27.09.2014 Aufrufe

Download als PDF - Agrarforschung Schweiz

Download als PDF - Agrarforschung Schweiz

Download als PDF - Agrarforschung Schweiz

MEHR ANZEIGEN
WENIGER ANZEIGEN

Erfolgreiche ePaper selbst erstellen

Machen Sie aus Ihren PDF Publikationen ein blätterbares Flipbook mit unserer einzigartigen Google optimierten e-Paper Software.

Einfluss von Rinderausscheidungen auf die auswaschungsbedingten Verluste unter einem Gräserrasen | Pflanzenbau<br />

Influenza delle deiezioni bovine sulle perdite<br />

da lisciviazione sotto un prato di graminacee<br />

Sull’arco di due anni sono state applicate<br />

delle deiezioni bovine di sterco e urina in<br />

2 periodi dell’anno e in quantità semplice<br />

e doppia, su di un prato di graminacee<br />

coltivato in lisimetri, per valutare la perdita<br />

di sostanze nutritive da lisciviazione. Le<br />

perdite di azoto totale da lisciviazione<br />

variavano tra i 18 ed i 226 kg/ha/anno. Nei<br />

processi senza deiezioni o con solo sterco,<br />

le perdite erano inferiori ai 50 kg/ha/anno,<br />

superando invece nettamente i 100 kg/ha/<br />

anno nei processi con 2 apporti d’urina / m²<br />

in autunno. Le perdite totali in fosforo sono<br />

state trascurabili, sempre inferiori a 1 kg/ha/<br />

anno. Nonostante un bilancio apparente<br />

(contributi - esportazioni dagli otto raccolti<br />

annuali) molto variabile a seconda del<br />

procedimento, le perdite totali in potassio<br />

non sono state influenzate dalle deiezioni.<br />

Molto spesso vicine ai 30 kg/ha/anno, hanno<br />

raggiunto i 49 kg/ha/anno nel processo con il<br />

K bilancio più eccedente (+ 716 kg/ha/anno<br />

con 4 apporti d’urina all'anno). Le perdite in<br />

magnesio totale sono pari ad una media di<br />

70 kg/ha/anno. Sempre superiori al bilancio<br />

sono state poco influenzate dalle deiezioni.<br />

Per contenere il rischio di perdite al pascolo,<br />

in particolare in azoto, dovrebbe essere<br />

favorita un’equa distribuzione delle deiezioni<br />

attraverso una disposizione, un numero<br />

adatto di parchi, una breve durata di sosta<br />

per parco e un ritmo di pascolo regolare<br />

durante tutta la stagione. In autunno il<br />

pascolo integrale dovrebbe essere evitato.<br />

Effect of cattle excreta on leaching losses<br />

under a grass sward<br />

Urine and dung of dairy cattle have been applied<br />

for two years at two periods of the year and in<br />

single or double quantity on a grass sward to<br />

assess nutrients losses by leaching. The total<br />

nitrogen losses varied from 18 to 226 kg/ha/year.<br />

Treatments without excreta or with dung applications<br />

led to N losses under 50 kg/ha/year, while<br />

losses exceeded clearly 100 kg/ha/year in the<br />

treatments with 2 urine applications in autumn.<br />

The total phosphorus losses were negligible,<br />

always under 1 kg/ha/year. For potassium, the<br />

apparent balance (input - export by the eight<br />

annual harvests) varied very much depending on<br />

the treatment, but K losses were hardly influenced<br />

by cattle excreta. K losses were very often<br />

close to 30 kg/ha/year and reached 49 kg/ha/year<br />

in the treatment with the largest K surplus (+716<br />

kg/ha/year with 4 urine applications per year).<br />

The total magnesium losses averaged 70 kg/ha/<br />

year. They exceeded always the apparent balance<br />

and were little influenced by cattle excreta. To<br />

limit the risk of leaching losses during grazing,<br />

particularly of nitrogen, an even distribution of<br />

cattle excreta should be promoted by an adequate<br />

design and number of paddocks, a short<br />

length of stay per paddock and a regular pace<br />

throughout the grazing season. In autumn, full<br />

grazing should be avoided.<br />

Riassunto<br />

Summary<br />

Key words: cattle excreta, grass sward, leaching<br />

losses, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.<br />

Literatur<br />

▪▪<br />

Alfaro M. A., Jarvis S. C. & Gregory P. J., 2004. Factors affecting potassium<br />

leaching in different soils. Soil Use and Management 20, 182 – 189.<br />

▪▪<br />

Cuttle S. P. & Bourne P. C., 1993. Uptake and leaching of nitrogen from artificial<br />

urine applied to grassland on different dates during the growing<br />

season. Plant and soil 150, 77 – 86.<br />

▪▪<br />

Decau M. L., Simon J. C. & Jacquet A., 2004. Nitrate leaching under grassland<br />

as affected by mineral nitrogen fertilisation and cattle urine. Journal<br />

of Environmental Quality 33, 637 – 644.<br />

▪▪<br />

Kayser M., Müller J. & Isselstein J., 2007. Potassium leaching from cut<br />

grassland and from urine patches. Soil Use and Management 23,<br />

384 – 392.<br />

▪▪<br />

Laurent F., Vertès F., Farruggia A. & Kerveillant P., 2000. Effets de la conduite<br />

de la prairie pâturée sur la lixiviation du nitrate. Propositions pour<br />

une maîtrise du risque à la parcelle. Fourrages 164, 397 – 420.<br />

▪▪<br />

Sinaj S., Stamm C., Toor G. S., Condron L. M., Hendry T., Di H. J. Cameron<br />

K. C. & Frossard E., 2002. Phosphorus exchangeability and leaching losses<br />

from two grassland soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31, 319 – 330.<br />

▪▪<br />

Smith K. A., Beckwith C. P., Chalmers A. G. & Jackson D. R., 2002. Nitrate<br />

leaching following autumn and winter application of animal manures to<br />

grassland. Soil Use and Management 18, 428 – 434.<br />

▪▪<br />

Stout W. L., Fales S. A., Muller L. D., Schnabel R. R. & Priddy W. E., 1997.<br />

Nitrate Leaching from Cattle Urine and Feces in Northeast USA. Soil Sci.<br />

Soc. Am. J. 61, 1787 – 1794.<br />

▪▪<br />

Troxler J., Ryser J.-P. & Jeangros B., 2008. Influence des déjections bovines<br />

sur un gazon de graminées cultivé en lysimètres. Revue suisse Agric. 40<br />

(6), 259 – 265.<br />

▪▪<br />

Vertès F., Simon J. C. & Le Corre L., 1994. Nitrate leaching under pastures:<br />

study of the soil-plant system in a lysimeter experiment. Grassland and society.<br />

Proc. 15th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation,<br />

466 – 470.<br />

▪▪<br />

Vertès F., Simon J. C., Le Corre L. & Decau M. L., 1997. Les flux d'azote au<br />

pâturage. II- Etude des flux et de leurs effets sur le lessivage. Fourrages<br />

151, 263 – 280.<br />

<strong>Agrarforschung</strong> <strong>Schweiz</strong> 1 (10): 384–391, 2010<br />

391

Hurra! Ihre Datei wurde hochgeladen und ist bereit für die Veröffentlichung.

Erfolgreich gespeichert!

Leider ist etwas schief gelaufen!