solving the aspects of nuclear waste. 

„ If we can eventually attain a culture of less waste we may yet achieve a sustainable 

existence.” [1.]. 

Crisis and Hydrogen. The economical crisis effects on the Hydrogen technology and 

developments 

„What is the effect of the current economical crisis on hydrogen and fuel cell 

technology? A great part of it is still in the development phase, with profits not at 

hand, and public funds play an important role. How strict is the rule of the red pencil? 

After a survey over the quite diverse sectors of the field we can conclude with some 

satisfaction that while hydrogen and fuel cells are by no means exempt from the 

symptoms of the crisis, they are as a whole less affected than conventional business. 

The findings of DWV are thus in line with those of other environment or energy 

associations which also say that future oriented technology and business fields suffer 

less than the conventional ones. „ [2.] 

Some results and trends: 

Daimler: the first serial B class cars with fuel cell will be ready before the end 

of this year, with the mass production from 2015. 

“Similar statements can be made for Volkswagen and Ford as well as for 

BMW.” 

GM has announced the starting in 2012, of the production of the Hydrogen 

cars [10.]. 

„Industry insiders had speculated that the imminent retirement of existing boss 

Larry Burns would lead to the fuel-cell program being mothballed, but 

according to new R&D chief Alan Taub, GM will continue with its development 

of the technology.” [10.]. 

“Technology leadership is one of the pillars of the company,” said Taub. “That 

is going to remain, and it will probably be emphasised as part of the brand of 

GM.” [10.]. 

37

Toyota: announced also the mass production from 2015. [2.]. 

The stationary applications seems also to not detect the crisis: 

-in Germany are developed big Fuel Cells, of over 200 KW, 

A big number of small fuel cells, especially of 5 KW, are sold, where SFC 

Smart Fuel Cells received this year an order for more than 200 portable fuel 

cells from Volkswagen (for stationary applications / mobile energy stations 

(where SFC Smart Fuel Cells has sell about 13000 Fuel cells in the last 5 

years). 

MTU Onsite Energy, has also made steps in advance in the Fuel Cells market. 

Positive news, inclusive in the Hydrogen policy. 

Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen of the European 

Union is continuing the research programme; planed to run, normally up to 

2013, is in the normal development. 

„Developing New Energy for the future: Europe launches a 1 billion Euro 

project to get into pole position for the Fuel cells and Hydrogen race. 

On 14th October, the European Union and European Industry announce plans 

to make fuel cells and hydrogen one of Europe's leading new strategic energy 

technologies of the future. ........................ 

The European Commission, the European Industry and the European 

Research Community, which compose this public-private Joint Technology 

Initiative 

(JTI), will invest together nearly 1 billion Euros over six years in fuel cells and 

hydrogen research, technological development and demonstration. The goal is 

to achieve mass-market roll-out of these promising technologies before 2020.” 

The powerful National Innovation Program Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in 

Germany, planed to run, normally up to 2016, is in the normal development. 

Naming at this time as un clear aspect, is the position of the US Government, under 

president Obama's new Secretary of Energy Steven Chu . 

Mr. Chu has deleted the 100 M$ funding for mobile hydrogen [2.], allocated for other 

mobile researchers, aspect which may to present a change towaed the reinforcement 

of new energy fields and energy fields applications. 

It may to detect the new possible US government way, comparing with previous, 

where, in 2003-2004 when it is writting 

38

„This interest was recently highlighted by the "Hydrogen Initiative" launched in the 

United States by President Bush during his January 28th 2003 State of the Union 

Address, in which he announced the goal of reversing America’s dependence on 

imported oil. The President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative seeks to develop hydrogen, 

fuel cell, and infrastructure technologies needed to make it practical and costeffective 

for large numbers of Americans to use fuel cell vehicles by 2020” [4.]. 

It is necessary to emphasise that this is the possible government trend which seems 

to differ, comparing with the some US industry signals, for instance with the new 

initiatives of the restructured GM. 

CRISIS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY 

There are some aspects and ideas which need to be emphsasised: 

Cheaper oil is diluting demand for energy efficiency in Europe, and tighter 

financing is making it difficult for rewable energy companies to expand, or 

even survive. 

The rising cost of capital is making it harder for both consumer and suppliers 

of alternative energy equipment and services to finance new green projects. 

„Now, with demand weakening and prices in decline, the green sector is 

hoping for more government support to carry it through the economic turmoil.” 

[8.] 

The crisis will set apart companies that can invest in renewable energy from 

those that cannot. 

„The European green energy sector may be able to take advantage of an 

unexpected new source of backing: 

the United States. President-elect Barack Obama is expected to focus some of 

his estimated $700 billion stimulus package on eco-friendly businesses. 

Denmark's Vestas, for example, already manufactures wind turbines in the US 

and could be well placed to profit from government investment in clean 

technology. 

Iberian renewable energy producers Iberdrola Renovables (EBER.F) and EDP 

Renovaveis (EDPR.LS)—already America's second- and third-largest wind 

energy producers, respectively -- similarly stand to benefit from federal 

assistance for renewables.” [8.] 

CONNECTIONS TO THE NEW EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE ON RENEWABLE. 

The European Parliamnent has adopted the DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE 

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the 

39

promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and 

subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. 

„Article 3 < from DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC > 

Mandatory national overall targets and measures for the use of energy from 

renewable sources1. 

Each Member State shall ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources, 

calculated in accordance with Articles 5 to 11, 

in gross final consumption of energy in 2020 

is at least its national overall target for the share of energy from renewable sources in 

that year, as set out in the third column of the table in part A of Annex I. Such 

mandatory national overall targets are consistent with a target of 

at least a 20 % 

share of energy from renewable sources in the Community’s gross final consumption 

of energy in 2020. In order to achieve the targets laid down in this Article more easily, 

each Member State shall promote and encourage energy efficiency and energy 

saving. „ [16.] . 

„Agreement has been reached on the European Union Renewable Energy Directive 

that could pave the way for the economic bloc to achieve its plans 

for a 20% renewables contribution to total energy demand and 

a 20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions 

by 2020, 

he so-called 20:20:20 plan.” [15.] 

Now it is clear that the actions inside the crisis and after the crisis it is necessary to 

be correlated with these requirements. 

The Directive 2009/28/EC may to be, through the requirements, one stimulent in the 

anti-crisis actions, for the growing of the reneable energy integration and the growing 

of the new labour places. 

The sources emphasize that the Member States may use cooperation mechanisms 

to reach their targets, face to the requirements of the New EU Directive on 

renewable: 

40

Statistical transfer of RES target shares between MS 

Joint projects between MS 

Joint projects between MS and third countries 

Joint support schemes [17.]. 

ONLY REFLECTIONS, NOT CONCLUSIONS. 

„The social significance of the energy economy makes is necessary to use the 

whole spectrum of sustainable energy sources as well as that of storage, 

transport, and conversion technologies, depending on the application. This is 

the energy mix of tomorrow. Hydrogen and fuel cells are part of it.” [3.]. 

We do not neglect the differences between US, Europe and US government 

ways of development in the fields of the Hydrogen applications, firstly in 

mobile fields, with the emphasising of possible differences between the US 

industry trends (which claim the mass production of Hydrogen cars from 

2012), and US government new orientation in researches balance. 

Important steps in Hydrogen developments promotion are generated by the 

fact that, between May 17 and 21 next year, the German city of Essen will be 

the world capital of hydrogen energy for one week. The 18. World Hydrogen 

Energy Conference will be held in North Rhine-Westphalia, together with an 

exhibition. 

