সৃষ্টির একুশ শতক July 21
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!ܲå%Èê˛y !òˆÏ° «˛!ï˛ ˆö•z ˆï˛üö– ï˛yÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚Ä ã%˛!=˛ ܲÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~°yܲyÓ˚ !öÎ˚sfî !öˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆüˆÏö
ã˛°ï˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yñ !ܲv !Ó!öüˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õï˛ ã%˛!=˛û˛Aàñ xyÓ˚Ä öï%˛ö òy!Ó
xyÓ˚ xyÜ ˛üî– ˆ§•zû˛yˆÏÓ Ü ˛üyàï˛•z §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •!FåÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ
ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ΈÏÌT˛ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏ«˛e ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìyܲ!åÈ°
öy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •!FåÈ° •z!u˛Î˚yö !Ó˚çyÓ˚ˆÏû˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆâÓ˚yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛– !Ó˚çyÓ˚ˆÏû˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÄ ˆòÄÎẙ •ï˛ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ xö%Ó≈Ó˚
xyÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö ò%°≈û˛ ˆ§§Ó çyÎ˚àyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÓ˚¢ˆÏöÓ˚
ˆÎ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ x≤Ãï%˛°ñ §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑåÈyï˛
öy– xyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆ˛õÔÑåÈyˆÏöyÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ã%˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛–
ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÈÙÈç!üÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ§Ó §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ö#!ï˛ !åÈ°ñ
öï%˛ö xy•zö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÄ ˆŸªï˛yAà x!û˛Óy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ á%ˆÏ° ˆòÄÎ˚y
•!FåÈ°– 1862 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ•yüˆÏfiê˛í˛ xy•zˆÏö ~ܲ ~ܲçöˆÏܲ 16È0
~ܲÓ˚ xÓ!ô ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ç!ü òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
1887 §yˆÏ° í˛§ xƒyQ (Dawes Act) ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ!wܲ
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z xyâyï˛ •yˆÏö– ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ~ܲ ˆö!ê˛û˛ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃôyöˆÏܲ 160 ~ܲÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïç!ü Óy 32ÈÈ0 ~ܲÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ç!ü !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy!ܲ í˛zò‰Ó,_ ç!ü x!û˛Óy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚Ê
~•z xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ á§í˛¸yܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y !åȈϰö ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛¢#°ñ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !åÈ° !Ó˚çyÓ˚ˆÏû˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚
ü)°ˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§yñ !ܲv ܲyÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z xy•zö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈
ôùLjϧÓ˚ ˛õÌ á%ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §üyç ˆày¤˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ
üy!°Ü˛yöyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ !åÈ°– ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ç!üÓ˚ !ï˛öû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ò%•zû˛yà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛åÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° üye Ü%˛!í˛¸
ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ– ÓˆÏí˛¸y !Ó˚çyÓ˚ˆÏû˛¢öà%ˆÏ°yÄ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y û˛yà
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÓ˚¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ñ ü•yüy!Ó˚ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
Ó•% çyÎ˚àyÎ˚–
ˆŸªï˛yAàÓ˚y §ÇáƒyÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xflf¢flfÄ xˆÏöܲ
ˆÓ!¢ í˛zߨï˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ñ ï˛Ó%Ä Ó•% ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ï˛yÓ˚y åÈ°ñ ¢ë˛ï˛y Ä §¡õ)î≈
xöƒyÎ˚ Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆö!ê˛û˛Ó˚y Îáö•z §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ
§üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆí˛ˆÏܲ !öÓ˚flf
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó!® Óy •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ Órô% ˆ§ˆÏç !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ§ˆÏAà üò
ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏï˛ xï˛!Ü≈˛ˆÏï˛ à%!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ú˛§°
xyÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ% çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !áˆÏò xyÓ˚ ¢#ˆÏï˛ üyÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ܲÈÙÈxyô çˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õy•zܲy!Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚
!öÓ˚#• ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyd§ü˛õ≈ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄÎẙ öyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚Ä
!öü≈üû˛yˆÏÓ á%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ܲˆÏ°yÓ˚yˆÏí˛yÓ˚ §ƒyu˛ !Ü ˛ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ܲü ~ܲê˛y
üü≈y!hsˇÜ˛ âê˛öy âˆÏê˛!åÈ° ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y àˆÏï≈˛ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ¢y!hsˇÓ˚
˛õï˛yܲy •yˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y åÈÈÙÈÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏܲÄ
ˆüˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛°y •Î˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚– xÌã˛
ܲyˆÏ°yÓ˚yˆÏí˛y xM˛° !åÈ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •z!u˛Î˚yö ˆê˛!Ó˚ê˛!Ó˚ñ
xy§ˆÏ° ˆí˛öû˛yÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆ§yöy á%шÏç ˛õyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ§Ï•z xM˛ˆÏ°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §ühflÏ ã%˛!=˛ˆÏܲ
°Aâö ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z§Ó öï%˛ö xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ây§!öܲ Óy §yü!Ó˚ܲ
òy!Î˚c !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z !åÈ° ï˛#Ó ˆö!ê˛û˛!ÓˆÏm£Ï#–
xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈¢ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ï˛ ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üyÌy ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
xyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° üyÌy!˛õå%È ê˛yܲy ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ܲƒy!°ˆÏú˛y!ö≈Î˚yÎ˚ ˆ§yöy
á%шÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ã˛Ó˚ˆÏü ĈÏë˛ÈÙÙÙȈö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õÑyã˛û˛yˆÏàÓ˚
~ܲû˛yà •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ üye !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚– ÄÎ˚y!¢Çê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§ö ˛õ!ÿ˛ü
xM˛ˆÏ° ˆ§Ó˚ܲü Ó°ÓÍ !åÈ° öyñ àû˛ö≈Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy•z !åÈ° xy•zö– xyÓ˚
§Ó áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyï˛Ä öy ÄÎ˚y!¢Çê˛ˆÏö– ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ !°Aܲöñ !Î!ö ~ܲçö
á%Ó•z xö%û)˛!ï˛¢#° üˆÏöÓ˚ üyö%£Ï !åȈϰö xyÓ˚ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàˆÏòÓ˚ òy§c ˆÌˆÏܲ
ü%!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Î!ö •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ xüÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈöñ !ï˛!öÄ
ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Ü ˛üyàï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y xöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È•z
≤ÃyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö !ö– xÓ¢ƒ ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛¢#° !ܲå%È
x!ú˛§yÓ˚ !åȈϰöñ !ܲv Óy!ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÎ˚ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ܲå%È
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !åÈ° öyñ ~üö!ܲ xˆÏöܲˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yê≈˛ üy¢≈y°Ä ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
í˛yöˆÏ•yÎ˚yày ӈϰ ~ܲçö ˆö!ê˛û˛ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ í˛z!°ˆÏ§§
@ˇÃyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Órô% !åȈϰöñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ˆÏöy !¢ˆÏá •z!u˛Î˚yö
xƒyˆÏú˛Î˚yÓ˚‰§ Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲ!ü¢öyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö Ä ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ
ÎÌy§yôƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– !ܲv ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä !ܲv ï%˛FåÈ ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛
e%!ê˛Ó˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏàñ Îy !ï˛!ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•zñ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚–
