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Ãëàâà 13 Äîïîëíåíèå: Äðóãèå çâ¼çäû, èõ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ è íåìíîãî êîñìîëîãèè Äèàãðàììà Øâàðöøðóíãà-Ðàññåëëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáùåïðèíÿòîé îñíîâîé ñóùåñòâóþùåé çâ¼çäíîé êëàññèôèêàöèè. Áîëåå îïðàâäàííîé ñ ôèçè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ çâ¼çä ïî óðàâíåíèÿì ñîñòîÿíèÿ èõ âåùåñòâà. Ýòî ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòüþ îïðåäåëèòü ÷èñëî êëàññîâ, íà êîòîðûå çâ¼çäíûå îáúåêòû Âñåëåííîé ìîãóò áûòü ðàçäåëåíû. Âñåãî ìàòåðèÿ ìîæåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü â âîñüìè ñîñòîÿíèÿõ (ñì.ðèñ.(13.1)). Àòîìíîå âåùåñòâî ïðè íèçêîé òåìïåðàòóðå íàõîäèòñÿ â êîíäåíñèðîâàííîì (òâåðäîì èëè æèäêîì) ñîñòîÿíèè. Ïðè âûñîêîé òåìïåðàòóðå àòîìíûå âåùåñòâà ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ãàçàìè. Ýëåêòðîí-ÿäåðíàÿ ïëàçìà ìîæåò èìåòü ÷åòûðå ñîñòîÿíèÿ. Îíà ìîæåò áûòü íåðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé è ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé. Ýëåêòðîííûé ãàç íåðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé ïëàçìû ìîæåò áûòü âûðîæäåííûì (õîëîäíûì) è íåâûðîæäåííûì (ãîðÿ÷èì). Ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèé ýëåêòðîííûé ãàç ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå íèæå T F áóäåò âûðîæäåí. Î÷åíü âûñîêàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà ìîæåò ñíÿòü âûðîæäåíèå äàæå ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèõ ýëåêòðîíîâ (åñëè, êîíå÷íî, èçíà÷àëüíî ýëåêòðîííûé ãàç íå áûë óëüòðàðåëÿòèâèñòñêèì). Êðîìå òîãî, âåùåñòâî ìîæåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü â ñîñòîÿíèè íåéòðîííîé ìàòåðèè ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîðÿäêà ÿäåðíîé ïëîòíîñòè. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè äîïóùåíèÿ î âîçìîæíîñòè ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ âåùåñòâà (â ìàêðîñêîïè÷åñêèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ) â èíûõ ñîñòîÿíèÿõ, ÷åì ïåðå÷èñëåííûå âûøå, ïðåäñòàâëÿþòñÿ íè íà ÷åì íå îñíîâàííûìè. Ïîýòîìó äàííûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ óêàçûâàþò íà âîçìîæíîñòü êëàññèôèêàöèè êîñìè÷åñêèõ òåë â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ 107
Ðèñ. 13.1: Óñòîé÷èâûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ âåùåñòâà 108
Page 3 and 4:
Á.Â.Âàñèëüåâ ÀÑÒÐÎÔ
Page 5 and 6:
4
Page 7 and 8:
5 Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ ïîë
Page 9 and 10:
8
Page 12 and 13:
Ãëàâà 1 Òåîðèÿ è ýêñ
Page 14 and 15:
1.2 Î ñïåöèôèêå ðàáî
Page 16 and 17:
1.4 Õàðàêòåðíûå ñâîé