The Hydrogen developments in firms remain very active. 

The Hydrogen developments under governmental and / or European umbrella 

remain active, especially based on the governments and EU supports, 

inclusive FP7 Programme. 

We do not neglect the differences between US, Europe and US government 

ways of development in the fields of the Hydrogen applications, firstly in 

mobile fields, with the emphasising of possible differences between the US 

industry trends (which claim the mass production of Hydrogen cars from 

2012), and US government trends. 

The renewable diminishes the positive trends and require government 

supports. 

The Hydrogen and renewable have the potential to create many new labour 

places and fight against the crisis. 

“First round of RES-E and RES transport targets for 2010; most MS are 

lagging behind their national targets 

41

New, more ambitious RES directive with binding targets pushes for further 

growth of renewable until 2020 . 

Member States have to do serious effort to reach their targets” [17.] 

But above sentenced aspect is also one important chlenge for the industry and 

services, the launching of the new labour places, component of success in the 

fighting against the crisis. 

Excerpt of the Bibliography. 

[1.] Chris A Watkins: 

The Fossil Fuel Crisis – Hydrogen as an Alternative. 

http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/214007/mileage_and_fuel/the_fossil_fuel_crisis__hydroge 

n_as_an_alternative.html 

[2.] Published by the German Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association (DWV), Berlin 

Editor: Dr. Ulrich Schmidtchen, Berlin : Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in times of the Crisis 

How do countries and industry cope with the problems? 

http://www.dwv-info.de/e/index.html 

[3.] Published by the German Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association (DWV), Berlin 

Editor: Dr. Ulrich Schmidtchen, Berlin : 

Germany to host the Hydrogen world 

Preparations for Hydrogen Energy World Conference enter final phase 

http://www.dwv-info.de/e/index.html 

[4.] A. Wokaun, U. Baltensperger, K. Boulouchos, F. Gassmann, W. Hoffelner, P. Jansohn, R. 

Palumbo, G. Scherer, A. Steinfeld, S. Stucki, 

IntroductionThe Role of Hydrogen 

in a Future Sustainable Energy System 

Under which Circumstances does a Hydrogen Economy Make Sense? 

Paul Scherrer Institut and ETH Zurich 

October 18, 2004 

[5.] *** HOW TO SOLVE THE FINANCIAL CRISIS 

PLAN B = PLAN BIOREACTION 

http://www.solvethefinancialcrisis.com/ 

[6.] *** Crisis will filter renewable energy projects 

Ziarul Financiar 17.11.2008 

[7.] *** Reportlinker Adds Global Renewable Energy Market Growth Amidst Financial 

42

Crisis.(Industry overview) 

Business Wire | June 4, 2009 | Copyright 

[8.] Mark Scott: Not Easy Being Green. The Downturn Hits Renewable Energy 

http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,593921,00.html 

[9.] C. de Keizer, E.A. Alsema, W. van Sark 

Socio-Economic Aspects of Photovoltaic Energy Technology 

December 2006 

Report NWS-2006-250 

Department of Science, Technology and Society 

Copernicus Institute 

Utrecht University 

[10.] Originally Posted by Andrew Williams GM to Sell Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car By 2012 Aug 18th, 

2009, http://www.theglobalwarmingstatistics.org/global-warming-blog/gm-to-sell-hydrogen-fuel-cellcar-by-2012 

[11.] *** H2 a solution for the future. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110881/hydrogen_en.html 

[12.] *** Hydrogen Now. http://www.hydrogennow.org/Facts/History.htm 

[13.]*** The History of the Hydrogen. 

http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/factSheet_history.pdf 

[14.] Andreas Züttel, Andreas Borgschulte, Louis Schlapbach (Eds.): HYDROGEN AS A FUTURE 

ENERGY CARRIER, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, GERMANY, ISBN: 978-3- 

527-30817-0, 2008, XIV+427 pages. 

[15.] Renewable Energy World.Com: EU Passes New Climate Directive , 10 decembrie 2008 

[16.] DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL 

of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending 

and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC 

(Text with EEA relevance) 

[17.] ***Developing New Energy for the future: Europe launches a 1 billion Euro 

project to get into pole position for the Fuel cells and Hydrogen race 

Brussels, 14 October 2008, New Energy World. 

http://ec.europa.eu/research/fch/index_en.cfm?pg=events 

http://ec.europa.eu/research/fch/pdf/1billioneuro_fch_race_14oct08.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none 

43

Measurement methods regarding the quotations of a 

Permanent GNSS station in altitudinal system MN 75 


Abstract: The scope of the paper is to benchmark in the system of normal altitudes, with 

reference plan The Black Sea 1975 (ed. 1990), the GNSS permanent functioning stations and to 

search based on a comparative study the possibilities of use of the GPS technology for this type 

of works. 

To achieve the benchmarking of the GNSS permanent working stations (RN-SGP)for 

integrating them in a national altitude system two complementary type of works are necessary, 

that do not have to be executed successively, in field operation could have been done in reverse 

order. 

The first operation consists in sending a benchmark from two points of levelling of the 

national-network or local network at two or three points that should be materialized during the 

listing and benchmarking operation 

These points will be established on the spot depending on the visibility. Points will be 

materialized on the ground. 

The second operation consists in the transmission through polar levelling of the 

benchmark to the permanent station. After permanent station sites descriptions, for sure one will 

meet on the spot the following two situations: 

a) The variant where ground targeting is possible directly to the permanent station. 

b) The variant where is no possibility of direct targeting. In this situation it is mandatory 

to materialize at least one point to which can be covered from the ground and to have visibility 

between this point and the permanent station. 

Keywords: GNSS permanent station, normal altitude system, 

1. Introduction 

The scope of the paper is to benchmark in the system of normal altitudes, with reference 

plan The Black Sea 1975 (ed. 1990), t he GNSS permanent functioning stations and to search 

based on a comparative study the possibilities of use of the GPS technology for this type of 

works. 

To achieve the benchmarking of the GNSS permanent working stations (RN-SGP)for 

integrating them in a national altitude system two complementary type of works are necessary, 

that do not have to be executed successively, in field operation could have been done in reverse 

order. 

The first operation consists in sending a benchmark from two points of levelling of the 

national-network or local network at two or three points that should be materialized during the 

listing and benchmarking operation 

These points will be established on the spot depending on the visibility. Points will be 

materialized on the ground. 

44

The second operation consists in the transmission through polar levelling of the 

benchmark to the permanent station. After permanent station sites descriptions, for sure one will 

meet on the spot the following two situations: 

a) The variant where ground targeting is possible directly to the permanent station. 

b) The variant where is no possibility of direct targeting. In this situation it is mandatory 

to materialize at least one point to which can be covered from the ground and to have visibility 

between this point and the permanent station. 

The 49 stations from RN–SGP installed until now, are provided with GNSS equipment 

produced by Ashtech, Leica and Topcon, the types of antennas are Ashtech ASH701945B_M, 

Leica AT504, Leica AT504 GG, Leica AX1202 or Topcon CR-G3,with standardized dimensions 

and performing. 

To achieve this work, starting from the need to achieve a precision of +/- 30mm for 

antennas marking, a manufacturing project was made in the CNGCFT level, describing to the 

manner of implementation, of technical, human and material means necessary and of the work 

stages. 