ܲÌy •°ñ ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~Ó˚ܲü Ü ˛üyàï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y xöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !ܲ ˆÜ˛yöÄ çöüï˛ !åÈ° öy⁄ ≤ÃÌü ܲÌyñ ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚
çyÎ˚àyÈÙÈç!ü òá° ˆÎáyˆÏö àí˛¸˛õí˛¸ï˛y ˆŸªï˛yAà xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
xö%§yÓ˚#ñ ˆ§áyˆÏö çöüï˛Ä àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏë˛ ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏà
öƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈxöƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü)°ƒyÎ˚öÄ !åÈ° xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈°ñ ˆçˆÏöû˛y
ܲöˆÏû˛ö¢ˆÏöÓ˚Ä çß√ •Î˚!ö ï˛áöÄ– ï˛y åÈyí˛¸y §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
âˆÏê˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y ö,¢Ç§ï˛yÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ fiÌyö#Î˚ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛üö
ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yï˛ öy– í˛z°ˆÏê˛ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲê˛y ˆåÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y âê˛öyÓ˚ §ï˛ƒÈÙÈ!ü̃y !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆö!ê˛û˛Ó˚y ˆÎ ÓÓ≈Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆày°üy°Ü˛yÓ˚#ñ ˆ§ê˛y•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– Î%ˆÏà Î%ˆÏà !Ó!û˛ß¨ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ܲü•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚yüyÎ˚îÈÙÈ
ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ÈÙÈ˛ õ%Ó˚yˆÏî xyüÓ˚y x§%Ó˚ÈÙȘòï˛ƒÈÙ ÈÓ˚y«˛§ˆÏòÓ˚ •yöy ˆòÄÎ˚y xyÓ˚
xï˛ƒyã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ§Ó í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õy•zñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÄ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !ÓçÎ˚# xyÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚
ÓyöyˆÏöy– xy!ò çöˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ö®yÓyò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒñ ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆ§•z ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y•z ˛≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÜ ˛yhsˇ– •z!ï˛•y§ ˆï˛y
!ÓçÎ˚#Ó˚y•z ˆ°ˆÏá– ˆö!ê˛û˛ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyöˆÏòÓ˚ ~ï˛ §Ó ܲy!•!öÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §yôyÓ˚î ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ §¡õ)î≈ xçyöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎï˛ Î!ò öy !í˛ Ó yí˛zˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ°áܲ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Ä !ܲå%È §yÇÓy!òܲ
!Ó!û˛ß¨ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ Ä ò!°° ˆâшÏê˛ Ú•z!ï˛•y§ á%шÏí˛¸ Ó˚y!¢ Ó˚y!¢ ò%ɈÏáÓ˚
á!öÛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyöˆÏï˛ö–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆö!ê˛û˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏflfÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ §ˆÏ_¥Ä ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° xˆÏöܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üôƒû˛yˆÏà ¢yÎ˚yö ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆöï˛y
!ï˛Ü˛yüˆÏ¢ (Tecumseh) ˆö!ê˛û˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó¢y° ˆú˛í˛yˆÏÓ˚¢ö àˆÏí˛¸
ï%˛ˆÏ° Î%ˆÏÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ~ åÈyí˛¸y ˆÎ§Ó ˆö!ê˛û˛
ˆày¤˛#˛õ!ï˛ ˆàÔÓ˚Óçöܲ °í˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xy•zÄÎ˚y
xM˛ˆÏ° Óœƒyܲ •Ü˛ñ öyû˛yˆÏ•yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆöï˛y üƒyö%ˆÏÎ˚y!°ˆÏï˛y Ä ˆçˆÏÓ˚y!öˆÏüyñ
!üˆÏöˆÏ§yê˛yÎ˚ !°ê˛° ˆÜ ˛yñ Äà°y°y í˛ƒyˆÏܲyê˛y ˆöï˛y ˆÓ˚í˛ Üœ˛yí˛zí˛ñ
ĈÏÓ˚àˆÏö ˆöç ˛õy§≈ !ã˛ú˛ ˆçyˆÏ§ú˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒñ
~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z °yˆÏܲyyê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ò%•z xòüƒ ˆöï˛y ˆÜ ˛!ç •§≈ ~ÓÇ
!§!ê˛Ç Ó%°ñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yöÄ ü)ˆÏ°ƒ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Óeû)˛!ü Óœƒyܲ !•°ˆÏ§Ó˚
òá° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç !åȈϰö öy– 1868 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆú ˛yê˛ °yÓ˚y!ü
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ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏü ÎyÄÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆÜ ˛!ç •§≈
§,!T˛Ó˚ ~Ü%˛¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛ • ç%°y•z 2021
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