Page 18 and 19:
Ãëàâà 2 Î ïñåâäî-òåî
Page 20 and 21:
log T/T o 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 measu
Page 22 and 23:
Ðèñ. 2.3: (a) Ñïåêòð ñî
Page 24 and 25:
Log L Ðèñ. 2.4: Èçìåðåíí
Page 26 and 27:
2.4 Ôèçèêà ýëåìåíòàð
Page 28 and 29:
Ãëàâà 3 Ââåäåíèå 3.1
Page 30 and 31:
ñîáñòâåííàÿ, îñîáå
Page 32 and 33:
Òàêèì îáðàçîì ìîæí
Page 34 and 35:
Ñëåäóþùèå ãëàâû áó
Page 36 and 37:
Ãëàâà 4 Ýíåðãåòè÷åñ
Page 38 and 39:
( ) I µe ≈ e kT 3 (kT ) 5/2 Γ 2
Page 40 and 41:
ñëàãàåìûìè ìîæíî ï
Page 42 and 43:
Ãëàâà 5 Ýëåêòðè÷åñê
Page 44 and 45:
ò.å. P 2 = 3GMr 2πr ne ( A Z mp
Page 46 and 47:
Ãëàâà 6 Âíóòðåííåå
Page 48 and 49:
ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê
Page 50 and 51:
Ãëàâà 7 Ìàññà çâåçä
Page 52 and 53:
7.2 Òåìïåðàòóðà ÿäðà
Page 54 and 55:
èçìåðåíèÿìè. Íà ðèñ
Page 56 and 57:
40 N 35 30 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A/Z
Page 58 and 59: 7.3.3 Ñðàâíåíèå ñ íàá
Page 60 and 61: 2.10 log (TR/R o T o ) 1.55 1.00 me
Page 62 and 63: Ãëàâà 8 Òåðìîäèíàìè
Page 64 and 65: çäåñü W - ýíòàëüïèÿ
Page 66 and 67: log R/R o 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 measured
Page 68 and 69: Òàáëèöà(8.2)(ïðîäîëæ
Page 70 and 71: Òàáëèöà(8.2)(ïðîäîëæ
Page 72 and 73: 8.3 Ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìàññ
Page 74 and 75: äîëæíà ñîãëàñíî (8.19
Page 76 and 77: Ðèñ. 8.4: Ñõåìàòè÷åñê
Page 78 and 79: Ãëàâà 9 Ìàãíèòíûå ï
Page 80 and 81: 45 µ/L=G 1/2 /c Log µ 35 25 Mercu
Page 82 and 83: 100 90 H,kOe 80 70 V 901 Ori 60 50
Page 84 and 85: Ãëàâà 10 Âðàùåíèå ïå
Page 86 and 87: èëè div E Ω = 4πρ Ω. (10.7)
Page 88 and 89: 10.4 Ñðàâíåíèå âû÷èñ
Page 90 and 91: Ãëàâà 11 Ñïåêòð ñîáñ
Page 92 and 93: íàáëþäàòåëüíûõ äàí
Page 94 and 95: Ðèñ. 11.2: (a) Ñïåêòð ñî
Page 96 and 97: Ïðè T = T ⋆ è n e = n ⋆ è
Page 98 and 99: δE = N⋆ 6 Ââåäÿ îáîçí
Page 100 and 101: Ãëàâà 12 Äîïîëíåíèå:
Page 102 and 103: Èíòåãðèðóÿ ýòî âûð
Page 104 and 105: Ýòî äèôôåðåíöèàëüí
Page 106 and 107: Ïîëó÷åííûå ôîðìóëû
Page 110 and 111: ñèñòåìàòèêîé ñâîéñ
Page 112 and 113: Çäåñü E kinetic - êèíåòè
Page 114 and 115: N 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.0 1.1 1.
Page 116 and 117: Òàê êàê ðàâíîâåñíà
Page 118 and 119: Âíóòðè íåãî òàêèì î
Page 120 and 121: Ãëàâà 14 Çàêëþ÷åíèå
Page 122 and 123: èõ ÿðêîñòè, ñ÷èòàÿ,
Page 124 and 125: Ëèòåðàòóðà [1] Vasiliev B
Page 126 and 127: Appendix Ñâîäíàÿ òâáëè
Page 128 and 129: Ëèòåðàòóðà [1] Khaliulili
Page 130 and 131: [19] Popper D.M. Rediscussion of ec
Page 132 and 133: [41] Andersen J., Garcia J.M., Gime
Page 134 and 135: [64] Wolf M. and Saronova L., Aspid
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