The listing SGP antennas has been agreed to be achieve by the short distance polar 

levelment, less than 200m in this case, done in two or three points materialized on the ground 

with metal stakes (witness) placed in positions from which to see the antenna , stakes that were 

benchmarked by geometric levelling precision through levelling lines scored in geometrical 

landmark of orders I-IV. 

In parallel to classical methodology, and with GPS technology on one of the stakes, 

usually noted on the number 1, aiming to establish under what conditions of accuracy one can 

determine the difference in level and benchmark at the reference point of the antenna (ARP) of 

the permanent station compared with the classical method. 

2. Field operations 

2.1. Land recognition 

Based on inventories of benchmarks required by the National Geodetic Fund (FNG), in 

field were recognized the pikes of geometrical, approx. 4-5 points at each GSP, regardless of the 

order of lines in which are included, but subject to the condition of being as easily accessible and 

to be at a smaller distance from the permanent station. 

One can understand that due to the large percent of destruction of the pikes, that means 

marks of type A and B, RNG, type IV terminals, etc., from the lines of geometrical levelment, 

this goal was not always respected and in extreme cases where all the steaks were destroyed 

instead were used buried steaks, type RNA IGFCOT (Steak of Depth Levelment) or ground 

steaks type I-III, DTM or IGFCOT, from which to mark the witness pikes.. 

Starting with the measurements of stage IV it was decided that where the steaks of 

geometric leveling are situated at about 1-1.2 km and they are suitable to be stationed with GPS 

technology and if the distance is greater, to be stationed in SGP marker for surveying and two 

receivers to be placed on the points listed to ensure a geometry in order to study the degree of 

accuracy and distance until you can provide an accuracy comparable to that imposed on those 

works or similar ones. 

45

During the recognition of the work, there have been done descriptions of sites for witness 

stakes planted, and their picture, a picture of the stake and four pictures on the cardinal direction 

points (obstructions) for each of them. 

In the file created for each GSP was prepared a "Draft of planting" on which was set the 

Final position of the network consisting of witness stakes and marks of geometric levelling of the 

antenna that was quoted. 

2.2. Geometric levelling 

After carrying out the reconnaissance work, depending on the geometrical levelling pikes 

of Ord-IV lines identified in the field and through the materialisation of witness metal stakes that 

were rated for the GSP-sized antennas, one has switched to the execution of precision geometric 

levelling for their listing. 

Surveying measurements were made as the methodology, in terms of geometrical 

levelling of ord.II, in which differences in level of 4 values are obtained, two on each direction, 

and has-been imposed a tolerance of +/-2mm Lkm . 

The surveying team, used a spirit level Zeiss Ni002, with a 3m Invar, with dual scale and 

measurements were made with equal portions of up to 35m, corresponding to its levelling of ord. 

0. 

Observations were recorded in specific books for levelling precision, two surveying books 

for each section (one on each direction), books that were made to field calculations, checking 

compliance with tolerance and calculating the differences in average level , lengths of sections, 

the tolerance level and the difference between difference of level to and fro. 

Depending on the number of benchmarks found and their distance from the SGP, rating 

was performed by suspended road windings by closed (polygon) road windings, taking all the 

measures for the results to be entered in order of their levelling executed tolerance and the order 

of the line which were part the used pikes . 

To determine the differences of height, telescope axis of the targeting instrument from 

the point marked on the ground, is measured by surveying levelling poles with invar band. 

2.3. Polar levelling 

As in very rare situations, you can transmit the ARP's benchmark by the polar distance 

method which is widely accepted for this kind of work, and ensuring accuracy comparable with 

the method of geometrical levelling of the III ord. (+/-10mm Lkm )and better for distances up 

to 200m. 

The mode of listing was inspired by listing the descent to the ground triangulation points 

of city networks, where these are located on the pilasters on tall buildings, but in this situation the 

zenith observations from witness pegs to the GSP antennas, were not mutual but only from 

ground to antenna, targeting being executed on a target sights consisting of a collant with a cross 

with a horizontal wire located at 3 cm of the base , which was applied on the antenna to its base, 

on the directions on which could be observed from the control points. 

Accuracy of results is directly influenced especially by the precision with which the device 

and measured the height of the signal (target elevation) were measured, and the scoring accuracy. 

46

The observations have been made with Leica TCR 1203 observation station, in three 

levels of height of the apparatus with three pointing in each level, that is that for each station 

minimum nine values of level difference have been done from the witness metal stake to the 

BCR and to the ARP antenna. 

For each GSP was given a notebook in which are registered field observations and 

calculations for the 9 series of level differences measured in each of the 2 witnesses metal stakes, 

from which were determined the rates from above. 

The spread of individual values ranged from differences in level has been situated at a 

minimum of 1.0 mm in witness pike nr.1 (SLO1) and maximum of 5.4 mm in witness stake nr. 2 

(SLO2), by chance both in the levelling network of the antenna of SGP Slobozia. 

Regarding the spread of these individually obtained values, very good in principle for this 

kind of measurements, the spread between the rates transmitted from the antenna of the two 

witnesses stakes geometrically ranged has varied between 0 mm at SGP Lehliu and 6 mm at 

SGP Buzău, the general dominant value being 2 mm at the other stations. 

2.4. GPS Observations 

In parallel with conventional technology, GPS technology was used by stationing one of 

pickets, usually the one at No. 1, aiming to determine under what conditions one can accurately 

determine the difference in level at the antenna reference point ( PRA) of the permanent station 

compared with the classical method. This action was carried out in parallel with the polar 

execution control pike No. 2, the period of observation was 2 hours and the equipment used is a 

kit Trimble 4000 SSE with all the necessary annexes. 

As noted before, close stakes positions were chosen primarily on grounds of being as 

close and see the antenna's of the SGP and not take into account the obstructions which adversely 

affect the GPS observations. 

After the first step it was recommended to choose an area with no obstructions, one would 

plant even a third metal stake that though it does not see the antenna SGP it should be rated as 

the others, in order to take out height antenna with most attention and according to the existing 

form and especially at the beginning and end of observations period. 

To study the possibilities of implementing SGP listing with GPS technology in all campaigns of 

measurements one have materialized one or two stakes at greater distances, up to 1834 km at 

SGP Timişoara. 

3. Processing of measurements. 

After field work, geometric and trigonometric levelling observations were calculated in 

the field books and have made the necessary checks to ensure the quality of observations and also 

if tolerances were met. 

In the office the calculations were verified and centralized for each SGP, the summary 

tables in which analysis and calculations have been done. 

Regarding the GPS measurements, after completion of field work phase, the observations 

were downloaded from the receivers and were centralized on the sessions, the calculations were 

checked and antenna heights were checked from DGC (Department of Geodesy and Cartography) 

the observations from each SGP and every session. ID of the witness stakes was derived from 

47

the ID of the SGP, one has changed the last letter with the figure 1, 2 or 3, according the 

stationed pike. 

Processing of GPS observations were performed with TGO v1.0 software. 

Listing of the 49 permanent stations GNSS was performed in 7 stages of measurements, 

the 8th round is listing of the permanent station GNSS Bucuresti. Since from one stage to 

another, the system design of routes and the geometric and trigonometric levelling have 

improved, in the following we shall present the conclusions emerged from measurements of 

phases IV, V, VI, VII, and the geometric levelling route done in Bucharest, as an Annex. Also, in 

these latter stages GPS observations were made not only in position 1 where polar measurements 

were made but also at longer distances. 

