Download als PDF - Agrarforschung Schweiz
Download als PDF - Agrarforschung Schweiz
Download als PDF - Agrarforschung Schweiz
Erfolgreiche ePaper selbst erstellen
Machen Sie aus Ihren PDF Publikationen ein blätterbares Flipbook mit unserer einzigartigen Google optimierten e-Paper Software.
Einfluss von Rinderausscheidungen auf die auswaschungsbedingten Verluste unter einem Gräserrasen | Pflanzenbau<br />
Influenza delle deiezioni bovine sulle perdite<br />
da lisciviazione sotto un prato di graminacee<br />
Sull’arco di due anni sono state applicate<br />
delle deiezioni bovine di sterco e urina in<br />
2 periodi dell’anno e in quantità semplice<br />
e doppia, su di un prato di graminacee<br />
coltivato in lisimetri, per valutare la perdita<br />
di sostanze nutritive da lisciviazione. Le<br />
perdite di azoto totale da lisciviazione<br />
variavano tra i 18 ed i 226 kg/ha/anno. Nei<br />
processi senza deiezioni o con solo sterco,<br />
le perdite erano inferiori ai 50 kg/ha/anno,<br />
superando invece nettamente i 100 kg/ha/<br />
anno nei processi con 2 apporti d’urina / m²<br />
in autunno. Le perdite totali in fosforo sono<br />
state trascurabili, sempre inferiori a 1 kg/ha/<br />
anno. Nonostante un bilancio apparente<br />
(contributi - esportazioni dagli otto raccolti<br />
annuali) molto variabile a seconda del<br />
procedimento, le perdite totali in potassio<br />
non sono state influenzate dalle deiezioni.<br />
Molto spesso vicine ai 30 kg/ha/anno, hanno<br />
raggiunto i 49 kg/ha/anno nel processo con il<br />
K bilancio più eccedente (+ 716 kg/ha/anno<br />
con 4 apporti d’urina all'anno). Le perdite in<br />
magnesio totale sono pari ad una media di<br />
70 kg/ha/anno. Sempre superiori al bilancio<br />
sono state poco influenzate dalle deiezioni.<br />
Per contenere il rischio di perdite al pascolo,<br />
in particolare in azoto, dovrebbe essere<br />
favorita un’equa distribuzione delle deiezioni<br />
attraverso una disposizione, un numero<br />
adatto di parchi, una breve durata di sosta<br />
per parco e un ritmo di pascolo regolare<br />
durante tutta la stagione. In autunno il<br />
pascolo integrale dovrebbe essere evitato.<br />
Effect of cattle excreta on leaching losses<br />
under a grass sward<br />
Urine and dung of dairy cattle have been applied<br />
for two years at two periods of the year and in<br />
single or double quantity on a grass sward to<br />
assess nutrients losses by leaching. The total<br />
nitrogen losses varied from 18 to 226 kg/ha/year.<br />
Treatments without excreta or with dung applications<br />
led to N losses under 50 kg/ha/year, while<br />
losses exceeded clearly 100 kg/ha/year in the<br />
treatments with 2 urine applications in autumn.<br />
The total phosphorus losses were negligible,<br />
always under 1 kg/ha/year. For potassium, the<br />
apparent balance (input - export by the eight<br />
annual harvests) varied very much depending on<br />
the treatment, but K losses were hardly influenced<br />
by cattle excreta. K losses were very often<br />
close to 30 kg/ha/year and reached 49 kg/ha/year<br />
in the treatment with the largest K surplus (+716<br />
kg/ha/year with 4 urine applications per year).<br />
The total magnesium losses averaged 70 kg/ha/<br />
year. They exceeded always the apparent balance<br />
and were little influenced by cattle excreta. To<br />
limit the risk of leaching losses during grazing,<br />
particularly of nitrogen, an even distribution of<br />
cattle excreta should be promoted by an adequate<br />
design and number of paddocks, a short<br />
length of stay per paddock and a regular pace<br />
throughout the grazing season. In autumn, full<br />
grazing should be avoided.<br />
Riassunto<br />
Summary<br />
Key words: cattle excreta, grass sward, leaching<br />
losses, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.<br />
Literatur<br />
▪▪<br />
Alfaro M. A., Jarvis S. C. & Gregory P. J., 2004. Factors affecting potassium<br />
leaching in different soils. Soil Use and Management 20, 182 – 189.<br />
▪▪<br />
Cuttle S. P. & Bourne P. C., 1993. Uptake and leaching of nitrogen from artificial<br />
urine applied to grassland on different dates during the growing<br />
season. Plant and soil 150, 77 – 86.<br />
▪▪<br />
Decau M. L., Simon J. C. & Jacquet A., 2004. Nitrate leaching under grassland<br />
as affected by mineral nitrogen fertilisation and cattle urine. Journal<br />
of Environmental Quality 33, 637 – 644.<br />
▪▪<br />
Kayser M., Müller J. & Isselstein J., 2007. Potassium leaching from cut<br />
grassland and from urine patches. Soil Use and Management 23,<br />
384 – 392.<br />
▪▪<br />
Laurent F., Vertès F., Farruggia A. & Kerveillant P., 2000. Effets de la conduite<br />
de la prairie pâturée sur la lixiviation du nitrate. Propositions pour<br />
une maîtrise du risque à la parcelle. Fourrages 164, 397 – 420.<br />
▪▪<br />
Sinaj S., Stamm C., Toor G. S., Condron L. M., Hendry T., Di H. J. Cameron<br />
K. C. & Frossard E., 2002. Phosphorus exchangeability and leaching losses<br />
from two grassland soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31, 319 – 330.<br />
▪▪<br />
Smith K. A., Beckwith C. P., Chalmers A. G. & Jackson D. R., 2002. Nitrate<br />
leaching following autumn and winter application of animal manures to<br />
grassland. Soil Use and Management 18, 428 – 434.<br />
▪▪<br />
Stout W. L., Fales S. A., Muller L. D., Schnabel R. R. & Priddy W. E., 1997.<br />
Nitrate Leaching from Cattle Urine and Feces in Northeast USA. Soil Sci.<br />
Soc. Am. J. 61, 1787 – 1794.<br />
▪▪<br />
Troxler J., Ryser J.-P. & Jeangros B., 2008. Influence des déjections bovines<br />
sur un gazon de graminées cultivé en lysimètres. Revue suisse Agric. 40<br />
(6), 259 – 265.<br />
▪▪<br />
Vertès F., Simon J. C. & Le Corre L., 1994. Nitrate leaching under pastures:<br />
study of the soil-plant system in a lysimeter experiment. Grassland and society.<br />
Proc. 15th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation,<br />
466 – 470.<br />
▪▪<br />
Vertès F., Simon J. C., Le Corre L. & Decau M. L., 1997. Les flux d'azote au<br />
pâturage. II- Etude des flux et de leurs effets sur le lessivage. Fourrages<br />
151, 263 – 280.<br />
<strong>Agrarforschung</strong> <strong>Schweiz</strong> 1 (10): 384–391, 2010<br />
391