Some statistics on these measures will cover all stages of measurements. 

3.1. Comments on the measurements made 

Based on ellipsoid rates obtained by GPS technology, and shares obtained by the classical 

technology on peg 1, in the Comparative Table of obtained SGP levels with levelling differences 

determined with GPS technology and classic technology, have been calculated the differences of 

level at the ARP through the two methods, their values being between -13mm at SGP BISTRIŢA 

NÃSÃUD antenna and -15 mm at SGP DOROHOI antenna. 

The differences obtained have been calculated between the ARP levels obtained through 

classic means and through GPS technology, the values of the differences to the distance of about 

1km, being between -7mm at SGP DOROHOI and +38 mm at SGP DOROHOI station. 

3.2. Conclusion. 

The scope of the paper is to benchmark in the system of normal altitudes, with reference 

plan The Black Sea 1975 (ed. 1990),the GNSS permanent functioning stations and to search 

based on a comparative study the possibilities of use of the GPS technology for this type of 

works. 

The results obtained with the two technologies, classic and GPS, with small exceptions, 

are very good, the differences between the levels determined with the classic technology , as a 

reference and the levels obtained with the GPS technology for the GNSS permanent stations for 

the 4 stages of measurements, are very good and demonstrated by the fact that the maximum 

value in absolute value is–15mm and thus not exceeding the tolerance demanded by the 

beneficiary, which is +/-30mm. Starting and analysis of the data obtained at this stage, 

statistically, in the following table (tab.1) are going to be presented in percentage, the 

differences obtained through the two technologies, in stage VII 

Tab.1 

Nr. Spacing No. of SGP Percent 

1 0- 5mm 1 20% 

2 5-10mm 2 40% 

3 10-15mm 2 40% 

4 15-30mm - - 

5 30-35mm - - 

Total 5 100% 

48

As we can see at all the 5 SGPs , that is 100% of the SGP benchmarked through the two 

technologies during the current stage, the spacing is under +/-15mm, the maximum value being 

at SGP Dorohoi. 

A statistic of the first seven stages, the spread rates determined from points close , under 

200m by the two technologies are presented in the table below (tab.2): 

Tab.2 

Nr. Spacing No. of SGP Percent 

1 0 - 5mm 21 48% 

2 5-10mm 7 16% 

3 10-15mm 9 20% 

4 15-30mm 3 7% 

5 > 30mm 4 9% 

Total 44 100% 

By analysing the tab.2, we can draw the following conclusions: 

- at a rate of 48% of the stations listed, the difference between the SGPs rates sites 

determined by the two technologies is under + /-5mm, a percentage of 91% of the stations listed 

have accuracy below + / -30 mm, the difference of 9% i.e. 4 out of 44 stations listed up to now, 

are not falling in the imposed tolerance of + / -30 mm and it is sure that this is due to misconduct 

cases reported above; 

- out of these stations one has a difference of 51 mm (ARA1) and is therefore affected 

by errors, and two have differences that overpass by little the imposed tolerance, namely up to 

+32 mm. 

These two statistical tables relating to the ARP's shares of the antennas determined by 

witnesses placed at distances up to 200m from the SGP, and after stage IV we can conclude that 

at larger distances up to 1km and even over 1km, listing with GPS technology can be used, 

leading to good results in terms of compliance with a tolerance to + / -30 mm. 

From the data obtained in phases IV, V, VI and VII (29 values, 8 of which at this stage) 

in the table below is presented statistically the following situation: 

Tab.3 

Nr. 

Spacing 

No. of 

SGP 

Percent 

Nr. 

1 00-10mm 12 41% D

following two, one of the distances from the point of cl. B, BT04 is 2.9 km, but it should be noted 

that tolerance is not exceeded at any of the 4 stations, with more than 2mm. 

It should be noted that in these last 4 stages, in which has experienced the listing with 

GPS technology of the permanent stations, in compliance with tolerance of + /-30mm, the points 

listed geometrically located at greater distances of 0.20 km, up to about 2,9 km were used outside 

the points quoted geometrically and 5 Class B GPS points of the network of Romania, executed 

in 2003, were quoted as geometrical points in the phase of the year 2007, when work triggered to 

achieve a geometric qvasigeoid, when they were geometrical listed 48 Class B or C points, placed 

uniformly across the country. 

Of these 5 points, BT04 point has exceeded with only 1mm the tolerance at 2.94 km and 

points TM04 and NT04 have exceeded the tolerance with 2mm at 2.38 km the first and the 

second with 7mm at 0.35 km. 

The other two points, respectively BN03 and HR03, the first located at 0.28 km of SGP 

Gheorgheni exceeds by far the tolerance, with the difference of 0.210 m and the second situated 

at 2.38 km from Bistrita SGP also exceeds the tolerance, with the difference of 0.118 m. 

These 2 points are not the only points which give these large of the differences and allow 

us to reaffirm that they are not wrong geometrical levels but the ellipsoidal level errors, which 

have values determined separately from the SGP that are located in the sites with about 5 years 

before put them into operation. 

We consider that all these points of the class B network, reported at the completion of 

the class C network in counties during 2007 and 2008 and the specific work of antennae 

benchmarking at SP GNSS, of the last year, must be the object of a special paper dedicated to the 

verification and redetermination. 

As in all stages of measurements already done, the quasi-geoids ondulations were 

calculated from the ellipsoid GRS80 with the formula: 

H ETRS89 =H N +ζ (1) 

In which : 

- H ETRS89 the ellipsoid level GRS80, determined through the GPS technology; 

- H N the normal level to the quasi-geoids, determined through precision levelment; 

- ζ the height of the quasi-geoids to the ellipsoid; 

It is noted that after seven stages of measurements, 44 of SP GNSS antennas from the 

counties (tab.2) were rated by two methods. Listing was made from 73 witness points and GPS 

stationed, of which 44 points were evidenced by metal stakes and placed at max. 0.2 km of the 

antennas to be quoted by a short polar distance levelment and 29 points were located at greater 

distances, on average, about 1.0 km and more, with a maximum of up to 2.9 kilometres from the 

antenna and consisting of metal stakes as new points, that are located in positions with very good 

GPS location and quoted by geometric levelling, or Class B terminals from the ETRS89 network, 

geometrically listed in 2007 or now located in areas close to the GSP sites in each county in 

question. . 

If for short distances, up to 0.20 km, the conclusions presented are clear, at greater 

distances, a statistic that can be looked upon in tab.3, gives us the possibility to state that 

approximately 80% of measurements fall within the tolerance of + / - 30mm when the distance 

provided by the GPS listing station from SGP varies between 0.3 km and 2.1 km, and differences 

in values for about 60% of measurements are very good, that is in + / - 20mm. 

50

We shall make a comparison and analysis of the rates determined through classical 

method, with GPS technology and with Transdat v3.03 and do assessments on these results. 

We have analyzed each SGP rates and of the witnesses from which the levels have been 

determined by the three methods, reference being obtained by classical methods of shares 

geometric and trigonometric levelling and which will be compared and discussed the other two 

methods 

From the differences of the three methods of levelling, the values are in – 17mm at the 

level of SGP DORO obtained through GPS technology at a distance of 0,05km from the steak 

DOR1 and +37mm at the level SGP PINT, obtained from de cl.B, NT04 point, obtained through 

GPS technology at a distance of 0,35km. 

The 15 levels differences, besides that from SGP PINT obtained from NT04, have values 

under the tolerance of +/- 30mm, with the exception of the difference of +36mm from DOR3 and 

of the difference of +32mm from CIU3, both at relatively long distances. 

The extreme values for the other SGP-s, are between +0,108m in steak BIS4 and 

+0,302m in SGP PINT. It is possible that there differences to appear not to the levels determined 

with the GPS technology but to the calculation mode of Transdat v3.03 in the domain of level 

transformation. 

Of the 4 counties that are part of Phase VII, 3 are located in the north central area of the 

country and include Bistrita Nasaud, Harghita and Neamt and one is isolated in the north-east 

of the country, bordering with the Republic Moldova, namely Botosani County. 

The medium differences on the three coordinates, are between -0,129m and +0,097m on 

X axis, between – 0,148m and +0,196m on Y axis and between -0,22m and +0,37m on H level, 

as it should be normal with the largest difference on the level, the largest values being at SGP 

Piatra Neamţ. 

Bistriţa Năsăud County, the most western of the counties of this stage, has one SGP at 

Bistriţa. The two variants of Transdat v3.02 and v3.03 an the Helmert transformation have 

generated values of the plan coordinate differences that are between -0,8cm and +8,9cm on X 

and between +7,4cm and +5,5cm on Y and values between +14,0cm and +9,0cm, on the height. 

The number of points with common coordinates on one county is of 12 points disposed in 

an uniform way on the surface, and the Transdat, in v3.02 and v3.03, has generated differences of 

+9,7cm on X, -1,9cm on Y and -5,0cm on H. 

Between the levels at v3.03 of the precise determined level, the difference is of +12,6cm, 

an almost identical value with the one that is the failure of the difference of the two methods of 

levelling, on the B class terminal BN03, that is +11,8cm. 

We recall that probably to stabilize the value of converted coordinates from one version to 

another of the application Transdat, will occur when in the network one will not introduce new 

common points. 

We can state that the values obtained with the Helmert transformation remain the most 

precise and consistent values to old or new zone points and their values do not change, even if 

common points are introduced in the county, in the neighbouring counties or in the network. 

Harghita County, situated in the centre of this stage, has two SGP, one at Gheorgheni, in 

the north, and one at Miercurea Ciuc, in the south. 

The two variants of Transdat v3.02 and v3.03 an the Helmert transformation have 

generated values at SGP Miercurea Ciuc of the plan coordinate differences that are between - 

0,7cm and +4,9cm on X and between -9,6cm and +0,5cm on Y and values between -29,0cm and 

-24,0cm, on the height. 

51

Between the levels, at v3.03 to the precise determined mark, the difference is +20,0cm, 

value almost identical with the wrong one, difference between the two levelling methods, on the 

class B terminal, HR04, that is +21,0cm situation already signalled and with its cause somehow 

defined.. 

The number of points with common coordinates at the county level, is about 10 points 

almost uniformly disposed on the surface of the county, and v3.02and v3.03 have generated 

differences of -2,1cm on X, +10,1cm on Y and +4,0cm on H. 

At SGP Gheorgheni, we had no possibility of Helmert transformation, and v3.02 and 

v3.03 have generated differences -2,7cm on X, -1,7cm on Y and -17,0cm on H these values being 

generated by 10 common points disposed at the level of the county. 

Neamţ County, the most eastern of the counties of this stage, for both versions of 

Transdat has used 11 common points. 

The two versions of Transdat v3.02 and v3.03 and the Helmert transformation have 

generated values of plan coordinate differences of -12,9cm and -6,6cm on X, between +18,7cm 

and +19,6cm on Y and values between +37,0cm and +15,0cm, on the height. 

Between the levels of the SP GNSS antenna, at v3.03, of the precise determined level the 

difference is +30,0cm, almost identical value with the wrong difference between the two methods 

of levelling, on the class B terminal, NT04, that is +24,0cm, the geometrical level of this terminal 

being predetermined and now being correct and usable in any work. 

Between v3.02 and v3.03 of Transdat have been generated coordinate differences 

+6,3cm on X, +0,9cm on Y and -22,0cm on H, the correct value being the one from v3.02. 

Botoşani County, is a north-east situated county, and from Transdat, v3.02 at v3.03, has 

beneficiated of the increase of common points from 9 points to 41 points as a results of the 

achievement of the class C network, and of the mounting in 2008 of the SP GNSS Botoşani. 

Between the two versions of Transdat v3.02 and v3.03 and Helmert transformation, the 

differences of coordinates are -0.2cm and +5.8cm on X, between -14,8cm and +2,7cm on Y and - 

3,0km and +1,0cm, on level H. 

There are differences between the results obtained using the two versions of Transdat and 

their values have similar behaviour to those found in Suceava County, in the earlier stages. 

From the analysis of the mode of change from Transdat v3.03, to v3.02, we can draw the 

following conclusions : 

- Introducing of new points with coordinates that are in common, in the grid similar to 

Nadcon grid of U.S., produce regional effects with significant differences between the two 

versions and have no particular explanation especially for planimetry coordinates, but which may 

have differences falling within the tolerances that are in the precision of triangulation network of 

ord.I-IV. 

- The transformed coordinate values in the areas of common ground density of about 1 

pct/200 skm, lead to coordinates with similar values and differences with the Helmert 

transformation, especially in plane coordinates. 

- Any new point introduced in the network with common coordinates, produces system 

influences and modifies the transformed coordinates with the new version. 

- In these circumstances it is clear that the Helmert transformation is very good, because 

all the rates that are determined by Helmert method, are directly comparable with the rates 

determined directly. 

52

In the following we are going to do a statistical analysis on 5 groups of distances, from 

0,15km to 2,9km, from 500 to 500m, for 29 level differences, determined through GPS 

technology and measured in stages IV - VII. 

Out of the 29 differences, 24 differences from the first four groups fall within the 

tolerance of + / - 30mm the situation being the following on groups of distances: 

- gr. I, distances from 150m to 500m, has four differences with values between -7mm to 

+26 mm with a medium difference value of 13.3 mm; 

- gr. II, distances from 500m to 1000m, has nine differences with values between -16mm 

to +17mm with a medium difference value of 7,1mm; 

- gr. III, distances from 1000m la 1500m, has eight differences with values between - 

29mm to +29mm with a medium difference value of 13,4mm; 

- gr. IV, distances from 1500m to 3000m, has three differences with values between 

+25mm to +31mm for a distance of 2,9km, with a medium difference value of 28,0mm; 

In gr.V there are 5 distances, from the 29 analysed, that overpass the tolerance of +/- 

30mm, with values between 2mm and 8mm. 

In gr.VI we have the two cl.B points with wrong ellipsoid marks, with the values 

mentioned before , levels that influence the precision of the geometrical quasi-geoide that is in 

train of construction. 

Analyzing this group of measurements, we can say with certainty that for distances up to 

1500m, with normal precautions of design and location of control points and of measuring the 

antenna height with certainty, differences in level measured by GPS technology provides easy fit 

into tolerance + / - 30mm. For longer distances, up to about 3000m, the above entry in tolerance 

can be achieved in good condition by taking additional measures in the design phase. However 

for listing permanent GNSS stations located during the year 2009 it is advisable to keep the same 

method used for determining the levels during 2009. 

References 

1. Demidovich, B.P. & Maron, I.A.: Computational Mathematics. Mir Publishers, 1981. 

2. Dragomir, V., Ghiţau, D., Mihailescu, M., Rotaru, M.: Teoria Figurii Pamantului, E.T., 1977 

3. Dragoescu, I., Radulescu, F., Nacu, V., Stiopol, D.: Participarea Romaniei la intocmirea 

hartilor gradientilor orizontali ai miscarii verticale ale scoartei terestre pentru zona Carpato- 

Balcanica si pentru zona statelor est-europene. Analele IGFCOT, vol.X, 13-24 pp, 1989. 

4. Fotescu, N. & S`vulescu, C.: Teoria Erorilor. Litografie, ICB, 1988. 

5. Helmert, F.R.: Die mathematischen und physikalischen Theorien der höheren Geodäsie. 

G.G.Teubnez Verlag, Leipzig, 1880 ]i 1962. 

6. Nacu, V., Radulescu, F., Mateciuc, D., Stiopol, D.: Study of the deformation parameters in 

Gruiu-Caldarusani geodynamic polygon. XXIII General Assembly of European 

Seismological Commission, Activity Raport 1990-1992, 345-348 pp., Proceedings, vol II, 

Prague, Checkoslovakia,1992. 

7. Nacu, V., Radulescu, F., Mateciuc, D.: Horizontal deformations in the Gruiu-Caldarusani 

geodynamic polygon of Romania, Rev. Roumaine de Geophysique 37, 1993. 

8. Nacu, V., Mateciuc, D., Moldoveanu, C, Ilies, A.: Horizontal deformations in the Gruiu 

Caldarusani Test - Polygon of Romania. Mitteilungen aus den Geodätischen Instituten der 

Rheinischen Friedrich - Wilhelms - Universität Bonn, 1994. 

53

ZONING OF AREAS AND POPULTED CENTERS FOR REDUCING 

THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS 


National Centre of Geodesy, Cartography, Photogrametry and Remote Sensing, Bucharest 

Abstract: For monitoring natural hazards are necessary zoning of areas within 

localities to reduce the effects caused by frequent natural disasters such as: floods, 

landslides, earthquakes, etc.. In all cases for zoning are necessary maps in digital format and 

the digital model of the terrain - MDT. For damage assessment and decision making it is 

important that these maps are suitable to the simulation, according to the obtained results 

from simulations to determine exactly which area will be affected with a high probability. 

Based on these forecasts we can do multiple scenarios progressing, risk analysis, detailed 

simulations. 

This involves handling a large number of very diverse data unevenly distributed 

geographically. Zoning areas within areas and populated centres is intended to reduce the 

effects of flooding. 

Keywords: 

1. Introduction 

For monitoring natural hazards are necessary zoning of areas within localities to 

reduce the effects caused by frequent natural disasters such as: floods, landslides, 

earthquakes, etc.. 

In all cases for zoning are necessary maps in digital format and the digital model of 

the terrain - MDT. For damage assessment and decision making it is important that these 

maps are suitable to the simulation, according to the obtained results from simulations to 

determine exactly which area will be affected with a high probability. Based on these 

forecasts we can do multiple scenarios progressing, risk analysis, detailed simulations. 

This involves handling a large number of very diverse data unevenly distributed 

geographically. 

Zoning areas within areas and populated centres is intended to reduce the effects of 

flooding. 

Flood risk management means applying policies, procedures and practices with the 

objectives of identifying risks, their analysis and evaluation, treatment, monitoring and 

reassessment to reduce their risk so that human communities, so that all citizens can live, 

work and meet the aspirations in a sustainable physical and social environment . 

Flood risk is characterized by the nature and probability of producing, the exposure of 

receptors (number of population and goods), the susceptibility to flooding of receptors and 

their value, resulting that risk reduction needs to be done on influencing its characteristics. 

The main problem in the management of flood risk is the one of the accepted risk by 

the public and the decision makers, knowing that there is no total protection against flooding 

(zero risk), as there is no consensus on acceptable risk. Consequently, acceptable risk must be 

the result of a balance between risks and benefits attributed to an activity as a consequence of 

risk reduction to flooding, or of a governmental regulation. 

Mitigating the consequences of flooding is the result of an extensive combination of 

preparatory measures and actions before the occurrence of the phenomenon, the management 

54

during the flood and post flood (reconstruction and lessons learned as a result of the 

occurrence of the phenomenon). 

As a result, at global level it is used a more complete concept of flood management 

that includes both flood risk management and management of emergencies caused by floods. 

In order that the government's, the authorities and relevant agencies, the community efforts, to 

be coordinated and have the result of a community prepared to face the phenomenon of 

floods, the flood management must be addressed in an integrated manner. 

2. Prevention activities (prevention, protection and preparation). 

These actions are focused to prevent / reduce potential damage caused by floods by: 

• avoid construction of housing and social buildings, cultural and / or economic ones 

in potential flood areas, with the presentation of data on the effects of previous floods in 

planning documentation, adapt of the future developments to the flood risk terms, promoting 

appropriate practices of the use of land and of agricultural land and forestry; 

• producing structural protection measures, including the bridges and small bridges; 

• development of non-structural measures (control of the use of minor water beds, 

basin plans for flood risk reduction use and of measures programs, introducing of security 

systems etc.); 

• identification in detail, of the geographical demarcation of the natural flood risk 

areas - fig. 1 . of an administrative unit of the territory , the inclusion of these areas in the 

general urban plans and regulations provided for the planning of specific measures for 

prevention and mitigation of flood risk, the carrying out of construction and of land use; 

• deployment of forecasting, warning and alert systems for cases of flooding; 

• maintenance of the existing flood protection facilities and of the beds 

watercourses; 

• implementation of protection works against flooding of the rivers in the area of 

existing bridges and small bridges; 

• communicating with people and educating them on flood risk and how to act in 

emergency situations. 

3. Operational management activities (emergency management) to be taken 

during the development of the flood phenomenon. 

• detect potential floods and the formation of probable floods; 

• flood forecasting for the evolution and spread along water courses; 

• warning of the authorities and population on the extent, severity and time of 

occurrence of the floods; 

• organization and response actions of public authorities and population on emergency 

situations; 

• provision of resources (material, financial, human) at the county level for operative 

intervention; 

• enable of the operational institutions, resource mobilization, etc.. 

55

Fig. 1 identification of natural flood risk areas 

Activities to be undertaken after the flood phenomenon: 

• helping to meet the immediate needs of people affected by disaster and the return to 

normal life; 

• reconstruction of damaged buildings, of infrastructure and of those of the flood 

protection system; 

• review of flood management activities in order improve the planning of intervention 

that will deal with future events in the affected area and in other areas . 

Assessing the vulnerability of exposed elements, material damage and human losses 

Vulnerability refers to the ability of an item exposed during the impact of natural 

hazards. Definition of vulnerability of a natural hazard generally refers to the characteristics 

of an element exposed to the hazard – road, building, person, economic and social objective - 

that contributes to the ability of this element to resist and to recover following the impact of 

natural hazards. 

Through GD 447/2003 vulnerability is defined as the degree of impairment of an item 

or group of items in an area exposed to landslides. Is expressed in a scale from 0 (no loss) to 1 

(total destruction). For loss of human lives, vulnerability is the probability that a life located 

in the area is affected by the landslide activity, and to be lost if the landslide occurs. 

Vulnerability of people is a matter difficult to assess, making it normally the subject of 

socio-economic and administrative investigations that are very extremely detailed, and which 

unfortunately were not provided by Romanian law and were not done in Romania (until now). 

Social vulnerability, which assesses the individual's ability to recover from 

involvement in natural hazards can be analyzed on four following different levels: 

• Individual in domestic environment (refers to the attributes / personal potencies of 

response); 

• Community (refers on the response of the individual with the social environment in 

which it develops); 

• Regional / geographic (distance to the work of the employee); 

• Administrative / institutional (the funds allocated to disaster and to prevention 

studies). 

This simplification aims to illustrate that there are various factors that contribute to 

social risk, due to natural hazards, including those that are relating to the administration of 

regional environmental hazards in the region or at home, going up to individual attributes. 

56

Table 1.Categories of elements exposed to landslides and the coefficients of vulnerability 

buildings (regardless of destination / 

use) 

Housing, urban social, economic 

buildings 

Pipes (any type) 

electric lines, telecommunications 

Of poured concrete, concrete panels 0,05 

foundation concrete, brick masonry (see 

rules) 

Foundation + masonry brick foundation, 

wood building 

0,2 

0,3 

foundation stone + brick masonry 0,7 

adobe 0,92 

parallel to contour lines 0,8 

oblique to the contour lines 0,4 

perpendicular to the contour lines 0,1 

0,3 

National-maintained roads according to 0,1 

Norms 

paved county roads- maintained according 0,3 

to Norms 

Roads 

communal paved - maintained according to 0,4 

Norms 

Unpaved Public - maintained according to 

Norms 

0,5 

Unpaved, unmaintained 0,7 

Railways 0,1 

Lands 

Non arable 0,1 

Arable 0,5 

Rare forest 

Partially exploited 0,5 

Unexploited 0,1 

Dams 0,05 

Irrigation channels 0,2 

In Tables 2 and 3 are written concrete data of the Lower Danube area, the data used 

to develop risk maps. 

Zoning areas and populated centres to reduce the effects of landslides. 

In the risk assessment, were established following values of the vulnerability factors, 

assigned to the elements set out and exposed to landslides - Table 1 

57

Table 2. Data for risk map development in the area of Dunărea de Jos – Loc. Lunca 

Data for risk map development 

On location 

On landslides 

affected areas 

Number of inhabitants 476 150 

Number of buildings affected by landslides 135 35 

Number of 

constructions 

Half-timber - - 

Wood - -5 

Bricks 130 35 

Stone/Concrete 5 0 

Coverage of the municipality constructed surfaces 30% 

Medium annual precipitation and temperature 

values 

Indicative value of 

municipality surface 

(lei) 

Built 4000/ha 1000/ha 

Cultivated 

2000/ha 

500/ha 

Agriculture 2000/ha 500/ha 


Forest - - 

the land terrain (lei) 

Pasture 

2500/ha 

Half-timber - - 

Indicative value of a Wood - - 

medium household Bricks 150000 50000 

Stone/Concrete - - 

Total number of km Asphaltated - - 

of roads Non-asphaltated 4 2 

Number of administrative, socio-cultural, 

educational, sports buildings. 

1 1 

Total number of Of concrete 7 3 

bridges Of wood - - 

Number of dams - - 

Total number of 

water reservoirs 


industrial units 

Total number of km 

of railways 

Number of railway 

constructions 

Number of hydro 

facilities 

- - 

- - 

2 - 

1 - 

- - 

Table 3. Data for risk map development in the area of Dunărea de Jos – Loc. Tăuni 

58

Data for risk map development 

On location 

On landslides 

affected areas 

Number of inhabitants 398 100 

Number of buildings affected by landslides 245 50 

Number of 

constructions 

- - - 

- -5 -5 

245 50 35 

- - 0 

Coverage of the municipality constructed surfaces 30% 

Medium annual precipitation and temperature 

values 


municipality surface 

(lei) 

7000/ha 1500/ha 1000/ha 

6000/ha 3000/ha 500/ha 

6000/ha - 500/ha 


- - - 

the land terrain (lei) 

3000/ha 

2000/ha 

- - - 

Indicative value of a 

- - - 

medium household 

40000 15000 50000 

- - - 


- - - 

of roads 14 1 2 

Number of administrative, socio-cultural, 

educational, sports buildings. 

1 - 


5 2 3 

bridges - - - 

Number of dams - - - 


water reservoirs 


industrial units 


of railways 

Number of railway 

constructions 

Number of hydro 

facilities 

- - - 

- - - 

- - - 

1 - - 

- - - 

Material losses are considered direct losses, which relate to direct damage to housing 

and infrastructure and that are easiest to quantify. We have not taken into account indirect 

losses relating to the economic consequences such as loss of value, rising of unemployment 

and other indirect economic effects, which are more difficult to assess / estimate 

In the present context, one of the most important requirements of seismological 

research is the realization of a methodology for developing hazard and risk maps. This 

requirement derives, on one hand, from the accelerated economic and social developments, 

59

which impose also reviews on technical rules of construction, zoning and planning and, 

secondly, the alignment requirements (harmonized) European standards, based on results of 

research conducted in the last decade in the related scientific and technical fields. 

4. Zoning of areas and populated centres in order to reduce the effects of 

earthquakes 

Another necessity for achieving such a development methodology for hazard and risk 

maps is that in recent decades, natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, were much more 

frequent and destructive, affecting large population concentrations. So far, the international 

community's response to the frequent disasters caused by hazards has been mainly focused on 

rescue and relief activities of the affected population, actions that in fact, do not solve the 

problem, but only improve post disaster situations. In this case, scientists in the field of 

seismology intensified theoretical and experimental studies (in situ and in laboratories) for 

investigation of natural and anthropogenic causes which have contributed to the occurrence of 

losses of lives and property. Thus, the tradition was continued, that immediately after a major 

earthquake, to perform inventory and assessment of macro seismic effects, supported through 

an international cooperation, which enabled the accumulation of a vast material on how large 

earthquakes act on man and environment, on buildings, construction and the surface of the 

earth. 

From the analysis and processing of information, one have found to be possible to 

reduce losses of lives and material goods, by taking all the measures required by the situation, 

through the management (supervision and control) of the post-disaster crisis. But the most 

important measure of prevention and mitigation of potential future seismic disasters as a 

solution is the adoption of modern seismic design made based on seismic hazard maps, valued 

at global, regional and local levels. 

Among other fundamental concepts of operating the seismic design of civil and 

industrial objectives, an important role goes to concepts of seismic hazard, seismic 

vulnerability and seismic risk. 

4.1. The seismic hazard is independent of human activity and is beyond human 

control, being determined only by natural factors, such as produced earthquake magnitude, 

epicentre distance, depth of the furnace, the direction towards the fault plane relative to the 

point M in which is calculated the hazard, the relationship between rupture length and 

magnitude, the maximum possible magnitude of the source, intervals after the earthquakes of 

this magnitude can be repeated again, the local geological structure given in point (M). 

4.2. The seismic hazard (H) is a function P (Y>y) that describes the possibility that in 

a given point (M) and in a time frame (T), the value of the parameter Y (that can be : macro 

seismic intensity, acceleration, velocity of displacement of soil) to exceed the given value (y) 

as an effect of an earthquake (no matter where its furnace is). The seismic hazard can be 

expressed analytically as a family of point functions or graphically by a family of curves 

showing the probability of occurrence of different values of the chosen parameter: 

H = P (Y > y) (1) 

4.3. Seismic vulnerability (V) is a measure of the ratio between the amount of losses 

due to damage caused by an earthquake and total (economic and social) value before 

producing the damage in a given area. 

60

4.4. Seismic vulnerability observed (VO) is represented by the determined seismic 

vulnerability assessment made after an earthquake caused damage. 

4.5. Predicted seismic vulnerability (VP) is calculated on the basis of vulnerability 

anticipation of a future earthquake, taking into account potential damage to the most 

vulnerable targets 

Seismic vulnerability depends mainly on human activity by how the earthquake 

protection objectives were constructed and their by their economic value. 

It also depends on the wear vulnerability and weakness of the resistance of structures 

due to repeated subjection to factors that can weaken it (previous earthquakes, industrial 

vibration, etc.). 

The general trend is that vulnerability increases with time, both because of higher 

value of the targets that can be destroyed (by installing advanced technology, sophisticated 

apparatus, etc..) and also due to the resistance weakening of old plants. 

4.6. Specific seismic risk (r S ) is a function expressing the probability that in a given 

location to produce in a given time, a certain percentage of total losses (economic and social), 

as the effect of an earthquake that might take place there, effects characterized of considered 

parameter values (intensity, acceleration, speed of soil) greater than a certain value. 

Specific seismic risk can be expressed by the relation: 

r s = H x V (2) 

Where: r s is the specific seismic risk; 

Relation (2) expresses a probability of a compound event and is given as a product of 

elementary probabilities H and V (the law "and-and" corresponding to the fact that they 

happen simultaneously both the effects described by H and those described by V). To the limit 

when there are no objects on the soil surface, V = 0 so r s is null. 

Another extreme case is when r s = 0 is of an area far enough of seismic sources, so the 

earthquakes effects (wherever they happen) will not be felt in the area. It results in this case 

that the hazard will be zero, and according the relation (1) the risk is null, even if the existent 

values in the area are large. 

4.7. The seismic risk (R) is the probability to produce a damage of a total given value ă 

(V tot ) in a point where the specific seismic risk is r s , so: 

R = r s . V tot (3) 

From (1) and (2) results that one can express the seismic risk (R) by means of seismic 

hazard (H) and of vulnerability : 

R = H . V . V tot (4) 

4.8. Seism tectonic method of seismic zoning. Establishment of regional maps through 

the seism tectonic method 

Conventionally, based on historical and instrumental seismic data, Romania was 

divided into nine provinces of physiographic-seismological areas, divided themselves into 

smaller parts called zones (Mârza Constantinescu, L. & V., 1980) - Figure 2. 

61

In general, it is widely accepted the assumption that Zona Seismogenă Vrancea, 

located in the Eastern Carpathians bend is cantered on an active triple junction following 

major tectonic units: Placa Est-Europeană, subplaca Intra-Alpină şi subplaca Moesică. 

Closely related to the outbreaks distribution, we can mention the existence of a strong 

movement of neotectonic ascension and thickening sedimentary lair, a total of 18 km, of 

which 12 km are part of the Sarmato-Pliocene deposits (Gavăt et al., 1973). 

In the Vrancea Seismogene Zone, earthquakes occur inside the crust ( in crustal 

earthquakes with depths less than 60-70 km) and, especially, under the crust (sub crustal 

earthquakes, with depths exceeding 70 km). 

Fig.2. The provinces 

The hypothesis of the active triple junction in the area of curvature of the Eastern 

Carpathians is supported, on one hand by prestigious papers, regarding the tectonics and 

seismicity of Romania's territory and, on the other hand, historical information, the hypothesis 

was verified by characteristic earthquakes genesis in the Vrancea area. 

Structural development schemes with hydro defence works against floods, up to this 

period, have been centred on economic and social objectives aimed or at defending specific 

areas where they are located more complex social - economic development facilities. 

The climate changes that followed, showed great intensity of rainfall with long periods 

of time and floods have generated chains of water flows with residual changes from one flood 

to another, of the hydro geological characteristics of soil, of riverbed morphology, of 

structural characteristics of hydraulic works. In this case it was found that losses due to such 

complex phenomena, with extreme probabilities, are much higher than producing in a single 

flash with maximum flow associated with a lower probability of occurrence. 

Flooding curves calculations are carried out by these studies have a high accuracy 

level and are based on topographic surveys, hydrological, hydraulic works carried out on the 

water (roads, bridges, rapids, etc..), and on the effects of existing hydraulic works in the 

proposed scheme of arrangement and on those proposed to be developed. 

If a sufficient number of points where we can write equation (7) exists, then we can 

create a pattern of anomalies altitudes, so in the future, one can be calculated knowing the 

ellipsoid altitude, the normal altitude and / or knowing the normal altitude , the ellipsoid 

altitude. Such a model can be used in practice, either in a flat representation system for 

projection (equidistant contours) or numerical in an automatic computing application. 

5. The theory spline interpolations 

62

It would seem that in the case of polynomial interpolations, the quality increases with 

the degree of polynomial interpolation used. Unfortunately, this is not generally true, for 

different functions, polynomial interpolation tend to swing more and more between nodes 

with increasing polynomial degree. Therefore, it is possible to occur some numerical 

instability. 

Such oscillations are avoided by the method "spline" functions initiated by 

IJSchromberg in 1946 (Quarterly of Applied Mathematics), widely used today. 

The name comes from "draftman's spline"which is an elastic rod (as the fishing lines) 

folded to pass through the data points and held in place by gravity. 

This interpolation is a polynomial interpolation "from pieces". 

Given f(x) on interval J , one divides the interval J in sub-intervals with common 

extremities “nodes”. 

a =≤ x < x < ⋅⋅⋅ < x = 

0 1 

n 

b 

(5) 

One can look for a function g(x) 

with which interpoles the function f (x) 

so we can 

have in the nodes g ( x) 

= f ( x) 

, so g ( x0) 

= f ( x0 

), g( 

x1) 

= f ( x1), 

⋅⋅⋅, 

g( 

xn) 

= f ( xn 

) If the 

polynome g(x) 

that describes each of the sub-intervals, allows that g(x) 

to be several times 

differentiable, the resulted function is called “spline” . 

Generally the method is numerically established, because g (x) 

oscillates very 

difficult. The simplest spline interpolations use linear functions, but these features chart is 

unfortunately a broken polygonal line, which in some cases does not satisfy. For this reason, it 

is still considered cubic spline functions g (x) 

, on a≤ x≤ 

b , as a continuous function and 

taking derivative of order 1 and 2 anywhere in between That is why g(x) 

is formed of n 

polynoms, one for each sub-interval. 

References 

1. Georgescu E.- Zonarea seismica a Romaniei - Laboratorul de Evaluarea Riscului Seismic 

si Actiuni in Constructii – INCERC 

2. Păntea, A., Marmureanu, Gh., Radulian, M., Anghel, M., Moldovan I., Constantin P., 

(2004) - Methodology for assessing local seismic hazard maps for urban areas, 

Governamental Order No.782/28/04/2004, published in: Official Gazette of Romania, Part 

I, No. 1221/20/12/2004, indicative: MP-026-04 and in Construction Bulletin, 111pp. 

3. Felix Jose1 and Gregory W. Stone - Forecast of Nearshore Wave ParametersUsing MIKE- 

21 Spectral Wave Model 

4. Nacu V. - 

5. Stoian I. - Modelări şi simulări pentru monitorizarea hazardurilor şi riscurilor naturale- 

Cap.6.1.din cadrul Tezei de doctorat 

63

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